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Heat Conduction ch3 Solution PDF
Heat Conduction ch3 Solution PDF
(iii) Independent Variable with Two Homogeneous Boundary Conditions. The two
boundaries at x = 0 and x = L have homogeneous conditions. Thus, the x-variable has two
homogeneous boundary conditions.
(iv) Boundary Conditions. The boundary conditions are listed in the following order:
starting with the two boundaries in the variable having two homogeneous conditions and
ending with the non-homogeneous condition. Thus, the first three conditions in this order are
homogeneous and the fourth is non-homogeneous. Therefore, we write
(1) (0, y ) 0 , homogeneous
(2) ( L, y ) 0 , homogeneous
(3) ( x,0) 0 , homogeneous
The fourth boundary condition is first written in terms of the variable T and then
transformed in terms of the variable . Using Fourier’s law and Newton’s law
T ( x, H ) h1 T ( x, H ) T , 0 x L/2
k
y h2 T ( x, H ) T , L/2 x L
3-1
PROBLEM 3.1 (continued)
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2n Terms. Since the x-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions, the 2n X n term in (d) takes the positive sign. Therefore, (d) and (e)
become
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (f)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (g)
dy
For the important case of n 0, equations (f) and (g) become
d2X0
0 (h)
d x2
and
d 2Y0
0 (i)
d y2
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to eqs. (f)-(i) are
X n ( x ) An sin n x Bn cos n x (j)
3-2
PROBLEM 3.1 (continued)
Boundary condition (2) applied to (j) gives the characteristic equation for n
sin n L 0 (r)
Thus n
n
n (n = 1,2,3,….) (s)
L
Similarly, boundary condition (2) applied to (l) gives
A0 0
where an An Cn . The only remaining unknown is an. Application of condition (4) gives
f(x) = k (a n n cos hn H ) sin n x (u)
n 1
3-3
PROBLEM 3.1 (continued)
a1 ( x) a2 ( x) 0 and a3 ( x ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p ( x ) w( x ) 1 and q( x ) 0
Since the boundary conditions at x = 0 and x = L are homogeneous, it follows that the
characteristic functions n ( x ) sin n x are orthogonal with respect to the weighting
function w( x ) 1. Multiplying both sides of (u) by w( x ) sin m x dx and integrating from x
= 0 to x = L
L
L
f ( x ) w( x ) sin m x dx = k (a n coshn H ) sin n x w( x )(sinm x ) dx
0 0 n1
Using the definition of f ( x ) in condition (4) and noting that w( x ) 1, the above gives
L (v)
k 0 ( a n n coshn H ) sinn x sin m x dx
n 1
Evaluating (t) at y = H and substituting into (v)
L / 2
L
h1 ( a n sinh n H ) sinn x sin m x dx h2 ( a n sinh n H ) sinn x sin m x dx
0 n 1 L/2
n 1
L
(a
L/ 2 L
h1 (T To )
0
sin m x dx h2 (T To )
L/2
sin m x dx k
0 n 1
n n cosh n H ) sinn x sin m x dx
Interchanging the integration and summation signs and applying orthogonality, eq. (3.7),
L/2 L
h1a n sinh n H 0 sin2 n x dx h2 a n sinh n H L / 2 sin n x dx
2
L/ 2 L L
h1 (T To ) 0 sin n x dx h2 (T To ) L / 2 sin n x dx kan n coshn H 0 sin n x dx
2
an
2(T To ) (h1 L / k ) 3 ( 1) n1 (h2 L / k ) 1 ( 1) n1 2( 1) n (w)
n L(h1 h2 )( L / k ) sinh n H 2(n L) coshn H
(5) Checking. Dimensional check: (i) The arguments of sin, sinh and cosh are
dimensionless. (ii) The coefficient a n in (t) must have units of temperature. Equation (w)
shows that a n has units of temperature.
Limiting check: (i) If h1 h2 0 , no heat can be exchanged at the (x,H) boundary and
consequently the entire plate should be at a uniform temperature To . Setting h1 h2 0 in
equation (w) gives a n 0. When this is substituted into (t) we obtain
3-4
PROBLEM 3.1 (continued)
( x, y ) T ( x, y ) To 0
which gives T ( x, y ) To .
(ii) If T To , no heat can be exchanged at the (x,H) boundary and thus the entire plate
should be at a uniform temperature To . Setting T To in equation (w) gives a n 0. When
this is substituted into (t) we obtain T ( x, y ) To .
Boundary conditions check: Direct substitution into solution (t) shows that boundary
conditions (1), (2) and (3) are satisfied.
Special case: For the special case of h1 h2 h equation (w) gives
an
2( Lh / h)(T To ) 1 ( 1) n
(n L)(hL / k ) sinh n L (n L) coshn L
Formal determination of a n for this case gives the same result.
(6) Comments. (i) A non-uniform non-homogeneous boundary condition along a boundary
does not introduce added complications. (ii) The solution is expressed in term of hL/k which
appears in a n . This dimensionless parameter is the Biot number. Equation (s) gives the
dimensionless roots n L . However, the argument k H is determined by multiplying and
dividing by L according to k H = (k L)( H / L) . This introduces an additional dimensionless
parameters H / L .
3-5
PROBLEM 3.2
Heat is generated in a rectangular plate 3L H at a
uniform volumetric rate of q . The surface at (0,y) is y T1 T2 T3
maintained at To . Along surface (3L,y) the plate L L L
h
exchanges heat by convection. The heat transfer
q H T
coefficient is h and the ambient temperature is T . To
Surface (x,H) is divided into three equal segments 3L
0 x
which are maintained at uniform temperatures T1 ,
T2 , and T3 , respectively. Surface (x,0) is insulated. Determine the two-dimensional steady
state temperature distribution.
(1) Observations. (i) This is a steady state two-dimensional conduction problem. (ii) Four
boundary conditions are needed. (iii) Only one boundary condition is homogeneous. (iv)
The energy generation term makes the differential equation non-homogeneous.
(2) Origin and Coordinates. The origin and coordinate axes are selected as shown.
(3) Formulation.
(i) Assumptions. (1) Two-dimensional, (2) steady, (3) uniform energy generation and
(4) constant thermal conductivity.
(ii) Governing Equations. Introducing the above assumptions into eq. (1.8) gives the
heat equation for this problem
2T 2T q
0 (a)
x2 y2 k
(iii) Independent Variable with Two Homogeneous Boundary Conditions. Neither
variable has two homogeneous conditions. Only the x-variable can have two homogeneous
conditions.
(iv) Boundary Conditions.
(1) T (0, y ) To , non-homogeneous
T (3L, y )
(2) k hT (3L, y ) T , non-homogeneous
x
T ( x,0)
(3) 0 , homogeneous
y
T1 , 0 x L
(4) T ( x, H ) f ( x ) T2 , L x 2 L , non-homogenous
T3 , 2 L x 3L
This condition represents a boundary with non-uniform temperature given by f ( x ).
(4) Solution. Equation (a) is non-homogeneous due to the heat generation term. Thus we
can not proceed directly with the application of the method of separation of variables.
Instead, we assume a solution of the form
3-6
PROBLEM 3.2 (continued)
T ( x, y ) ( x, y ) ( x ) (b)
Note that ( x, y ) depends on two variables while ( x ) depends on a single variable.
Substituting (b) into (a)
2 2 d 2 q
0 (c)
x2 y2 d x2 k
The next step is to split (c) into two equations, one for ( x, y ) and the other for (x ). We
select
2 2
0 (d)
x2 y2
Thus, the second part must be
d 2 q
0 (e)
d x2 k
Boundary conditions on ( x, y ) and ( x ) are obtained by substituting (b) into the four
boundary conditions on T . In this process the function ( x, y ) is assigned homogeneous
conditions whenever possible. Using (b) and boundary condition (1)
(0, y ) (0) To
Let
(0, y ) 0 (d-1)
Thus
(0) To (e-1)
Boundary condition (2) and (b) give
(3L, y ) d (3L)
k k h (3L, y ) h (3L) T
x dx
Let
(3L, y )
k h (3L, y ) (d-2)
x
Thus
d (3L)
k h (3L) T (e-2)
dx
Boundary condition (3) and (b) give
( x,0)
0 (d-3)
y
Finally, boundary condition (4) gives
( x, H ) ( x ) f ( x )
Or
( x, H ) f ( x ) ( x ) = F(x)
3-7
PROBLEM 3.2 (continued)
T1 ( x ) , 0 x L
( x, H ) f ( x ) ( x ) F ( x ) T2 ( x ) , L x 2 L , non-homogeneous (d-4)
T ( x ) , 2 L x 3L
3
Thus non-homogeneous equation (a) is replaced by two equations: (d), which is a
homogeneous partial differential equation and (e) which is a non-homogeneous ordinary
differential equation. Equation (d) has three homogeneous conditions, (d-1), (d-2) and (d-3)
and one non-homogeneous condition, (d-4). The solution to (e) is
q 2
( x) x ExF (f)
2k
where E and F are constants of integration. Application of boundary conditions (e-1) and (e-
2) gives the two constants
(3q L / k )1 (3hL / 2k ) (h / k )(To T )
E , F To (g)
1 (3hL / k )
(i) Assumed Product Solution. To solve partial differential equation (d) we assume a
product solution. Let
( x, y ) X ( x )Y ( y ) (h)
Substituting (h) into (d), separating variables and setting the resulting two equations equal to
a constant, 2n , we obtain
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (i)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (j)
dy
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2n Terms. Since the x-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions, the plus sign is selected in (i). Thus (i) and (j) become
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (k)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (l)
dy
For the special case of n 0 the above equations take the form
d 2X0
0 (m)
d x2
and
3-8
PROBLEM 3.2 (continued)
d 2Y0
0 (n)
d y2
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to equations (k)-
(n) are
X n ( x ) An sin n x Bn cosn x (o)
Yn ( y ) Cn sinh n y Dn coshn y (p)
X 0 ( x ) A0 x B0 (q)
and
Y0 ( y ) C0 y D0 (r)
With A0 B0 0, the solution X 0Y0 vanishes. Substituting into (s) and using (v) and (y),
the solution to ( x, y ) becomes
( x, y ) a n (coshn y ) sin n x (z)
n 1
3-9
PROBLEM 3.2 (continued)
where F(x) is defined in (d-4). To determine a n from this result we apply orthogonality.
