Red Wine Effects on Cardio Vascular Health
Megan Weeks
BACKGROUND
• The French Paradox is a concept that dates back to the 1980s
(Vendrame, 2013).
• The French had low CHD levels, despite a high saturated diet,
compared to the U.S (Vendrame, 2013).
• The thought was that the French consumed more red wine, resulting in
lower cases of death from CVD (Vendrame, 2013).
• Red wine is the fermentation of grape must, which is pressed grape
juice from the whole grape, including skins and seeds (Markoski et al.,
2016).
• Some epidemiological studies have shown a lower risk of CVD with
moderate red wine consumption due to the abundance of compounds
found in red wine, classified as polyphenol's (Apostolidou et al., 2015).
• This review aims to discuss the components of red wine if red wine
has positive health effects on cardiovascular disease and how much
wine is needed to be consumed to get the valuable benefits of
resveratrol.
Polyphenols in wine
• Catechin
• Makes about 60% of the phenolic compounds found in the seeds of
the grapes (Markoski et al., 2016).
• Contributes to the wines bitterness, astringency and structure
(Markoski et al., 2016).
• Levels range from 50-120 mg/l (Castaldo et al., 2019).
• Anthocyanins
• Found in the grapes’ skins, contributes to the color of wine, and
provides antioxidant properties (Markoski et al., 2016).
• Have been reported to lower blood pressure, lower risk of CVD and
have anti-inflammatory activity (Guha, 2015).
• Levels range from 90-400mg/ml (Castaldo et al., 2019).
• Quercetin
• Has been explored for its anti-inflammatory, low blood pressure
and protective abilities against CVD (Haseeb et al., 2017).
• Is protective of free radical scavengers preventing LDL oxidation,
inhibits platelet aggregation, reduces atherosclerosis. These are all
contributing factors of CVD (Haseeb et al., 2017).
• Resveratrol
• The key polyphenol for the association of red wine consumption
and CVD
• Has anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Inhibits cell growth
(S. Weiskirchen & R. Weiskirchen., 2016).
• The bioavailability of resveratrol is low. Once metabolized, the
structure changes because it is indigestible in its native form (Haseeb
et al., 2017).
• Levels range from 1.7-1.9 mg/l, much lower than the other
polyphenols (Markoski et al., 2016)
Nutrition Department Russell Sage College
Red Wine and Cardio Vascular Disease Therapeutic dosage of resveratrol
According to the WHO (2017), CVD is the number one leading cause of death • 700-1,000 mg/kg of body weight has been tolerated
without having any toxic effects, with concentrations of ≤
• Is a blood vessel disorder including but not limited to coronary heart disease, congenital heart
disease 2g/day short term have been harmless
• Risk factors include unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol, hypertension. • 1 g/day has been used in studies and has shown to be an
• Caused by conditions including atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation effective treatment dosage
Red wine and blood pressure • The amount of resveratrol in red wine varies depending
• Draijer et al. (2015) investigated the effects that polyphenols in grapes, and red wine had on on age, type of grape, maturity, and location grown.
endothelial function on 60 participants aged 30-75 who are mildly hypertensive • One studied calculated 2mg/L resveratrol
• 800mg of polyphenol-rich grape wine extract lowered blood pressure, systolic by 3mmHg, and • 31.7L of red wine would equal about 0.2mg/day,
diastolic by 2mmHg (Draijer et al. 2015) about 5,000 times less than the recommended 1g/day
• Morie et al.(2020) found that blood pressure increased in 24 healthy premenopausal women • This equals about 214 5oz glasses of red wine (S.
Weiskirchen & R. Weiskirchen., 2016).
when they drank a higher level of red wine (146-218 g alcohol/wk) compared to dealcoholized
red wine (P=0.001, & P=0.028)
Red wine and the metabolic syndrome
• Tresserra-Rimbau et al. (2015) conducted a study on 3897 elderly participants at high
cardiovascular risk
• Red wine drinkers who drank ≥1 drink per day compared to non-drinkers had a 44% lower risk
of metabolic syndrome. 41% reduced risk of abnormal waist circumference. 58% lower risk of
having low HDL., 72% lower risk of having high blood pressure, and a 33% lower risk of
having high fasting glucose values, all results were statistically significant (p=<0.001)
(Tresserra-Rimbau et al., 2015).
• Moderate RW consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of a metabolic syndrome in
an elderly Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk (Tresserra-Rimbau et al., 2015).
Dietary food sources that contain resveratrol, and the amount
needed to be consumed to reach therapeutic amounts (S.
Weiskirchen & R. Weiskirchen., 2016).
Red wine Vs. other drinks
• White wine is only made from the juice of the grape, leaving out the skins and the seeds CONCLUSIONS
• Haseeb et al. (2017) explained an L-shaped relationship stating that there is an association • Consuming red wine in moderation, one glass of wine for
between consuming low amounts of alcohol and having cardioprotective effects.
women and one-two glasses of wine at five oz. each for men
• One study looked at beer and cardiovascular health and found a protective effect when
participants consumed light-to-moderate amounts. The results showed a reduced risk of about may help lower the risk of heart disease while also including
50% (Keil et al., 1997). a healthful diet and lifestyle.
• When alcoholic drinks are consumed in a moderate amount, it is shown to lower the risk of • According to the American Heart Association (2019)
heart disease, yet there is no reliable data on what type of alcohol (beer, spirits) (Haseebe et al., recommends that people should not start drinking alcohol to
2017).
prevent heart disease because alcohol can increase one's risk
of "liver disease, heart failure, high blood pressure, weight
gain, and cancers.“
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