Application of Boilers on Emission Issue in Renewable Energy Engineering and

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1. Introduction
A boiler is a pressure vessel that is used as heating or producing water vapor to provide
heating facilities in the industrial and marine world to generate electricity through the
movement of steam turbines. Boilers are also used as a provider of heat to a room or several
buildings and also to produce hot water and steam needed by users such as laundry and
kitchen on ships and other functions in the industrial world such as power generation. The
fuels used are fossil fuels such as from coal, gas, petroleum etc., and some also use nuclear
energy. These uses are intended to generate most of the world's electricity and in general a
boiler is the best choice for converting this type of energy into electricity. In these
circumstances, it is clear that increasing boiler efficiency needs to be made. With a few
changes to the boiler research, it is hoped that it will reduce the consumption of large
amounts of fuel energy in power plants and in the oceans. As a reminder, fossil fuels are
increasingly depleting the issue of reserves and environmental protection, demand for oil,
natural gas and coal is expected to increase to 94.7% by 2030. In addition, most industrial
heating systems today use boilers to produce hot water. or steam. Thus, today's efficient
boiler must have a significant effect on heating-related energy savings. Large amounts of
energy can be saved by adopting energy saving measures and by increasing the overall
efficiency of the boiler.
With this initial explanation, now many scientific experts in the field of engineering are
conducting research on steam boilers, from various backgrounds in the application of the
boiler itself. From their research we can more or less get an explanation, what the application
of this boiler with various different backgrounds is like and how they make this boiler can
increase its effectiveness and efficiency.
For example research on emissions problems. Based on the 2014 IMO 3rd Greenhouse Gas
(GHG) Study, CO emissions from sailing ships contributed as much as 3% of the average global
CO2 emission production from 2007 - 2012 and is predicted to increase 5x the value from
50% in the period 2012 to 2050.
 Fig 1. Graphic of vessel emission

From the graph above, it can be seen that the production of CO2 emissions from the marine
world is dominated by three types of ships, namely: container ships, bulk carriers, and oil
tankers. Container ships that are designed to have high speed and dead weight provide the
largest contribution of CO2 emissions to total emissions, recorded at 25.6 of 100%, followed
by bulk carriers 20.8 out of 100% and the last number 3 is oil tanker 15.5 out of 100 %. Other
types of vessels such as general cargo, chemical tankers, cruise ships and fishing vessels
account for at least 38.1 of 100% of the total recorded CO2 production emissions data.
Then for marine engines, especially two-stroke diesel engines with low speed, the high
thermal efficiency (about 50%) is close to the highest value according to Carnot's theorem,
which is not far from considering the limitations of current standard engine designs. Thus,
further optimization of the power cycle in the cylinder cannot make a big increase in engine
efficiency.

The diagram above shows an example of a heat balance of a two stroke marine engine
(example: MAN 12K98 ME / MC) operating at 100% specified maximum continuous rating
(SMCR) state. It can be seen that marine engine exhaust accounts for about half of the total
waste heat, followed by cleaning air coolers, jacket water chillers, lubricating oil, and a
fraction as radiation. In general, exhaust gas temperatures after the turbocharger are between
250 and 300 C for two-stroke engines and 300–350 C for four-stroke engines, depending on
load and ambient conditions. Taking into account the ship's heat and power requirements,
waste heat can be utilized for heating, fresh water production, cooling and power generation.
The heating requirements for HFO, lubricating oil and accommodation space are always met
with saturated steam generated in the exhaust economizer.
From the previous explanation regarding the problem of exhaust gas emissions, scientific
scientific research continues to develop, improve and also utilize the steam gas system
resulting from a boiler. As an example, the discussion is used regarding the supercritical
carbon dioxide (S-CO2) cycle. This cycle can be driven by various sources of heat such as
nuclear energy, waste heat, and fossil energy. Due to the high demand for efficient and clean
utilization of fossil energy, the S-CO2 cycle is a better choice to be driven by fossil energy.
Then there are also technical scientists who try to raise the advantages of using this steam
boiler, namely by conditioning how to make biomass performance when combined with a
coal-fired boiler system at various loads. This technical scientist explains that agricultural
waste can be used as fertilizer, animal feed, an energy source, and raw materials. For example,
jerry can products in China, the yield of straw waste in China increased by 3.9% per year in
the period 2011 to 2018, and is still in a growth trend (Straw Research Institute, 2019).
Today, straw has been used to generate electricity in special power plants for many years in
China