3L 3L
F ( x)w( x) sin
0
m x dx =
0
n1
( a n coshn L ) sin n w( x )(sin m x ) dx
x
Interchanging the integration and summation signs, noting that w( x ) 1 and applying
orthogonality, the above gives
3L 3L
0
F ( x ) sin n x dx = a n coshn H
0
sin2 n x dx
Evaluating the integral on the right-hand-side and solving the above for a n
3L
an
0
F ( x ) sin n xdx
(z-2)
(1 / 2n ) coshn H 3n L (1 / 2) sin 6n L
The integral in (z-2) is evaluated using the definition of F(x) in (d-4) and the solution to
( x ) given in (f). Thus
T
3L L
0
F ( x ) sin n xdx
0
1 ( q / 2k ) x 2 Ex F ) sin n xdx
where E and F are given in equation (g). Evaluating each of the three integrals in the above
T
L
0
3-10
PROBLEM 3.2 (continued)
T
2L
(q / 2k3n ) 4 n L sin 2 n L (42n L2 2)(cos 2 n L) 2 n L sin n L (2n L2 2)(cos n L)
sin 2 n L 2 n L cos 2 n L sin n L n L cos n L
( E / 2n ) (z 4)
and
T (q / 2k )x
3L
3
2
Ex F sin n xdx ( F T3 )(1 / n )(cos 3 n L cos 2 n L)
2L
(q / 2k3n ) 6 n L sin 3 n L (92n L2 2)(cos 3 n L) 4 n L sin 2 n L (42n L2 2)(cos 2 n L)
( E / 2n )sin 3 n L 3 n L cos 3 n L sin 2 n L 2 n L cos 2 nL (z 5)
(5) Checking. Dimensional checks: (i) The coefficient a n in (z-2) should have units of
temperature. Since F(x) has units of temperature and n is measured in (1/m), (z-2) has units
of temperature. (ii) Each term in (z-3), (z-4) and (z-5) has units of ( o C m ) .
Limiting check: For the special case of q 0 and T1 T2 T3 T To , physical
consideration requires that the plate be at a uniform temperature To . For this case E = 0 and
( x ) To . Substitution into (z-2) gives a n 0. Equation (u) gives T ( x, y ) To .
Boundary conditions check: Boundary conditions (1) and (3) are readily shown to be
satisfied.
(6) Comments. (i) The same approach can be used to solve the more general problem where
the heat generation rate is variable, q q (x ) . This will affect the solution of ( x ) and the
integral in (z-2). (ii) The solution is expressed in terms of the Biot number, hL/k, which
appears in equation (w).
3-11
PROBLEM 3.3
3-12
PROBLEM 3.3 (continued)
T ( x, H ) 0 , 0 x L/2
k
y qo , L/2 x L
This condition represents a heat flux which varies along the boundary according to f ( x ).
(4) Solution.
(i) Assumed Product Solution. Assume a solution in the form
( x, y ) = X(x) Y(y) (d)
Substituting into (a), separating variables and setting the resulting equation equal to constant
1 d2X 1 d 2Y
2
2
2n
X dx Y dy
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (e)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2nYn 0 (f)
d y2
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2n Terms. Since the x-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions the 2n X n term in (e) takes the positive sign. Therefore, (e) and (f)
become
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (g)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (h)
dy
For the important case of n 0, equations (g) and (h) become
d2X0
0 (i)
d x2
and
d 2Y0
0 (j)
d y2
3-13
PROBLEM 3.3 (continued)
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to eqs. (g)-(j) are
X n ( x ) An sin n x Bn cos n x (k)
Yn ( y ) Cn sinh n y Dn coshn y (l)
X 0 ( x ) A0 x B0 (m)
Y0 ( y ) C0 y D0 (n)
Boundary condition (2) applied to (k) gives the characteristic equation for n
sin n L 0 (s)
Or
n
n n = 1,2,3…. (t)
L
Similarly, boundary condition (2) applied to (m) gives
A0 0
where an An Cn . The only remaining unknown is the set of constants an. Application of
condition (4) gives
f(x) = k (a n n cos hn H ) sin n x (v)
n 1
3-14
PROBLEM 3.3 (continued)
(v) Orthogonality. To determine a n in equation (v) we apply orthogonality. Note that the
characteristic functions n ( x ) sin n x in (v) are solutions to equation (g). Comparing (g)
with eq. (3.5a) shows that it is a Sturm-Liouville equation with
a1 ( x) a2 ( x) 0 and a3 ( x ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p ( x ) w( x ) 1 and q( x ) 0
Since the boundary conditions at x = 0 and x = L are homogeneous, it follows that the
characteristic functions n ( x ) sin n x are orthogonal with respect to the weighting
function w( x ) 1. Multiplying both sides of (v) by w( x ) sin m x dx and integrating from x
= 0 to x = L
L L
0
0
n 1
f ( x ) w( x ) sin m x dx = k (a n n coshn H ) sin n x w( x ) sin m x dx
Interchanging the summation with integration and invoking orthogonality gives
L L
0
f ( x ) w( x ) sin n x dx = k an n coshn H
0
w( x ) sin2 n x
L L/2 L
0
f ( x ) sin n x dx
0
(0) sin n x dx
L/2
qo sin n x dx ( q / n )(cosn L cosn L / 2)
Substituting into (w) and using (t) to eliminate n L and (cosn L cosn L / 2) , we obtain
an
qoL / k
(n ) (coshn H )
2
( 1) n 1 2( 1) n 1 (x)
Substituting (x) into (u) and rearranging the result gives the dimensionless temperature
distribution in the plate
T ( x, y ) To ( 1) n 1 2( 1) n 1
qoL / k
( n ) 2 (coshn H )
(sin n x ) sinh n y (y)
n 1
To determine the heat transfer rate through surface (0,y) we substitute (y) into (c)
3-15
PROBLEM 3.3 (continued)
H
(1) n 1 2(1) n 1
q(0) k (q o L / k )
0 n 1 (n ) 2 (cosh n H )
n (cos n 0) sinh n ydy
H
(1) n 1 2(1) n 1
H
q o L
0 n 1 (n ) 2 (cosh n H ) sinh
0
n yd ( n y )
H
(1) n 1 2(1) n 1
q(0) q o L
0 n 1 (n ) 2 (cosh n H )
cosh n H 1 (z)
(5) Checking. Dimensional check: (i) The arguments of the sin, sinh and cosh are
dimensionless. (ii) Each term in solution (y) is dimensionless.(iii) Equation (z) has the
correct units of heat transfer rate per unit length.
Limiting check: If qo 0 the entire plate should be at a uniform temperature To . Setting
qo 0 in (y) gives T ( x, y ) To .
Boundary conditions check: Conditions (1), (2) and (3) can be shown to be satisfied by
direct substitution.
(6) Comments. (i) The same approach can be used to solve the more general problem where
the heat flux at the boundary is variable, qo qo (x ). This will affect the integral in (w). (ii)
Equation (t) gives the dimensionless roots n L . However, the argument k H is determined
by multiplying and dividing by L according to k H = (k L)( H / L) . Thus the solution is
characterized by a single dimensionless parameters H / L .
3-16
PROBLEM 3.4
This condition represents a heat flux which varies along the boundary according to f ( y ).
(4) Solution.
(i) Assumed Product Solution. Assume a solution in the form
( x, y ) = X(x) Y(y) (c)
3-17
PROBLEM 3.4 (continued)
Substituting into (a), separating variables and setting the resulting equation equal to constant
1 d2X 1 d 2Y
2
2
2n
X dx Y dy
Assuming that n is multi-valued, the above gives
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (d)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (e)
dy
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2n Terms. Since the y-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions the 2nYn term in (e) takes the positive sign. Therefore, (d) and (e)
become
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (f)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (g)
dy
For the important case of n 0, equations (f) and (g) become
d2X0
0 (h)
d x2
and
d 2Y0
0 (i)
d y2
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to eqs. (f)-(i) are
X n ( x ) An exp( n x ) Bn exp( n x ) (j)
Yn ( y ) Cn sin n y Dn cosn y (k)
X 0 ( x ) A0 x B0 (l)
Y0 ( y ) C0 y D0 (m)
3-18
PROBLEM 3.4 (continued)
Boundary condition (2) applied to (j) gives the characteristic equation for n
sin 2n L 0 (r)
Thus n
n
n (n = 1,2,3….) (s)
2L
Similarly, boundary condition (2) applied to (m) gives
C0 0
With C0 D0 0, the solution corresponding to n 0 vanishes. Application of boundary
condition (3) to (j) gives
Bn 0
Solution (p) becomes
( x, y ) a n exp( n x )sin n y (t)
n 1
where an An Cn . The only remaining unknown is the set of constants an. Application of
condition (4) gives
f(y) = k an n sin n y (u)
n 1
a1 ( y ) a2 ( y ) 0 and a 3 ( y ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p ( y ) w( y ) 1 and q( y ) 0
Since the boundary conditions at y = 0 and y = 2L are homogeneous, it follows that the
characteristic functions n ( y ) sin n y are orthogonal with respect to the weighting
function w( y ) 1. Multiplying both sides of (u) by w( y ) sin m y dy and integrating from y
= 0 to y = L
3-19
PROBLEM 3.4 (continued)
2L 2L
f ( y ) w( y ) sin m y dy = k
a n n sin n y w( y ) sin m y dy
0 0
n 1
Interchanging the summation with integration and invoking orthogonality gives
2L 2L
0
f ( y ) w( y ) sin n y dy = k an n 0 w( y ) sin2 n y
f ( y ) sin n y dy 2L
1
an 0
f ( y ) sin n y dy
2L
kn L
kn sin n y dy
2 0
0
1
an f ( y ) sin n y dy (v)
kn L 0
0
f ( y ) sin n y dy 0
(0) sin n y dy L
qo sin n y dy ( q / n )(cos2n L cosn L)
Substituting into (v) and using (s) to eliminate n L and (cosn L cosn L / 2) , we obtain
an
2qo L / k
(n ) 2
(1) n 1
2(1) n 1 (w)
(5) Checking. Dimensional check: According to (t) the coefficient a n should have units of
temperature. The term qoL / k in (w) has units of temperature.
