UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MSc MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS AND OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT

ASSIGNMENT 2

STUDENT NAME: IAN BANDON GWAZE

STUDENT NUMBER : R194730V

COURSE: CLEANER PRODUCTION MSOM507

LECTURER: ENG K MUGWINDIRI

Describe the migration from Agenda 21 to Cleaner Production, briefly describing the roles
of Cleaner Production centres in the world, and the role of UNEP at www.unep.org. Also
discuss the issue of voluntary compliance versus licenceship /permits. How the
environmental legislation and environmental policy in general, and for Zimbabwe in
particular, shaped this migration.

1.0 Introduction

Agenda 21 is a blueprint for sustainable development into the 21st century. Sustainable
development is a process that aims to meets the needs of the present generation without
harming the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The Agenda is a non-binding
programme of action, which was adopted by more than 178 Governments at the 'Earth Summit'
in 1992. Although the Agenda lacks the force of international law, the adoption of the texts
carries with it a strong moral obligation to ensure implementation of the strategies. The
implementation of the Agenda is primarily the responsibility of governments, through national
strategies, plans, policies and procedures. The central belief is that all countries can protect the
environment while simultaneously experiencing growth.

For wealthy nations, achieving sustainable development means adopting and implementing
policies concerning issues such as recycling, energy efficiency, conservation and rehabilitation
of damaged landscapes. For the developing nations it means policies for equity, respect of the
law, redistribution of wealth and wealth creation.

Cleaner production (UNEP,2002) is a preventive, company-specific environmental

protection initiative. It is intended to minimize waste and emissions and maximize product output. By
analyzing the flow of materials and energy in a company, one tries to identify options to minimize waste
and emissions out of industrial processes through source reduction strategies. Improvements of
organization and technology help to reduce or suggest better choices in use of materials and energy, and
to avoid waste, waste water generation, and gaseous emissions, and also waste heat and noise.

1.1 Transition from Agenda 21 to Cleaner production

The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was set up to review
progress in the implementation of Agenda 21. The Commission meets every year and more
than 1,000 N.G.Os are accredited to participate in the Commission's work. This action plan can
be implemented at various levels from local, national, regional and global stages. The key
milestones in the migration process from Agenda 21 to CP are highlighted below.

i. Earth Summit 1992

The implementation of the Agenda is primarily the responsibility of governments, through

national strategies, plans, policies and procedures. The central belief is that all countries can
protect the environment while simultaneously experiencing growth.
 ii. Rio+5 - 1997

In 1997 at the UN General Assembly (Rio +5) recognised that progress in implementation of
the Agenda 21 was uneven and identified key trends, including increasing globalization,
widening inequalities in income, and continued deterioration of the global environment.When
progress was assessed at Rio+5 (New York, 1997) a number of gaps were
identified, particularly with regards to social equity and poverty.

This was largely reflected by falling levels of official development assistance (ODA) and
growing international debt along with failures to improve technology transfer, capacity
building for participation and development, institutional coordination, and reduce excessive
levels of production and consumption. The review meeting called for the ratification,
reinforcement and stronger implementation of the growing number of international agreements
and conventions which refer to environment and development. A new General
Assembly Resolution (S-19/2) promised to put in place measures of implementation and
monitoring of the progress.

iii. Earth Summit 2 - Rio+10 (2002)

The second Earth Summit ,held in 2002 and over 22 000 people from all over the world .This
summit focused on sustainable development .Most agreements reached were not national
treaties but involved partnerships between communities ,businesses and governments .The
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, agreed to at the World Summit on Sustainable
Development (Earth Summit 2002), affirmed UN commitment to "full implementation" of
Agenda 21, alongside achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and other
international agreements.

iv. Agenda 21 for culture (2002)

The first World Public Meeting on Culture, held in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2002, came up with
the idea to establish guidelines for local cultural policies, something comparable to what
Agenda 21 was for the environment .They are to be included in various subsections of
Agenda 21 and will be carried out through a wide range of sub-programs beginning
with G8 countries.

v. United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development -Rio+20 (2012)

The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development - or Rio+20 - took place in Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil on 20-22 June 2012. It resulted in a focused political outcome
document which contains clear and practical measures for implementing sustainable
development. In Rio, Member States decided to launch a process to develop a set of Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), which will build upon the Millennium Development Goals and
converge with the post 2015 development agenda. The Conference also adopted ground-
breaking guidelines on green economy policies.