2. Methods
Analytic Hierarchy Process is one of the most well-known and widely used soft
computing MCDM methodologies.This deals with a complex issue involving the consideration
of multiple criteria and alternatives simultaneously and the operating performance of
biomass gasification coupled with a coal fired boiler system is directly affected by the biomass
gasification process and co-combustion of biomass and coal also in both systems A and B,
there is a coupling that is between the S-CO2 cycle and the PFBC boiler
2.1. Description and operation conditions
compares T-s diagrams of bottoming power cycles operating with different kinds of working
fluids. As a mature technology, the water-based steam RC has been successfully
commercialized for recovering exhaust heat on board ships

Table 1
“therecovery of waste heat from marine engines with a highly efficient bottoming
power cycle"
organic working fluids or compressing working fluids directly to their supercritical pressures
allows a better match between the temperature profiles of the heat source and the receiver.
A concise introduction of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is given in this section. Selection
of boiler has been done by applying standard AHP modeling procedures. AHP is a tool used for
symmetrically structuring a problem and solution of problems involving

Figure 1 . (a) Water tube boiler (left), (b) Fire tube boiler (right).

Table 2.

“Selection of an industrial boiler for a soda-ash production plant using analytical

hierarchy process and TOPSIS approaches”
This tool is specifically applied to such problems having multiple alternatives which are
dependent on many parameters. The complicated problems are broken down into many
easily manageable parts which are defined initially in an AHP hierarchy

Figure 2. . The newly proposed system A (a: top cycle RC + RH, b: bottom cycle SRC, c: the
connected cycle integrating with AC-GT sub-system and PFBC boiler).

Concept design of supercritical CO2 cycle driven by pressurized fluidized bed

combustion (PFBC) boiler
The two power generation systems satisfy the cascade energy utilization principle. System A
is described first, including a top cycle (RC + RH), a bottom cycle (SRC), a PFBC boiler and an
AC-GT subsystem (see Fig. 2).

Figure 3 The newly proposed system B (the cycle RC + RH integrating with AC-GT sub-system
and PFBC boiler)
However, system B uses two stages of heat-power conversion, which is simpler in cycle
configuration compared with system A. The system includes a RC + RH and an AC-GT sub-
system Flue gas in PFBC boiler drives RC + RH by MH, SH and RH for first stage, where SH
represents superheater.
Table 3
The second law analysis of the system
For system analysis, the exergy of coal (ein) is

Qf means low heat value of coal (kJ/kg), Car, Har, Oar, Nar are the mass fraction of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in coal. The calculation methods for energy and energy
destruction can be available in many textbooks, thus they are not repeated here. The second
law efficiency of the system is

Performance analysis of biomass gasification coupled with a coal-fired boiler system at

various loads
The heat transferred to the boiler by the biomass gas, which includes the biomass gas lower
heating value and sensible heat, can be calculated under the condition of optimum air to
biomass ratio. The system efficiency of biomass gasification coupled with the coal-fired boiler
is determined by the gasification heat efficiency and the boiler efficiency. The gasification
efficiency is the ratio of the product of the lower heating value of the biomass gas and its
volume to the lower heating value of the biomass. The gasification heat efficiency is the ratio
of the total thermal energy brought by biomass gas to the input heat of the gasifier, in which
the sensible heat of the biomass gas is taken into account. The formulas are as follows:
Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the coupled system
Table 4.Proximate and ultimate analysis and lower heating values of straw and coal (received
basis).

The reverse balance method is used to calculate the boiler efficiency. The exhaust heat loss
and mechanical incomplete combustion heat loss are considered

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. System Performance
In general, steam RC systems can be divided into 2 types according to the pressure level. The
systems are single pressure steam RC system and double pressure steam RC system. However,
the more efficient double pressure steam RC is considered quite complex if we compare the
heat transfer processes of the two types of steam RC. In this condition, to avoid acid
condensation in the exhaust boiler, the minimum steam pressure of 7 bar the recommended
evaporation temperature by the manufacturer is 165 C. Then the results of the single pressure
RC steam simulation show an evaporation pressure of 8 bar with a temperature difference of
22 C in the flue gas boiler. . This shows that the maximum electric power yields at full engine
load, and the total thermal efficiency of this combined power system is increased to 53.8 from
100% from the baseline value of 48.5 from 100%. Then with this dual system, the
configuration of vapor pressure at high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) stages is
recommended 10–11 bar and 4–5 bar, respectively. Due to the presence of sulfuric acid
corrosion and wet soot deposits in boiler tubes, LP steam with low saturation temperatures
should not be preheated with exhaust gas, and feed water must be preheated with additional
waste heat sources such as jacket water and air.