Limiting check: If qo 0 , the entire plate should be at a uniform temperature To . Setting
qo 0 in (w) gives a n 0. When this is substituted into (t) gives 0 , or T ( x, y ) To .
Boundary conditions check: Conditions (1), (2) and (3) can be shown to be satisfied by
direct substitution.
(6) Comments. The same approach can be used to solve the more general problem where
the heat flux at the boundary is variable, qo qo ( y ). This will affect the integral in (v).
3-20
PROBLEM 3.5
Consider two-dimensional steady state conduction y h, T
in a rectangular plate L H . The sides (0,y) and
H /2 q2
(x,H) exchange heat by convection. The heat h
transfer coefficient is h and ambient temperature is T 2 HBC
H /2 q1
T . Side (x,0) is insulated. Half the surface at x = L
L
is cooled at a flux q1 while the other half is heated 0 x
at a flux q2. Determine the heat transfer along
(0,y).
(1) Observations. (i) This is a steady state two-dimensional conduction problem. (ii) Heat
transfer rate along surface (0,y) is determined using temperature distribution and Fourier’s
law. (iii) Four boundary conditions are needed. (iv) Two conditions can be made
homogeneous by defining a new temperature variable ( x, y ) T ( x, y ) T . (v) The heat
flux along boundary (L,y) is not uniform. This requires special consideration.
(2) Origin and Coordinates. The origin and coordinate axes are selected as shown.
(3) Formulation.
(i) Assumptions. (1) Two-dimensional, (2) steady, (3) no energy generation and (4)
constant thermal conductivity.
(ii) Governing Equations. To determine the rate of heat transfer we must first
determine the temperature distribution in the plate. Introducing the above assumptions into
eq. (1.8) gives the heat equation for this case
2 2
0 (a)
x2 y2
where
( x, y ) T ( x, y ) T (b)
(iii) Independent Variable with Two Homogeneous Boundary Conditions. The
two boundaries at y = 0 and y = H have homogeneous conditions. Thus, the y-variable has
two homogeneous boundary conditions.
(iv) Boundary Conditions. The boundary conditions are
( x,0)
(1) 0, homogeneous
y
( x, H )
(2) k h ( x , H ) , homogeneous
y
(0, y )
(3) k h (0, y ) , homogeneous
x
( L , y ) q , 0 y H /2
(4) k f(y) = 1 non-homogeneous
x q2 , H /2 y H
This condition represents a heat flux, which varies along the boundary according to f ( y ).
3-21
PROBLEM 3.5 (continued)
(4) Solution.
(i) Assumed Product Solution. Assume a solution in the form
( x, y ) = X(x) Y(y) (c)
Substituting into (a), separating variables and setting the resulting equation equal to constant
1 d2X 1 d 2Y
2
2
2n
X dx Y dy
Assuming that n is multi-valued, the above gives
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (d)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (e)
dy
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2n Terms. Since the y-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions the 2nYn term in (e) takes the positive sign. Therefore, (d) and (e)
become
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (f)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (g)
dy
For the important case of n 0, equations (f) and (g) become
d2X0
0 (h)
d x2
and
d 2Y0
0 (i)
d y2
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to eqs. (f)-(i) are
X n ( x ) An sinh n x Bn coshn x (j)
Yn ( y ) Cn sin n y Dn cosn y (k)
X 0 ( x ) A0 x B0 (l)
Y0 ( y ) C0 y D0 (m)
Corresponding to each value of n there is a temperature solution n ( x, y ). Thus
n ( x, y ) X n ( x )Yn ( y ) (n)
3-22
PROBLEM 3.5 (continued)
and
0 ( x, y ) X 0 ( x )Y0 ( y ) (o)
The complete solution becomes
( x, y ) X 0 ( x )Y0 ( y )
n 1
X n ( x )Yn ( y ) (p)
where a n An Dn . The only remaining unknown is the set of constants an. Application of
condition (4) gives
f(y) = k
n 1
a cosh L ( H )(k / hH ) sinh Lcos
n n n n n ny (t)
a1 ( y ) a2 ( y ) 0 and a 3 ( y ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p ( y ) w( y ) 1 and q( y ) 0
Since the boundary conditions at y = 0 and y = H are homogeneous, it follows that the
characteristic functions n ( y ) cosn y are orthogonal with respect to the weighting
function w(y) = 1. Multiplying both sides of (t) by w( y ) cosm ydy and integrating from
y 0 to y H
3-23
PROBLEM 3.5 (continued)
H H
0
f ( y ) w( y ) cos m ydy k
0
n 1
ann cosh n L (n H )(k / hH ) sinh n Lcos n y w( y ) cos m y dy
0
0
cos2 n y dy
an
0
f ( y ) cos n y dy
0
cos2 n y dy
an
4 0
f ( y ) cos n y dy
(u)
k cosh n L ( n H )(k / hH ) sinh n L(2 n H sin 2 n H )
(w)
Having determined the temperature distribution in the plate, the heat transfer rate through
surface (0,y) can be determined using Fourier’s law as follows
H T (0, y )
q (0) k o x
dy
where q (0) is heat transfer rate through (0,y) per unit plate depth. Substituting (s) into the
above
3-24
PROBLEM 3.5 (continued)
a
H
q (0) k a n n cos n ydy k
0
n 1
n sin n H
(5) Checking. Dimensional check: (i) The arguments of sin, cos, sinh and cosh are
dimensionless. (ii) The Biot number, hH/k, is dimensionless. (iii) According to (s), the
coefficient a n should have units of temperature. The term q / n k in (v) gives a n the
correct units.
Limiting check: If q1 q2 0 , the entire plate should be at a uniform temperature T .
Setting q1 q2 0 in (w) gives T ( x, y) T .
Boundary conditions check: Conditions (1), (2) and (3) can be shown to be satisfied by
direct substitution.
(6) Comments. (i) If the direction of q1 and/or q 2 is reversed, solution (w) is still
applicable. However, the signs of q1 and q 2 must be changed accordingly. The same
approach can be used to solve the more general problem where the heat flux at the boundary
is variable, qo qo ( y ). (ii) Equation (r) gives the dimensionless roots k H in terms of the
Biot number hH/k. However, the argument k L is determined by multiplying and dividing
by L. This introduces an additional parameter H / L. Thus examining solution (w) we note
that the temperature distribution depends on three parameters: hH/k, H/L and q2 / q1 .
3-25
PROBLEM 3.6
L
q Ao e y 0 x
T2
where Ao and are constant. The surface which is radiation
exposed to radiation, (x,0), is maintained at T2 while the
opposite surface (x,H) is at T1. The element is insulated along surface (0,y) and cooled
along (L,y) at a uniform flux qo . Determine the steady state temperature of the insulated
surface.
(1) Observations. (i) This is a steady state two-dimensional conduction problem. (ii) Four
boundary conditions are needed. (iii) Only one boundary condition is homogeneous. (iv)
The energy generation term makes the differential equation non-homogeneous. (v) Energy
generation varies in the y-direction.
(2) Origin and Coordinates. The origin and coordinate axes are selected as shown.
(3) Formulation.
` (i) Assumptions. (1) Two-dimensional, (2) steady and (3) constant thermal
conductivity.
(ii) Governing Equations. Introducing the above assumptions into eq. (1.8) gives
2T 2T q
0 (a)
x2 y2 k
where
q Ao e y (b)
Substituting (b) into (a)
2T 2T Ao y
e 0 (c)
x2 y2 k
(iii) Independent Variable with Two Homogeneous Boundary Conditions. Neither
variable has two homogeneous conditions. Only the y-variable can have two homogeneous
conditions.
(iv) Boundary Conditions.
(1) T ( x,0) T2 , non-homogeneous
(2) T ( x, H ) T1 , non-homogeneous
T (0, y )
(3) 0 , homogeneous
x
T ( L, y )
(4) k qo , non-homogeneous
x
3-26
PROBLEM 3.6 (continued)
(4) Solution. Equation (c) is non-homogeneous due to the heat generation term. Thus we
can not proceed directly with the application of the method of separation of variables.
Noting that the heat generation term is a function of y, we assume a solution of the form
T ( x, y ) ( x, y ) ( y ) (d)
Note that ( x, y ) depends on two variables while ( y ) depends on a single variable.