Governments also decided to establish an intergovernmental process under the General

Assembly to prepare options on a strategy for sustainable development financing.In 2012, at
the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development the attending members reaffirmed
their commitment to Agenda 21 in their outcome document called "The Future We Want".
Leaders from 180 nations participated.

vi. Sustainable Development Summit (2015)

Agenda 2030, also known as the Sustainable Development Goals, was a set of goals decided
upon at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in 2015. It takes all of the goals set by
Agenda 21 and re-asserts them as the basis for sustainable development, saying, “We reaffirm
all the principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development” Adding onto those
goals from the original Rio document, a total of 17 goals have been agreed on, revolving around
the same concepts of Agenda 21; people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership.

2.0 Cleaner Production Centres

After the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio in 1992, the
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) both set off to pilot preventive environmental strategies in key developing
countries. Upon their successful completion, UNIDO and UNEP jointly launched a programme to
establish National Cleaner Production Centres (NCPCs). The first batch of eight NCPCs was
established during 1994-1995.

The principal support came from the Governments of Switzerland and Austria and contributions from
other donors (including Norway, Italy, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Spain, Denmark and The
Netherlands) UNIDO and UNEP have expanded the Programme to 47 developing and transition
countries. In each of these countries, national experts have been trained, in plant CP assessments
completed and results and experiences disseminated among enterprises, governments, business and
professional associations and civil society.

2.1 Roles of Cleaner Production Centres

i. Raising awareness On Cleaner Production

Awareness-raising is a primary activity for a NCPC, particularly in its early years. The CP
centers around the world raise awareness of the benefits and advantages of Resource Efficient
& Cleaner Production. .NCPCs work on awareness raising and are directed to central and local
governments, private sector, academia and national and/or regional financial institutions. A
vital element of the Centres' awareness raising activities is in-plant Cleaner Production
demonstration projects. Through these, an NCPC can show that the concept of Cleaner
Production can be applied to any industrial sector of the country, resulting in economic
as well as environmental benefits.

ii. Training and providing technical information

They offer training for industries and institution implementing CP. The conduct
trainings in Cleaner Production implementation and assessments. in Cleaner Production
 is an essential NCPC activity to build local expertise and capacity to implement Cleaner
Production. Training may be in-plant training, as part of in-plant demonstration
projects; or outside plant training, conducted through workshops and seminars for
specific target groups NCPCs also offer technical assistance to individual enterprise
that requests it. An important element of this technical assistance is Cleaner Production
Assessments, but some NCPCs also offer services in closely related fields: energy
efficiency, environmental management systems (ISO 14000), occupational safety and
health assessments etc. Being a part of international network on Cleaner Production,
the NCPCs are able to access Cleaner Production information from around the world
and thus have an important role in making such information available to those seeking
it locally. NCPCs also have a role in disseminating case studies of Cleaner Production
techniques that emerge as a result of local demonstration projects.

iii. Consultants on CP Implementation

They provide policy advice to national and local governments. Governments
particularly in developing countries and economies in transition, play an important role
in providing the overall policy and economic framework for a country's
development. Through in-plant demonstrations they can help identify the environmental,
financial and social benefits of Resource Efficient & Cleaner Production, applicable to any
industrial sector, can not only benefit the natural and social environments, but also bring profit
to the industry.

iv. Help obtain financing for Resource Efficient & Cleaner Production investments

NCPCs also support the promotion of RECP investment projects to facilitate the transfer of
Environmental Sound Technologies to industries particularly SMEs in developing countries.
This activity is closely linked to the in-plant assessments which also enable NCPCs help
industries identify and formulate RECP investment projects.

v. Disseminate technical information:

One of the key advantages of being part of an established international network, is the greater
access to the latest Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production information. NCPCs are thus able
to obtain and share Cleaner Production information nationally and internationally

3.0 Roles of UNEP

The United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) is the leading global
environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the coherent
implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development within the United
Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for the global environment. Its mission
is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring,
informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without
compromising that of future generations
 Its work is categorised in seven broad thematic areas: climate change, disasters and
conflicts, ecosystem management, environmental governance, chemicals and waste, resource
efficiency, and environment under review. UNEP is governed by the United Nations
Environment Assembly, a council with universal membership that sets the UNEP agenda.

The role of UNEP is :

 To assesses environmental conditions and trends at the global, regional and national
levels;

 To develop international agreements and national environmental instruments;

and strengthen institutions for wise environmental management.

4.0 Voluntary compliance versus license and permits

Voluntary compliance is the act of adhering to certain codes of conduct based on the accepted
norms of society as well as rules set forth by society. Voluntary compliance is seen to be an
alternative to imposed regulation. Voluntary compliance works best when people see the
benefit to be gained from complying. Societal pressure can play a role in conveying this benefit.
In Zimbabwe EMA has a department which is called Environmental Management Services
which promotes and drives Voluntary compliance through raising awareness.