Figure 5 Graphic of Heat transfer single and dual-pressure steam RC systems

Figure 6 T-s diagrams of different bottoming power cycles: (a) steam RC, organic RC and
Kalina cycle, and (b) transcritical ORC and supercritical CO2 cycle

Then in the discussion of combustion emissions modified with the concept of a fluidized
bed combustion (PFBC) boiler, in Systems A and B at conventional combustion pressures for
medium-scale power plants of 15-80 MW driven by a PFBC boiler, the combustion pressure of
the PFBC Pfur boiler is 1,2–1.6 MPa. In this paper, Pfur is assumed to be the same as the air
compressor outlet pressure, that is, Pfur = 1.6 MPa. When T5 is increased from 590 ° C to 640
° C, system A increases to η from 55.32 from 100% to 56.82 from 100%, while system B
increases η from 52.57 from 100% to 55.48 from 100 %. The main steam temperature has a
significant effect on thermal efficiency. The efficiency of the ηb boiler is explored in Fig. 3b.
The ηb constant is observed for system A. The gas purge sub-system operates at a
temperature of 870 ° C, which is equivalent to a gas turbine inlet: TGS = TGT, deep = 870 ° C.

Table 5. Properties of the designed coal

3.2. Molecular Dynamics Results
Then in the operation of merchant ships of different types, the operational profile varies.
As has been illustrated, bulk carriers and tankers are assumed to sail at a certain ship speed
with a low to moderate load profile, whereas container ships tend to have a diverse payload
profile. With varying waste heat distribution and component efficiency, it is significantly
affected by changes in engine load, then bottoming power cycle performance depends on the
load.

Figure 11 At Example graphic above, there is the typical operational profiles of (a) tankers
and bulk carriers and (b) large container ships.

Another result discussion, Analysis of the performance of biomass gasification coupled with a
coal fired boiler system at different loads. In this gasification process, the ratio of air to
biomass greatly affects the gasification performance index, such as gasification temperature,
gasification efficiency and syngas reducing the heating value and components. Performance
index when the ratio of air to biomass varies from 0.9 to 2.0
 Figure . Parameters and boiler efficiency of the co-firing process

Then the last topic is the result of the performance of the coupled system. In the condition
that the boiler operates at the highest operating efficiency, the boiler operating parameters,
components and characteristics of the exhaust air pre-heater outlet, and system efficiency are
shown in the table below.

The effects of co-combustion and reduction of boiler load on paired systems and emission
status are evaluated. Obviously, combustion with the furnace generates the combustion
temperature of the combustion system with a pure coal system. Efficiency boilers are created
by Incomplete Systemic Systemic Waste Heat Loss and Heat Loss. The main factor affecting
exhaust heat loss is the enthalpy of exhaust gas. The heat loss of the combustion system is
incomplete by the combustion system in fly ash and slag. Both types of engine heat loss are
calculated in the simulation to obtain boiler efficiency.
 Figure Graphic of Effects of excess air coefficient on boiler efficiency

4. Conclusions
The main conclusion of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section,
which may stand-alone. It should not repeat the Results, instead provide significant
findings and contribution of the study.
Conclusion text - Conclusion text - Conclusion text - Conclusion text - Conclusion
text - Conclusion text - Conclusion text - Conclusion text - Conclusion text - Conclusion text
- Conclusion text - Conclusion text - Conclusion text - Conclusion text.

Acknowledgements
Provide acknowledgements accordingly. List here those individuals or institutions who
gaves help, assistance during the research (e.g., providing grants, laboratory facility, writing
assistance or proof reading the article, etc.). In case of the grants, please provide the number
and year of the grant received.

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doi: 10.14716/ijtech.v0i0.0000