Substituting (d) into (c)
2 2 d 2 Ao y
e 0 (e)
x2 y2 d y2 k
The next step is to split (c) into two equations, one for ( x, y ) and the other for ( y ). We
select
2 2
0 (f)
x2 y2
Thus, the second part must be
d 2 Ao y
e 0 (g)
d y2 k
Boundary conditions on ( x, y ) and ( y ) are obtained by substituting (d) into the four
boundary conditions. In this process the function ( x, y ) is assigned homogeneous
conditions whenever possible. Using (d) and boundary condition (1)
( x,0) (0) T2
Let
(0, y ) 0 (f-1)
Thus
(0) T2 (g-1)
Boundary condition (2) and (b) give
( x, H ) ( H ) T1
Let
( x, H ) 0 (f-2)
Thus
( H ) T1 (g-2)
Boundary condition (3) and (b) give
(0, y )
0 (f-3)
x
Boundary condition (4) and (b) give
( L, y )
k qo (f-4)
x
Thus, non-homogeneous equation (c) is replaced by two equations: (f), which is a
homogeneous partial differential equation and (g) which is a non-homogeneous ordinary
3-27
PROBLEM 3.6 (continued)
differential equation. Equation (f) has three homogeneous conditions, (f-1), (f-2) and (f-3)
and one non-homogeneous condition, (f-4). The solution to (g) is
Ao
( y) e y E y F (h)
k
2
where E and F are constants of integration. Application of boundary conditions (g-1) and
(g-2) gives the two constants
A A
E1 (1 / H ) (T1 T2 ) 2o (e H 1) and F T2 2o (i)
k k
Substituting (i) into (h)
Ao y A A
( x) e (T1 T2 ) 2o (e H 1)( y / H ) + T2 2o (j)
k
2
k k
(i) Assumed Product Solution. To solve partial differential equation (f) we assume a
product solution. Let
( x, y ) X ( x )Y ( y ) (k)
Substituting (k) into (f), separating variables and setting the resulting two equations equal to
a constant, 2n , we obtain
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (l)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (m)
dy
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2n Terms. Since the y-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions, the plus sign is selected in (m). Thus (l) and (m) become
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (n)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (o)
dy
For the special case of n 0 the above equations take the form
d 2X0
0 (p)
d x2
and
d 2Y0
0 (q)
d y2
3-28
PROBLEM 3.6 (continued)
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to equations (n)-
(q) are
X n ( x ) An sinh n x Bn coshn x (r)
Yn ( y ) Cn sin n y Dn cosn y (s)
X 0 ( x ) A0 x B0 (t)
and
Y0 ( y ) C0 y D0 (u)
With C0 D0 0, the solution X 0Y0 vanishes. Substituting into (x) and using (r) and (s),
the solution to ( x, y ) becomes
( x, y ) a n (coshn x ) sin n y (z)
n 1
3-29
PROBLEM 3.6 (continued)
(v) Orthogonality. The characteristic functions, sin n y, in (z-1) are solutions to
equation (o). Comparing (o) with eq. (3.5a) shows that it is a Sturm-Liouville equation with
a1 ( y ) a2 ( y ) 0 and a 3 ( y ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p ( y ) w( y ) 1 and q( y ) 0
Since boundary conditions (f-1) and (f-2) at y = 0 and y = H are homogeneous, it follows
that the characteristic functions sin n y are orthogonal with respect to w(y) = 1. Multiplying
both sides of (z-1) by w(y) sin m y dy and integrating from y = 0 to y = H
H
H
qw( y) sin
0
o m y dy =k
0
(a n n sinhn L) sin n y w( y )(sinm y ) dy
n1
Interchanging integration the integration and summation signs, noting that w( y ) 1 and
applying orthogonality, the above gives
H H
0
q o sin n ydy = a n n sinh n H 0
sin 2 n y dy
Evaluating the integrals, solving the above for a n and using (y) gives
an
2( qoH / k ) ( 1) n 1 (z-2)
(n ) 2 sinh n L
The solution to the temperature distribution is obtained by substituting (j), (z) and (z-2) into
(d)
A A A
T ( x, y ) 2o e y (T1 T2 ) 2o (e H 1)( y / H ) + T2 2o +
k k k
(1) 1
n
2( qoH / k ) (n ) 2
sinh n L
(coshn x ) sin n y (z-3)
n 1
T ( x, y ) T2 y (T1 T2 ) H
1 e ( e 1) ( y / H ) +
( Ao / 2 k ) Ao / k
2
q H
( 1) 1
n
2 o 2
Ao / n 1 (n ) 2 sinh n L
(coshn x ) sin n y (z-4)
(5) Checking. Dimensional checks: (i) The arguments of sin, sinh and cosh are
dimensionless. (ii). Each term in (z-4) is dimensionless.
Limiting check: For the special case of qo 0 temperature distribution should be one-
dimensional. Setting qo 0 in (z-3) or (z-4) gives the one-dimensional solution to the
problem. If we further assume that there is no energy generation, (z-3) gives
3-30
PROBLEM 3.6 (continued)
T ( y ) T2 (T1 T2 )( y / H )
This is recognized as the linear one-dimensional solution in a plate with two boundaries at
specified temperatures.
Boundary conditions check: Conditions (1), (2) and (3) can be shown to be satisfied by
direct substitution.
(6) Comments. (i) Selecting in the assumed solution (d) to be a function of y rather than
x is motivated by the fact that the energy generation term is a function of y. (ii) Equation (y)
gives the dimensionless roots k H . However, the argument k L is determined by
multiplying and dividing by L. This introduces H / L as a parameter, Thus examining
solution (z-4) we note that the temperature distribution depends on four parameters:
T1 T2 qoH H
, , H and
Ao / 2 k Ao / 2
L
3-31
PROBLEM 3.7
An electric strip heater of width 2b dissipates energy
at a flux q o . The heater is mounted symmetrically on y
one side of a plate of height H and width 2L. Heat is b b
exchanged by convection along surfaces (0,y) and h h
(2L,y). The ambient temperature is T and the heat T H T
transfer coefficient is h. Surfaces (x,0) and (x,H) are L L
insulated. Determine the temperature of the plate- 0 x
heater interface for two-dimensional steady state
conduction.
(1) Observations. (i) To determine the plate-heater interface temperature it is necessary to
first determine the temperature distribution in the plate. (ii) This is a steady state two-
dimensional conduction problem. (iii) Four boundary conditions are needed. (iv)
Temperature distribution is symmetrical about the vertical centerline. This makes it possible
to analyze half the plate. (v) Only the x-variable can have two homogeneous conditions. (vi)
Defining a new temperature variable ( x, y ) T ( x, y ) T makes the convection condition
at (L,y) homogeneous. (vii) The heat flux along (x,H) is non-uniform. This requires special
consideration.
y
(2) Origin and Coordinates. Because half the plate is to be
considered, the origin is selected at the centerline and the b
coordinate axes are directed as shown. qo
H Th
(3) Formulation. 2HBC
(i) Assumptions. (1) Two-dimensional, (2) steady, (3) no L
energy generation and (4) constant thermal conductivity. 0 x
(ii) Governing Equations. Introducing the above
assumptions into eq. (1.8) gives the heat equation
2 2
0 (a)
x2 y2
where
( x, y ) T ( x, y ) T (b)
(iii) Independent Variable with Two Homogeneous Boundary Conditions. The
two boundaries at x = 0 and x = L have homogeneous conditions. Thus, the x-variable has
two homogeneous boundary conditions.
(iv) Boundary Conditions. The required four boundary conditions are
(0, y )
(1) 0, homogeneous
x
( L, y )
(2) h ( L, y ), homogeneous
x
( x ,0)
(3) 0, homogeneous
y
3-32
PROBLEM 3.7 (continued)
( x, H ) q , 0 xb
(4) k f(x) = o
y 0, b x L
This condition represents a heat flux which varies along the boundary according to f ( x ).
(4) Solution.
(i) Assumed Product Solution. Assume a solution in the form
( x, y ) = X(x) Y(y) (c)
Substituting into (a), separating variables and setting the resulting equation equal to constant
1 d2X 1 d 2Y
2
2
2n
X dx Y dy
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (d)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (e)
dy
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2n Terms. Since the x-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions the 2n X n term in (d) takes the positive sign. Therefore, (d) and (e)
become
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (f)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (g)
dy
For the important case of n 0, equations (f) and (g) become
d2X0
0 (h)
d x2
and
d 2Y0
0 (i)
d y2
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to eqs. (f)-(i) are
X n ( x ) An sin n x Bn cos n x (j)
Yn ( y ) Cn sinh n y Dn coshn y (k)
3-33
PROBLEM 3.7 (continued)
X 0 ( x ) A0 x B0 (l)
Y0 ( y ) C0 y D0 (m)
Corresponding to each value of n there is a temperature solution n ( x, y ). Thus
n ( x, y ) X n ( x )Yn ( y ) (n)
and
0 ( x, y ) X 0 ( x )Y0 ( y ) (o)
The complete solution becomes
( x, y ) X 0 ( x )Y0 ( y )
n 1
X n ( x )Yn ( y ) (p)
Boundary condition (2) applied to (j) gives the characteristic equation for n
n L tan n L hL / k Bi (r)
Similarly, boundary condition (2) applied to (l) gives
B0 0
where a n Bn Dn . The only remaining unknown is the set of constants an. Application of
condition (4) gives
f(x) = k (a n n sinh n H ) cosn x (u)
n 1
a1 ( x) a2 ( x) 0 and a3 ( x ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p ( x ) w( x ) 1 and q( x ) 0
3-34
PROBLEM 3.7 (continued)
Since the boundary conditions at x = 0 and x = L are homogeneous, it follows that the
characteristic functions n ( x ) cosn x are orthogonal with respect to the weighting
function w( x ) 1. Multiplying both sides of (u) by w( x ) sin m x dx and integrating from x
= 0 to x = L
L
L
0
f ( x ) w( x ) cosm x dx = k
0
(a n n sinh n H ) cosn x w( x ) cosm x dx
n 1
Interchanging the summation with integration and invoking orthogonality gives
L L
0
f ( x ) w( x ) cosn x dx = k a n n sinh n H 0
w( x ) cos2 n x
Solving for a n , recalling that w(x) = 1 and evaluating the integral on the right-hand-side, the
above gives
L
an
4 0 f ( x) cosn x dx (v)
k sinh n H ( 2n L sin 2n L)
Using the definition of f ( x ) in condition (4) the integral in (v) is evaluated
L b L
0
f ( x ) cosn x dx
0
( qo ) cosn x dx b
(0)n x dx ( qo / n ) sin n b
(5) Checking. Dimensional check: (i) The arguments of sin, cos, sinh and cosh are
dimensionless. (ii) The term qoL / k in (x) has units of temperature. Thus both sides of (x)
are dimensionless.
Limiting check: If qo 0 , the entire plate should be at a uniform temperature T .
Multiplying (x) through by ( qoL / k ) and setting qo 0 gives T ( x, y ) To .
Boundary conditions check: Conditions (1), (2) and (3) can be shown to be satisfied by
direct substitution.
3-35
PROBLEM 3.7 (continued)
(6) Comments. (i) The same approach can be used to solve the more general problem where
the heat flux at the boundary is variable, qo qo (x ). This will only affect the integral in (v).
(ii) Taking advantage of symmetry simplifies the problem. (iii) Equation (r) gives the
dimensionless roots n L . However, the argument k H is determined by multiplying and
dividing by L according to k H = (k L)( H / L) . This introduces an additional dimensionless
parameters H / L . Similarly, the argument k b introduces the parameter b / L. Thus, three
parameters characterize the problem: Bi, b / L, and H / L.
3-36
PROBLEM 3.8
The cross section of a long prism is a right angle isosceles
triangle of side L. One side is heated with uniform flux q o
while the second side is maintained at zero temperature. The qo L Tc
hypotenuse is insulated. Determine the temperature Tc at the
mid-point of the hypotenuse.