Environmental Management Services is mandated to collect, produce and disseminate

environmental information to society. Key to its operations is stakeholder participation and
engendering the spirit of stewardship within the society. They achieve this by raising
environmental awareness through engaging all stakeholders i.e. schools, environmental clubs,
environmental committees, farmers, miners and general public. Proponents of voluntary
compliance argue that it is in a company's own interest to behave in a socially responsible
manner and that in pursuit of good public image, the company will refrain from actions which
could damage its perception by the public. Thus there is no need for state regulations.
One of the projects which is run by EMA but is not imposed is the aspect of recycling. At one
time, few businesses encouraged recycling and they realized the benefits. Over time, recycling
came to be seen as a positive thing people can do for the environment. Businesses began setting
up recycling bins in offices. No one forced them to recycle, but the practice became more
common because people saw the benefit in recycling. Voluntary compliance is also useful when
the entity seeking compliance has no real authority to enforce compliance.

Licenses and Permits

In order to set up or operate a business, you may need to obtain various permits or licenses.
The permits you may need will depend on your industry and how and where you operate a
business. Some of these permits function specifically to regulate environment impacts. In
Zimbabwe EMA has a division called Environmental Protection Unit this section is mandated
to ensure compliance of organizations and individuals to the Environmental act through
provision and renewal of licenses to compliant institutions.

This division guided by the Environmental Management Act (Chapter 20:27) in issuing
licenses and carries out environmental impact assessments and if there is breach of the terms
of the license there is penalization or even jailment of the offender . In general, these licenses
function to regulate the pollution or prevent the destruction of natural resources.
However Voluntary compliance is not good enough, The Environmental Management Agency
(EMA) works with industries and states to encourage voluntary compliance with environmental
pollution regulations. Industries that need help complying with regulations can receive loans
to retrofit equipment and education about ways to comply. But serious violations or failure to
comply with regulations over time will result in serious fines. Fines that cost more than
retrofitting to comply with regulations can be effective in getting companies to stop polluting

5.0 Environmental legislation and environmental policy in Zimbabwe

In 1992 the Ministry of Environment and Tourism initiated a process of environmental law
reforms. The reforms were also necessary in light of the Rio Earth Summit, which Zimbabwe
participated in 1992. This long process involved extensive consultations by the Ministry of
Environment and culminated in the passage of the Environmental Management Act (Chapter
20:27), through Statutory Instrument No. 13 of 2002. The law forms a broad legal statement
on environmental management in Zimbabwe and became the first consolidated piece of
legislation on environmental matters in the country.

In Zimbabwe, The Environmental Management Agency is a statutory body responsible for

ensuring the sustainable management of natural resources and protection of the environment,
the prevention of pollution and environmental degradation, the preparation of Environmental
Plans for the management and protection of the environment. It was established under the
Environmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27] and enacted in 2002.

The Act provide for the sustainable management of natural resources and protection of the
environment; the prevention of pollution and environmental degradation; the preparation of a
National Environmental Plan and other plans for the management and protection of the
environment; the establishment of an Environmental Management Agency. The agency raises
environmental awareness through engaging all stakeholders ie schools, environmental clubs
,environmental committees ,farmers ,miners and general public.
5.1 How it has shaped Migration

The Environmental Management Agency is organized into two departments namely

Environmental Protection (EP) and Environmental Management Services (EMS).
Environmental Protection is a department responsible for enforcing environmental
legislation and setting up of environmental quality standards. Environmental
Management Services is a department mandated to collect, produce and d isseminate
environmental information to society.

Over the years several statutory instruments were enacted and set as guidelines on how
to protect the environment .These statutory instruments also carry a sentence of breach
or violation of limits for emissions or waste disposal .There are also wide spread
seminars and trainings which are done to organizations and the public to raise awareness
on issues to do with the environment. The agency raises environmental awareness through
engaging all stakeholders ie schools, environmental clubs, environmental committees, farmers,
miners and general public. Hence the framework is now set aligned to cleaner production
what is left is intensive implementation on the ground. Discussed below are some of the
statutory instruments which are helping in shaping the migration

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)-SI 7 of 2007

Environmental Impact Assessment is a planning tool used to identify, predict and assess
potential impacts (either positive or negative) that may arise from planned projects and
recommended ways of minimising negative and enhancing the positive ones. S.I 7 of 2007
(Environmental Impact Assessment and Ecosystems Protection) provides for implementation of
EIA. The S.I. 7 of 2007 compels prescribed projects listed under the first schedule of the
Environmental Management Act (Cap 20:27) to undergo an EIA process prior to
implementation.