3-37
PROBLEM 3.8 (continued)
(4) Solution. Since there are two non-homogenous boundary conditions we assume a
solution of the form
T ( x, y ) ( x, y ) ( x ) (b)
Substituting (b) into (a)
2 2 d 2
0 (c)
x2 y2 x2
Let
2 2
0 (d)
x2 y2
Thus
d 2
=0 (e)
d x2
Boundary conditions on (d) and (e) are obtained by substituting (b) into the four conditions.
Substituting (b) in condition (1)
(0, y ) (0) 0
Let
(0, y ) 0 (d-1)
Thus
( 0) 0 (e-1)
Condition (2) gives
( L, y ) d ( L)
qo
x dx
Let
( L, y )
0 (d-2)
x
Thus
d ( L )
qo (e-2)
dx
Condition (3) gives
( x,0) ( x ) 0
Or
( x,0) ( x ) (d-3)
Boundary condition (4) gives
( x, L)
k qo (d-4)
y
Thus partial differential equation (c) has two homogeneous boundary conditions in the x-
variable, (d-1) and (d-2). The solution to (e) with boundary conditions (e-1) and (e-2) is
q
( x) o x (f)
k
We proceed now to determine the solution to (d) using separation of variables.
3-38
PROBLEM 3.8 (continued)
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (i)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (j)
dy
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2n Terms. Since the x-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions the 2n X n term in (i) takes the positive sign. Therefore, (i) and (j)
become
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (k)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2nYn 0 (l)
d y2
For the important case of n 0, equations (k) and (l) become
d2X0
0 (m)
d x2
and
d 2Y0
0 (n)
d y2
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to eqs. (k)-(n) are
X n ( x ) An sin n x Bn cosn x (o)
Yn ( y ) Cn sin n y Dn cosn y (p)
X 0 ( x ) A0 x B0 (q)
Y0 ( y ) C0 y D0 (r)
3-39
PROBLEM 3.8 (continued)
and
0 ( x, y ) X 0 ( x )Y0 ( y ) (t)
The complete solution becomes
( x, y ) X 0 ( x )Y0 ( y ) X n ( x )Yn ( y ) (u)
n 1
Boundary condition (d-2) applied to (o) gives the characteristic equation for n
cosn L 0 (w)
Or
( 2n 1)
n L (n = 1,2,3….) (x)
2
Similarly, boundary condition (d-2) applied to (q) gives
A0 0
With A0 B0 0, the solution corresponding to n 0 vanishes. Thus (u) becomes
( x, y ) ( an sinh n y bn coshn y ) sinn x (y)
n 1
where an AnCn and bn An Dn . Condition (d-3) applied to (y) and using (f) gives
qox k b sin x
n n (z-1)
n 1
Similarly, condition (d-4) and (y) give
qo k (a cosh L b sinh L) sin x
n1
n n n n n n (z-2)
3-40
PROBLEM 3.8 (continued)
L
L
qo x w( x ) sin m x dx = k
0 0
bn sin n x w( x ) sin m x dx
n 1
Interchanging the summation with integration and noting that w(x) = 1, orthogonality gives
L L
qo x sin n x dx = k bn
0
0
sin 2 n x dx
Evaluation the integrals, using equation (x) and solving for bn gives
8( qoL / k ) ( 1) n
bn (z-3)
2 ( 2n 1) 2
Similarly, multiplying both sides of (z-2) by w( x ) sin m x dx and integrating from x = 0 to
x = L gives
L
n (an coshn L bn sinh n L) sin n x w( x ) sin m x dx
L
qo w( x ) sin m x dx = k
0
0
n 1
Interchanging the summation with integration and noting that w(x) = 1, orthogonality gives
L L
qo sin n x dx = kn ( an coshn L bn sinh n L)
0
0 sin2 n x dx
Evaluation the integrals using equation (x) and (z-3) and solving for a n gives
3-41
PROBLEM 3.8 (continued)
Boundary conditions check: Conditions (1), (2) and (3) can be shown to be satisfied by
direct substitution.
(5) Comments. (i) The same approach can be used to solve the more general problem where
the heat flux at the side of the right-angled isosceles triangle is non-uniform as long as the
corresponding square problem is assigned the same non-uniform flux on two of its adjacent
sides such that there is symmetry with respect to the diagonal. (ii) The method used to solve
this problem is limited to a right-angled isosceles triangle which forms a square with its
mirror image. It does not work for a right-angled triangle which forms a rectangle with its
mirror image because of asymmetry. (iii) An alternate approach to solving the square
problem is to use the method of superposition by decomposing the problem into two simpler
problems each having a single non-homogeneous condition as illustrated be below. Each
problem is solved using separation of variables directly.
y y y
qo qo
L T 0 L T 0 L T 0
Tc Tc1 qo Tc 2
qo
T ( x, y )
L
= L + T2 ( x, y )
L
x T1 ( x, y )
0 x 0 x 0
T 0 T 0 T 0
3-42
3-43
PROBLEM 3.9
3-43
PROBLEM 3.9 (continued)
(4) Solution. Since there are two non-homogenous boundary conditions, the problem will be
decomposed into two simpler problems each having a single non-homogeneous condition.
Let
T ( x, y ) T1 ( x, y ) T2 ( x, y ) (b)
where T1 ( x, y ) and T2 ( x, y ) are the solutions to two problems each governed by (a) with
boundary conditions as shown.
y y y
h, T h, T h,0
L T 0 L T 0 L T 0
h Tc h Tc1 Tc 2
h
T
T ( x, y )
L
= 0 L + T
T2 ( x , y )
L
x T1 ( x , y )
0 x 0 x 0
T 0 T 0 T 0
Substituting (b) into (a)
2T1 2T1 2T2 2T2
0 (c)
x2 y2 x2 y2
Let
2T1 2T1
0 (d)
x2 y2
Thus
2T2 2T2
0 (e)
x2 y2
The temperature at the center is given by
Tc Tc1 Tc 2 (f)
We recognize that the center temperature is the same for each problem. Therefore
Tc 2 Tc1 (g)
Thus it is only necessary to solve the temperature distribution in one problem. Working with
the first problem, T1 ( x, y ), the boundary conditions are
(1) T1 (0, y ) 0 , homogeneous
T1 ( L, y )
(2) k hT1 ( L, y ) , homogeneous
x
(3) T1 ( x,0) 0 , homogeneous
T1 ( x, L)
(4) k hT1 ( x, L) T , non-homogeneous
y
Thus the x-variable has two homogeneous boundary conditions.
3-44
PROBLEM 3.9 (continued)
d2Xn
2n X n 0 (i)
d x2
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (j)
dy
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2n Terms. Since the x-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions the 2n X n term in (i) takes the positive sign. Therefore, (d) and (e)
become
d2Xn
2
2n X n 0 (k)
dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (l)
dy
For the important case of n 0, equations (k) and (l) become
d2X0
0 (m)
d x2
and
d 2Y0
0 (n)
d y2
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to eqs. (k)-(n) are
X n ( x ) An sin n x Bn cos n x (o)
Yn ( y ) Cn sinh n y Dn coshn y (p)
X 0 ( x ) A0 x B0 (q)
Y0 ( y ) C0 y D0 (r)
3-45
PROBLEM 3.9 (continued)
T1n ( x, y ) X n ( x )Yn ( y ) (s)
and
T10 ( x, y ) X 0 ( x )Y0 ( y ) (t)
The complete solution becomes
T1 ( x, y ) X 0 ( x )Y0 ( y ) X n ( x )Yn ( y ) (u)
n 1
(iv) Application of Boundary Conditions. Boundary condition (1) applied to solutions (o)
and (q) gives
Bn B0 0 (v)
Boundary condition (2) applied to (o) gives the characteristic equation for n
n L (hL / k ) tan n L (w)
Similarly, boundary condition (2) applied to (q) gives
A0 0
where an An Cn . The only remaining unknown is the set of constants an. Application of
condition (4) gives
k (a n n cos hn L) sin n x h (a n sinh n L) sin n x hT
n 1 n 1
(v) Orthogonality. To determine a n in equation (y) we apply orthogonality. Note that the
characteristic functions n ( x ) sin n x in (y) are solutions to equation (k). Comparing (k)
with eq. (3.5a) shows that it is a Sturm-Liouville equation with
a1 ( x) a2 ( x) 0 and a3 ( x ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p ( x ) w( x ) 1 and q( x ) 0
3-46
PROBLEM 3.9 (continued)
Since the boundary conditions at x = 0 and x = L are homogeneous, it follows that the
characteristic functions n ( x ) sin n x are orthogonal with respect to the weighting
function w( x ) 1. Multiplying both sides of (y) by w( x ) sin m x dx and integrating from x
= 0 to x = L
L
Solving for a n , recalling that w(x) = 1 and evaluating the integrals in the above gives a n
1 cosn L
a n 2T (z)
sinh n L (k / hL)(n L) coshn L)n L (cosn L) sin n L
Substituting into (x)
(1 cos n L)(sin n x ) sinh n y
T1 ( x, y )
2 (z-1)
T n 1
sinh n L (k / hL)(n L) coshn L)n L (cosn L) sin n L
Evaluating (s-1) at the center, x = L/2 and y = L/2 and substituting into (g) gives Tc
(1 cosn L)(sin n L / 2) sinh n L / 2
Tc
4 (z-2)
T n 1
sinh n L (k / hL)(n L) coshn L)n L (cosn L) sin n L
(5) Checking. Dimensional check: (i) The arguments of sin, cos, sinh and cosh are
dimensionless. (ii) Each term in solution (z-1) is dimensionless.
Limiting check: If T 0 , the entire plate should be at zero temperature. Setting T 0 in
(z-1) gives T1 ( x, y) 0.
Boundary conditions check: Conditions (1) and (3) can be readily shown to be satisfied by
direct substitution in equation (z-1).
(6) Comments. (i) The solution is expressed in terms of the Biot number hL/k. This is
characteristic of all problems involving surface convection, (ii) Equation (z-2) gives the
temperature at the center of a square with convection along two adjacent sides while the
other two sides are at zero temperature. If three sides exchange heat by convection, equation
(z-2) still applies. However, the constant 4 is replaced by 6. This results from decomposing
the problem into three simpler problems whose solutions are given by (z-1). (iii) The method
used to solve this problem is limited to a right-angled triangle which forms a square with its
mirror image. It does not work with a triangle which forms a rectangle with its mirror image
because of asymmetry.
3-47
PROBLEM 3.10
(1) Observations. (i) This is a steady state two-dimensional conduction problem. (ii) At
x the plate reaches ambient temperature. (iii) All four boundary conditions are non-
homogenous. However, by defining a temperature variable T T , three of the four
conditions become homogeneous. (iv) Temperature distribution is symmetrical about y 0
and thus the boundary (x,0) is insulated. Therefore, consideration is given to half the plate.
(2) Origin and Coordinates. The origin and coordinate axes are selected as shown.
(3) Formulation.
(i) Assumptions. (1) Two-dimensional, (2) steady, (3) uniform heat transfer coefficient
and ambient temperature, (4) constant conductivity and (5) no energy generation.
(ii) Governing Equations. Introducing the above assumptions into eq. (1.8) gives
2 2
0 (a)
x2 y2
where is defined as
( x, y ) T ( x, y ) T
(iii) Independent Variable with Two Homogeneous Boundary Conditions. In terms
of , the y-variable has two homogeneous conditions.
(iv) Boundary Conditions. We consider the upper half of the plate. The boundary
conditions for this half are
( x,0)
(1) 0, homogeneous
y
( x, H )
(2) k h ( x, H ), homogeneous
y
(3) ( , y ) = 0, homogeneous
(4) (0, y ) To T , non-homogeneous
(4) Solution.
(i) Assumed Product Solution. Let
(ii)
3-48
PROBLEM 3.10 (continued)
( x, y ) X ( x )Y ( y )
Substituting into (a), separating variables and setting the resulting equation equal to constant
1 d2X 1 d 2Y
2
2
2n
X dx Y dy
d2X0
0 (f)
d x2
and
d 2 Y0
0 (g)
d y2
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to eqs. (d)-(g) are
X 0 ( x ) A0 x B0 (j)
Y0 ( y ) C0 y D0 (k)
3-49
PROBLEM 3.10 (continued)
0 ( x, y ) X 0 ( x )Y0 ( y ) (m)
The complete solution becomes
( x, y ) X 0 ( x )Y0 ( y )
n 1
X n ( x )Yn ( y ) (n)
(iv) Application of Boundary Conditions. Boundary condition (1) applied to (i) and (k)
gives
C n C0 0 (o)
Applying boundary condition (2) to (i) gives the characteristic equation for n
n H tan n L hH / k Bi (p)
where Bi hH / k is the Biot number. Boundary conditions and (2) applied to (k) gives
D0 0
H
0
H
(To T ) 0 w( y ) cosm ydy a n cosn y w( y ) cosm ydy
n1
3-50
PROBLEM 3.10 (continued)
Interchanging the summation with integration, setting w(y) = 1 and applying orthogonality,
the above gives
H H
(To T )
0
cos n ydy a n
0
cos2 n ydy
(5) Checking. Dimensional check: (ii) The arguments of sin, cos and the exponential are
dimensionless. (ii) Each term in solution (t) is dimensionless.
Limiting check: If To T , no heat transfer takes place within the plate and consequently the
entire plate should be at T . Setting To T in (t) gives T ( x, y ) T .
Boundary conditions check: Conditions (1) and (3) can be readily shown to be satisfied by
direct substitution into solution (q).
(6) Comments. (i) By introducing the definition T T it was possible to transform
three of the four boundary conditions from non-homogeneous to homogeneous. (ii) The
solution is in terms of the Biot number hH/k which appears in the characteristic equation (p).
This parameter appears in problems with surface convection. (iii) In the fin model,
temperature variation in the y-direction is neglected and a one-dimensional solution is
obtained. This approximation is valid for small Biot number compared to unity. That is for
Bi hH / k 1 (u)
Thus the two-dimensional solution (t) should reduce to the one-dimensional fin solution for
small Biot number. Numerical solution to the characteristic equation (p) shows that for
Bi 1 the first root is 1 H 1 . Thus for Bi 1
1 H 1 , sin 1L 1L, cos1H cos1 y 1 (v)
When this is substituted into (p) we obtain
1 H hH / k (w)
Substituting (v) and (w) into (t) and taking the first term of the series gives
T1 ( x) T (To T ) e hk / H x
(x)
This result is identical to the one-dimensional temperature solution for a semi-infinite fin
with surface convection and a specified temperature at the base.
3-51
PROBLEM 3.11
(3) ( , y ) = 0, homogeneous
(4) (0, y) T f To , non-homogeneous
(4) Solution.
(i) Assumed Product Solution.
3-52
PROBLEM 3.11 (continued)
Assume a product solution X ( x)Y ( y ). Substituting into (a), separating variables and
setting the resulting equation equal to constant gives
d2Xn d Xn
2
2 2n X n 0 (c)
dx dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (d)
dy
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2n Terms. Since the y-variable has two homogeneous
conditions, the correct signs in (c) and (d) are
d2Xn d Xn
2
2 2n X n 0 (e)
dx d x
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (f)
dy
For n 0, equations (e) and (f) become
d 2X0 dX 0
2
2 0 (g)
dx dx
and
d 2 Y0
0 (h)
d y2
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to equations (e)-
(h) are
(iv) Application of Boundary Conditions. Condition (1) applied to (j) and (l) gives
C n C0 0
Boundary condition (2) applied to (j) gives the characteristic equation
3-53
PROBLEM 3.11 (continued)
cosn H 0
This gives
2n 1
n H (n = 1, 2, 3….) (n)
2
Boundary condition (2) applied to (l) gives
D0 0
Condition (3) gives
An 0
exp(
( x, y ) a
n 1
n 2 2n ) x cos n y (o)
(v) Orthogonality. Note that the characteristic functions n cos n y are solutions to
equation (f). Comparing (f) with equation (3.5a) shows that it is a Sturm-Liouville equation
with
a1 ( y ) a2 ( y ) 0 and a 3 ( y ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p ( y ) w( y ) 1 and q( y ) 0
Since the boundary conditions at y = 0 and y = H are homogeneous, it follows that the
characteristic functions n cos n y are orthogonal with respect to w(y) = 1. Multiplying
both sides of (p) by w( y ) cos m ydy and integrating from y = 0 to y = H gives
H H
(T f To )
0
w( y ) cos m ydy
0
a n cos n y w( y ) cos m ydy
n1
Interchanging summation with integration, noting that w(y) = 1 and invoking orthogonality,
the above becomes
H H
(T f To )
0
cos n ydy an
0
cos2 n ydy
3-54
PROBLEM 3.11 (continued)
T ( x, y ) To sin n H
T f To
2
n 1
n H
exp( 2 2n ) x cos n y (r)
(5) Checking. Dimensional check: (i) The arguments of sin and cos are dimensionless. (ii)
Each term in solution (r) is dimensionless. (iii) Solution (r) requires that units of be the
same as that of n . According to (d), n is measured in (1/m). From the definition of in
(b) we have
( kg / m 3 )c p ( J/kg o C)U ( m/s)
(1 / m)
k (W/m-o C)
Limiting check: If T f To , no heat transfer takes place in the plate and consequently the
temperature remains uniform. Setting T f To in (r) gives T ( x, y ) To .
Boundary conditions check: conditions (1), (2) and (3) are readily shown to be satisfied by
direct substitution in (o).
(6) Comments. (i) For a stationary plate ( U 0 ), the solution to this special case is
obtained by setting 0 in (r)
T ( x, y ) To sin n H
T f To
2
n 1
n H
exp ( n x) cos n y
(ii) The solution depends on two parameters. The first parameter is the Biot number hH / k
which appears in the characteristic equation for n . The second is H c pUH / k which
appears in the exponent of the exponential in equation (r) when the exponent is multiplied
and divided by H.
3-55
PROBLEM 3.12
Liquid metal flows through a cylindrical channel of width H
To Ti
and inner radius R. It enters at Ti and is cooled by convection 0
along the outer surface to To . The ambient temperature x
is T and heat transfer coefficient is h.. The inner surface is y H
insulated. Assume that the liquid metal flows with a uniform R
velocity U and neglect curvature effect (H/R << 1), determine
the steady state temperature of the insulated surface. U
(1) Observations. (i) This is a two-dimensional steady state
conduction problem. (ii) To determine the temperature of the
insulated surface it is necessary to determine the temperature
distribution in the moving liquid metal. (iii) The velocity is h, T
uniform and inlet and outlet temperatures are specified. (iv)
Three boundary conditions are non-homogenous. However, by defining a new variable,
T T , the y-direction will have two homogeneous conditions.
(2) Origin and Coordinates. The origin and coordinate axes are selected as shown.
(3) Formulation. y
h, T
(i) Assumptions. (1) Steady T U H
i x To
state, (2) Two-dimensional, (3) 0
constant properties, (4) uniform
L 2 R
velocity, (5) negligible curvature
effect (H/R<<1) and (6) no energy generation.
(ii) Governing Equations. Introducing the definition ( x, y ) T ( x, y ) T , eq. (1.7)
gives
2 2
2 0 (a)
x 2
y 2
x
where is defined as
c pU
(b)
2k
(iii) Independent Variable with Two Homogeneous Boundary Conditions. The y-
direction has two homogeneous conditions in the variable.
(iv) Boundary Conditions. The boundary conditions for the upper half are
( x,0)
(1) 0 , homogeneous
y
( x, H )
(2) k h ( x, H ) , homogeneous
y
(3) (0, y ) Ti T , non-homogeneous
(4) ( L, y ) To T , non-homogeneous
where L is the length of channel given by
3-56
PROBLEM 3.12 (continued)
L 2R (c)
(4) Solution.