An EIA is necessary because it helps to inform the decision making process by identifying the
potentially significant environmental effects and available options to decision makers. It also
helps to promote sustainable development through critical consideration of project impacts on
resources, ecological functions and livelihood of communities and people who are dependent on
the resources.
Flue gas Emissions SI 72 of 2009

Any industrialist, company, developer and person is not allowed to emit any substances which
cause substantial air pollution (that is, by the emission of substances in excess of prescribed
amount for a particular source) in contradiction of emission standards established under the
EMA. Industrialists are encouraged to practice cleaner production mechanisms, which
reduce pollution.

Penalty for air pollution

The air polluter will be liable to imprisonment for a period of not more than five years or to a
fine to exceeding level fourteen or to both such fine and such imprisonment.
The air polluter will in addition to any sentence or fine imposed on him/her pay the cost of
the removal of pollution, including any cost which may be incurred by any government
agency in the restoration of the environment damaged destroyed as a result of the emission.

EMA Rating Key

SAFE

LOW HAZARD

MEDIUM HAZARD

HIGH HAZARD

Pollutant BLUE GREEN YELLOW RED

Particulates <79 <91 <104 <120

SOx <1304 <1500 <1725 <1984

NOx <870 <1000 <1150 <1323

CO2 <40 <60 <130 <150

Solid and liquid waste Disposal SI 6:2007

It is prohibited to discharge or dispose of any waste, whether generated within or outside

Zimbabwe, in such a manner as to cause pollution to the environment or ill health to any
person. If you discharge or dispose of any waste in contravention of any measure or prescribed
standard or transport any waste otherwise than in accordance with a valid license issued you
shall be liable to imprisonment for a period of not more than five years or attract a fine which
does not exceed level fourteen or both such fine and such imprisonment.

You are required to apply for a waste licence if you intend to transport wastes within
Zimbabwe, or to operate a waste disposal site or plant or to generate hazardous waste of a
prescribed type or quantity from the Environmental Management Board. Minimising waste
production, recycle and reuse your waste.

Case study On Migration: Munyati Power station

Zimbabwe Power Company (ZPC) constructs and operates power generating plants to supply
power to meet national and regional electricity demands .In pursuit of its vision and mission
ZPC has adopted world class standards in their operations, to install a culture of risk based
thinking In the planning and decision making process. The company is committed to achieving
and maintaining Zero harm to people, environment, property and community through
appropriate risk based management programs.

Inorder to ensure that they Comply with environmental legislation and regulations they have
identified all the processes which produce water and have devised methods to ensure safe
disposal and handling of the waste .The actions of implementation are detailed in the snippet
of the compliance obligations register below
Operation Compliance Requirements Compliance
Obligations mechanism /action

Use of coal Environmental Control of Ozone Regular maintenance

Management Agency. SI depleting substances of boilers and
133 OF 2004 and SI 72 of and Ozone Dependent adhering to correct
2009 equipment. firing
Environmental
Management and
pollution control.

Other hazardous Environmental Provides for awareness Identify potential

substance management regulations by personnel on leaks and spillages
S.I 12 of 2007 Sec 6,7 substance being through Emergency
handled inclusive of preparedness.
provisions of 2.5

Operating a boiler Environmental Regulates, restricts or By adhering to

Management Act CAP prohibits the emission standard boiler
20:27. SI 72 OF 2009. of specified operations as per
work instruction

Environmental Provides for the By use of planned

Management disposal of non- maintenance and
Regulations S.I.6 of hazardous waste boiler operational
2007 optimization
instructions

Ash handling and EMA Act Chapter 20:27 Regulates, restricts or By establishing land
disposal prohibits the pollution control
Environmental
emission of mechanisms
Management
specified air
(Effluent and Solid
Waste Disposal) contaminants into
2007, SI 6 of 2007 the atmosphere
5.0 References

1. Prindle, W. R.. 2010. From Shop Floor to Top Floor: Best Business Practices in Energy
Efficiency. Fairfax, Virginia: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, ICF International.
USGBC (US Green
2. Yaacoub, A., and J. Fresner. 2006. Half is enough: An Introduction to Cleaner
Production. Beirut, LB: LCPC Press. Resources the Canadian Industry Program for
Energy Conservation (CIPEC).

3. Verspeek, F. (2006) Developing and diffusing cleaner technology: general review and

4. "Environment Management Group: Biodiversity". UNEP 1 2010. UNEP. 10 August

2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011.

5. ^ Jump up to:a b IPCC AR4 SYR (2007). Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R.K;
Reisinger, A. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of
Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. pp. 1–22. ISBN 978-92-9169-
122-7.

6. ^ Oreskes N (December 2004). "Beyond the ivory tower. The scientific consensus on
climate change". Science. 306 (5702):
1686. doi:10.1126/science.1103618. PMID 15576594.

7. ^ Jump up to:a b UNEP United Nations Environmental Program, 2002, "Integrating

Environment and Development: 1972 – 2002", United Nations.