(i) Assumed Product Solution. Assume a product solution X ( x )Y ( y ). Substituting
into (a), separating variables and setting the resulting equation equal to constant gives
d2Xn d Xn
2
2 2n X n 0 (d)
dx dx
and
d 2Yn
2nYn 0 (e)
d y2
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2n Terms. Since the y-variable has two homogeneous
conditions, the correct signs in (d) and (e) are
d2Xn d Xn
2
2 2n X n 0 (f)
dx dx
and
d 2Yn
2
2nYn 0 (g)
dy
For n 0, equations (f) and (g) become
d 2X0 dX 0
2
2 0 (h)
dx dx
and
d 2 Y0
0 (i)
d y2
(iii) Solutions to the Ordinary Differential Equations. The solutions to equations (f)-
(i) are
(iv) Application of Boundary Conditions. Condition (1) applied to (k) and (m) gives
3-57
PROBLEM 3.12 (continued)
C n C0 0
Boundary condition (2) applied to (k) gives
n H tan n H hH / k Bi (o)
where Bi is the Biot number. This is the characteristic equation whose roots give n .
Boundary condition (2) applied to (m) gives
D0 0
and
To T a e
n 1
n
( 2 2n ) L
bn e
( 2 2n ) L
cosn y (r)
(v) Orthogonality. Note that the characteristic functions n cosn y in (q) and (r) are
solutions to equation (g). Comparing (g) with equation (3.5a) shows that it is a Sturm-
Liouville equation with
a1 ( y ) a2 ( y ) 0 and a 3 ( y ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p( y ) w( y ) 1 and q( y ) 0
Since the boundary conditions at y = 0 and y = H are homogeneous, it follows that the
characteristic functions n sin n y are orthogonal with respect to w(y) = 1. Multiplying
both sides of (q) by w( y ) sin m ydy and integrating from y = 0 to y = H gives
H
0
H
(Ti T ) 0 w( y ) cosm ydy (an bn ) cosn y w( y ) cosm ydy
n 1
Interchanging summation with integration, noting that w(y) = 1 and invoking orthogonality,
the above becomes
H H
(Ti T ) 0
cosn ydy ( an bn ) 0
cos2 n ydy
3-58
PROBLEM 3.12 (continued)
2(Ti T ) sin n H
( an bn ) (s)
n H (sin n H ) cosn H
Similarly, multiplying both sides of (r) by w( y ) sin m ydy and integrating from y = 0 to y =
H gives
H
( ( 2 2n ) L
H
2 2n ) L
(To T ) w( y ) cosm ydy a n e bn e w( y ) cos m ydy (t)
2
n 1
0 0
Interchanging summation with integration, noting that w(y) = 1 and invoking orthogonality,
the above becomes
H
( ( 2 2n ) L
H
2 2n ) L
(To T ) cos n ydy an e bn e cos2 n ydy
0 0
where a n /(Ti T ) and bn /(Ti T ) are given in (v) and (w). The temperature of the
insulated surface is obtained by evaluating (x) at y = 0
T ( x,0) T 2 2n ) x
T T
an ( 2 2n ) x bn (
e e (y)
Ti T n 1 i Ti T
(5) Checking. Dimensional check: (i) The arguments of the sin, cos and exponentials are
dimensionless. (ii) Solution (x) requires that units of be the same as that of n .
According to (g), n is measured in (1/m). From the definition of in (b) we have
( kg / m 3 )c p ( J/kg o C)U ( m/s)
(1 / m)
k (W/m-o C)
3-59
PROBLEM 3.12 (continued)
Limiting check: If Ti To T , no heat transfer takes place and consequently the temperature
in the entire region remains uniform. Setting Ti To T in (v) and (w) gives an bn 0.
When this is substituted into (p) gives T ( x, y ) T .
Boundary conditions check: Solution (p) can be readily shown to satisfy condition (1).
(6) Comments. (i) For a stationary material ( U 0 ), the solution to this special case is
obtained by setting 0 in (p)
( x, y ) a e
n 1
n
n x
bn e n x cosn y
3-60
PROBLEM 3.13
A solid cylinder of radius ro and length L is
maintained at T1 at one end. The other end is r T
3
maintained at T2 and the cylindrical surface at T3 . r
o
Determine the steady state two-dimensional 0 z
temperature distribution in the cylinder.
T L 2 T
(1) Observations. (i) This is a steady state two- 1
dimensional conduction problem. (ii) There are three non-homogeneous boundary
conditions. Defining a new temperature variable, T T3 , makes the boundary condition
at the cylindrical surface homogeneous. This gives the radial direction two homogeneous
conditions. (iii) A cylindrical coordinate system should be used.
(2) Origin and Coordinates. The origin and coordinate axes are selected as shown.
(3) Formulation.
(i) Assumptions. (1) Two-dimensional, (2) steady, (3) constant conductivity and (4) no
energy generation.
(ii) Governing Equations. Defining T T3 and applying the above assumptions to
eq. (1.11) gives
2 1 2
0 (a)
r2 r r z2
3-61
PROBLEM 3.13 (continued)
d 2 Rk dR
r2 2
r k 2k r 2 Rk 0 (d)
dr dr
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2k Terms. Since the r-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions, the plus sign is selected in (d). Thus (c) and (d) become
d 2Zk
2
2k Z k 0 (e)
dz
and
d 2 Rk dR
r2 2
r k 2k r 2 Rk 0 (f)
dr dr
For the special case of k 0 the above equations take the form
d 2Z0
0 (g)
d z2
and
d 2 R0 dR0
r 0 (h)
dr2 dr
3-62
PROBLEM 3.13 (continued)
Condition (2) applied to (l) gives
D0 0
With C0 D0 0 the solution R0 Z 0 vanishes and the temperature solution (m) becomes
( r, z ) ak sinh k z bk coshk z J 0 ( k r ) (o)
k 1
where ak Ak Ck and bk Bk Ck . Application of boundary conditions (3) and (4) to (o) gives
T1 T3
k 1
bk J 0 (k r ) (p)
and
T2 T3 a
k 1
k sinh k L bk coshk L J 0 ( k r ) (q)
(v) Orthogonality. Note that the characteristic functions J 0 (k r ) in (p) and (q) are
solutions to equation (f). Comparing (f) with eq. (3.5a) shows that it is a Sturm-Liouville
equation with
a1 (r ) 1/ r, a2 (r) 0 and a3 ( r ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p( r ) w( r ) r and q( r ) 0
Since the boundary conditions at r = 0 and r ro are homogeneous, it follows that the
characteristic functions J 0 (k r ) are orthogonal with respect to w(r) = r. Multiplying both
sides of (p) by J 0 ( i r ) w( r )dr and integrating from r = 0 to r ro
ro
ro
(T1 T3 )
0
J 0 (i r ) w( r )dr
0
bk J 0 (k r )J 0 (i r ) w( r )dr
k 1
Interchanging summation with integration, noting that w(r) = r and invoking orthogonality,
eq. (3.7), the above gives
ro ro
(T1 T3 ) 0
J 0 (k r )rdr bk 0
J 02 (k r )rdr
3-63
PROBLEM 3.13 (continued)
Interchanging summation with integration, noting that w(r) = r and invoking orthogonality,
eq. (3.7), the above gives
ro ro
(T2 T3 )
0
J 0 (k r ) w( r )dr (ak sinh k L bk coshk L)
0
J 02 (k r )rdr
ak
2
(T2 T3 ) (T1 T3 ) coshk L (t)
(sinh k L)k ro J 1 ( k ro )
Substituting (r) and (t) into (o) gives the temperature solution in the cylinder
T (r , z ) T3
(T2 T3 ) sinh k z
J ( r )
1
2 cosh k L cosh k z 0 k (u)
(T1 T3 ) r
k 1 k o (T1 T3 )
sinh k L J 1 ( k ro )
(5) Checking. Dimensional checks: (i) The arguments of sinh, cosh, J 0 and J 1 are
dimensionless. (ii) Each term in (u) is dimensionless.
Limiting check: If T1 T2 T3 , no heat transfer can take place and the entire cylinder should
be at uniform temperature. Setting T1 T2 T3 in (u) gives T ( r, z ) T .
Boundary conditions check: Setting r = 0 and r ro in solution (u) shows that boundary
conditions (1) and (2) are satisfied.
(6) Comments. (i) An alternate approach is to assume a solution of the form
T ( r, z ) ( r, z ) ( z )
The function (z ) can be assigned two non-homogeneous boundary conditions in the z-
direction leaving ( r, z ) with two homogeneous conditions in the z-direction and one in the
r-direction. Another approach is to apply the method of superposition by decomposing the
problem into two simpler problems each having one non-homogeneous boundary condition.
(ii) The solution depends on two dimensionless parameter: (T2 T3 ) /(T1 T3 ) and L / ro .
3-64
PROBLEM 3.14
3-65
PROBLEM 3.14 (continued)
and
d 2 Rk dR
r2 2
r k 2k r 2 Rk 0 (d)
dr dr
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2k Terms. Since the r-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions, the plus sign is selected in (d). Thus (c) and (d) become
d 2Zk
2
2k Z k 0 (e)
dz
and
d 2 Rk dR
r2 2
r k 2k r 2 Rk 0 (f)
dr dr
For the special case of k 0 the above equations take the form
d 2Z0
0 (g)
d z2
and
d 2 R0 dR0
r 0 (h)
dr2 dr
3-66
PROBLEM 3.14 (continued)
Condition (2) applied to (l) gives
D0 0
With C0 D0 0 the solution R0 Z 0 vanishes and the temperature solution (m) becomes
( r, z ) ak sinh k z bk coshk z J 0 ( k r ) (o)
k 1
where ak Ak Ck and bk Bk Ck . Application of boundary conditions (3) and (4) to (o) gives
T1 T2 b k J 0 ( k r ) (p)
k 1
and
qo k a
k 1
k k coshk L bk sinh k L J 0 ( k r ) (q)
(v) Orthogonality. Note that the characteristic functions J 0 (k r ) in (p) and (q) are
solutions to equation (f). Comparing (f) with eq. (3.5a) shows that it is a Sturm-Liouville
equation with
a1 (r ) 1/ r, a2 (r) 0 and a3 ( r ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p( r ) w( r ) r and q( r ) 0
Since the boundary conditions at r = 0 and r ro are homogeneous, it follows that the
characteristic functions J 0 (k r ) are orthogonal with respect to w(r) = r. Multiplying both
sides of (p) by J 0 ( i r ) w( r )dr and integrating from r = 0 to r ro
ro ro
(T1 T2 ) 0
J 0 (i r ) w(r )dr
0
bk J 0 ( k r )J 0 (i r ) w(r )dr
k 1
Interchanging summation with integration, noting that w(r) = r and invoking orthogonality,
eq. (3.7), the above gives
ro ro
(T1 T2 ) 0
J 0 ( k r )rdr bk 0
J 02 ( k r )rdr
Evaluating the integrals using Appendix B and Table 3.1 the above gives bk
2(T1 T2 )
bk (r)
k ro J 1 ( k ro )
Similarly, multiplying both sides of (q) by J 0 (i r ) w( r )dr and integrating from r = 0 to
r ro
ro
ro
qo
0
J 0 (i r ) w( r )dr k a
0
k 1
k k coshk L bk sinh k LJ 0 (k r )J 0 (i r ) w( r )dr
3-67
PROBLEM 3.14 (continued)
Interchanging summation with integration, noting that w(r) = r and invoking orthogonality,
eq. (3.7), the above gives
ro ro
qo J 0 (k r )rdr kk (ak cosh k L bk sinh k L)
0
0
J 02 (k r )rdr
Evaluating the integrals using Appendix B and Table 3.1 the above gives
( qoro / k )
(ak cosh k L bk sinh k L) 2 (s)
(k ro ) 2 J 1 (k ro )
2 ( qro / k )
ak (T1 T2 ) sinh k L (t)
(cosh k L)( k ro ) J 1 ( k ro ) k ro
substituting (s) and (t) into (o) and rearranging the result
T (r , z ) T2 2 (q ro / k ) sinh k z
J ( r )
T2 T1
k 1
( k ro )
k ro (T2 T1 )
sinh k L
cosh k L
cosh k z 0 k
J 1 ( k ro )
(u)
(5) Checking. Dimensional check: (i) The arguments of sinh, cosh, J 0 and J 1 are
dimensionless. (ii) Each term in (u) is dimensionless.
Limiting check: If T1 T2 , and qo 0 no heat transfer can take place and the entire cylinder
should be at uniform temperature. Setting T1 T2 in (u) gives T ( r , z ) T2 .
Boundary conditions check: Setting r = 0 and r ro in solution (u) shows that boundary
conditions (1) and (2) are satisfied.
(6) Comments. (i) One of parameters which appears in the solution is qoro / k (T2 T1 ) . In
addition, roots of (n) give k ro . However, the argument k L k ro ( L / ro ) introduces a third
parameter which is ( L / ro ) . (ii) An alternate approach is to assume a solution of the form
T ( r, z ) ( r, z ) ( z )
The function (z ) can be assigned two non-homogeneous boundary conditions in the z-
direction leaving ( r, z ) with two homogeneous conditions in the z-direction and one in the
r-direction. Another approach is to apply the method of superposition by decomposing the
problem into two simpler problems each having one non-homogeneous boundary condition.
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PROBLEM 3.15
2T 1 T 2T qo
r0 (a)
r2 r r z2 k
T ( r,0)
(3) 0 , homogeneous
z
T (r , L)
(5) k qo non-homogeneous
z
3-69
PROBLEM 3.15 (continued)
(4) Solution. Equation (a) is non-homogeneous due to the heat generation term. Thus we
can not proceed directly with the application of the separation of variables method. Instead,
we assume a solution of the form
T ( r, z ) ( r, z ) ( r ) (b)
Note that ( r, z ) depends on two variables while (r ) depends on a single variable r. the
function (r ) is introduced to satisfy the non-homogeneous part of equation (a) which also
depends on the variable r. Substituting (b) into (a)
2 1 2 d 2 1 d qo
r0 (c)
r2 r r z2 d r2 r d r k
The next step is to split (c) into two equations, one for ( r, z ) and one for (r ) . We let
2 1 2
0 (d)
r2 r r z2
Thus
d 2 1 d qo
r0 (e)
d r2 r d r k
Boundary conditions on (d) and (e) are obtained by substituting (b) into the four boundary
conditions on T. In this process the function ( r, z ) is assigned homogeneous conditions
whenever possible. Using (b) and condition (1)
(0, z ) d (0)
0
r dr
Let
(0, z )
0 (d-1)
r
Thus
d (0)
0 (e-1)
dr
Boundary condition (2) and (b) give
( ro , z ) ( ro ) To
Let
( ro , z ) 0 (d-2)
Thus
( ro ) To (e-2)
Boundary condition (3) and (b) give
( r,0)
0 (d-3)
z
Boundary condition (4) and (b) give
(r , L)
k qo (d-4)
z
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PROBLEM 3.15 (continued)
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2k Terms. Since the r-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions, the plus sign is selected in (j). Thus (i) and (j) become
d 2Zk
2k Z k 0 (k)
d z2
and
d 2 Rk dR
r2 2
r k 2k r 2 Rk 0 (l)
dr dr
For the special case of k 0 the above equations take the form
d 2Z0
0 (m)
d z2
and
d 2 R0 dR0
r 2
0 (n)
dr dr
3-71
Z k ( z ) Ak sinh k z Bk coshk z (o)
PROBLEM 3.15 (continued)
Equation (l) is a Bessel differential equation. Comparing (l) with eq. (2.26) shows that
A B n 0 , C = 1 and D k . Thus the solution to (l) is given by eq. (2.27)
Rk (r ) Ck J 0 (k r ) Dk Y0 (k r ) (p)
The solutions to (m) and (n) are
Z 0 ( z ) A0 z B0 (q)
and
R0 ( r ) C0 ln r D0 (r)
The complete solution to (r , z ) becomes
(r , z ) R0 (r ) Z 0 ( z ) R (r ) Z ( z )
k 1
k k (s)
(v) Orthogonality. Note that the characteristic functions J 0 (k r ) in (v) are solutions to
equation (l). Comparing (l) with eq. (3.5a) shows that it is a Sturm-Liouville equation with
a1 (r ) 1/ r, a2 (r) 0 and a3 ( r ) 1
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
p( r ) w( r ) r and q( r ) 0
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Since the boundary conditions at r = 0 and r ro are homogeneous, it follows that the
characteristic functions J 0 (k r ) are orthogonal with respect to w(r) = r. Multiplying both
sides of (v) by J 0 ( i r ) w( r )dr and integrating from r = 0 to r ro
PROBLEM 3.15 (continued)
ro ro
qo
0
J 0 (i r ) w( r )dr k
0
bk (sinh k L) J 0 (k r )J 0 (i r ) w( r )dr
k 1
Interchanging summation with integration, noting that w(r) = r and invoking orthogonality,
eq. (3.7), the above gives
ro ro
qo
0
J 0 ( k r ) rdr k bk (sinh k L) 0
J 02 ( k r ) rdr
Evaluating the integrals using Appendix B and Table 3.1 the above gives bk
2( qoro / k )
bk (w)
( k ro ) (sinh k L) J 1 (k ro )
2
( 1r )
coshk z J 0 (k r )
(r , z ) 2(qo ro / k ) (x)
2
sinh k L J1 (k ro )
k 1 k o
3-73
PROBLEM 3.16
3-74
(i) Assumed Product Solution. To solve equation (a) we assume a product solution. Let
( r, z ) R( r ) Z ( z ) (b)
PROBLEM 3.16 (continued)
Substituting (b) into (a), separating variables and setting the resulting two equations equal to
a constant, 2k , we obtain
d 2Zk
2k Z k 0 (c)
d z2
and
d 2 Rk dR
r2
2
r k 2k r 2 Rk 0 (d)
dr dr
(ii) Selecting the Sign of the 2k Terms. Since the r-variable has two homogeneous
boundary conditions, the plus sign is selected in (d). Thus (c) and (d) become
d 2Zk
2k Z k 0 (e)
d z2
and
d 2 Rk dR
r2 2
r k 2k r 2 Rk 0 (f)
dr dr
For the special case of k 0 the above equations take the form
d 2Z0
0 (g)
d z2
and
d 2 R0 dR0
r 2
0 (h)
dr dr
Equation (f) is a Bessel differential equation. Comparing (f) with eq. (2.26) shows that
A B n 0 , C = 1 and D k . Thus the solution to (f) is given by eq. (2.27)
Rk (r ) C k J 0 ( k r ) Dk Y0 ( k r ) (j)
The solutions to (g) and (h) are
Z 0 ( z ) A0 z B0 (k)
and
R0 ( r ) C0 ln r D0 (l)
The complete solution becomes
3-75
( r , z ) R0 ( r ) Z 0 ( z ) R (r ) Z
k 1
k k ( z) (m)
ro ro
0
f ( r ) J 0 (i r ) w( r )dr k
0
k bk (sinh k L) J 0 (k r )J 0 (i r ) w( r )dr
k 1
Interchanging summation with integration, noting that w(r) = r and invoking orthogonality,
eq. (3.7), the above gives
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ro ro
0
f ( r ) J 0 ( k r ) rdr k k bk (sinh k L)
0
J 02 ( k r ) rdr
Evaluating the integrals using Appendix B and Table 3.1 the above gives bk
2( qoro / k ) J 1 ( k b)
bk (q)
( k ro ) (sinh k L) J 12 (k ro )
2
Substituting (q) into (o) and rearranging gives the solution to the temperature distribution in
the cylinder
T (r , z ) To J 1 ( k b )
qo ro
2
k 1 ( k ro ) (sinh k L) J 1 ( k ro )
2
(cosh k z ) J 0 ( k r ) (r)
k
(5) Checking. Dimensional checks: (i) The arguments of sinh, cosh, J 0 and J 1 are
dimensionless. (ii) Each term in (r) is dimensionless.
Limiting check: If qo 0 , no heat transfer can take place and the entire cylinder should be at
uniform temperature To . Setting qo 0 in (r) gives T ( r , z ) To .
Boundary conditions check: Setting r = 0 and r ro in solution (r) shows that boundary
conditions (1) and (2) are satisfied.
(6) Comments. Equation (r) shows that the temperature solution depends on two
dimensionless parameters L / ro and b / ro .
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3-78