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Exam 3 Muscles Chapters 9-13
Exam 3 Muscles Chapters 9-13
Points to Remember
• The shoulder girdle has both linear and angular motions.
• The inferior angle is the point of reference for scapular rotation.
• Certain shoulder girdle and shoulder joint motions are connected.
• Scapulohumeral rhythm is shoulder girdle and shoulder combined motions of the joints.
• In the shoulder girdle there are force couples for both upward and downward rotation where
muscles pulling in different directions help to accomplish the same motion.
• Concentric and eccentric are accelerating and decelerating activities. With isometric activity
there is no joint motion.
• Kinetic chain movement depends on whether the distal segment is fixed (closed) or free to
move (open).
Chapter 10-Shoulder Joint
Clinical Application 10-1
Linking Osteokinematics & Arthrokinematics
Arthrokinematic motion coupled with osteokinematic motion creates normal joint motion. When
pathology such as capsular tightness interferes with joint motion, use of arthrokinematic
motion can assist in restoring that motion by stretching the joint capsule. Take adhesive
capsulitis as an example. With adhesive capsulitis, the following capsular pattern of range of
motion loss may be seen: Severe loss of lateral rotation, moderate loss of abduction, and
slight loss of medial rotation. Use of arthrokinematic motions (in the form of joint
mobilizations) are often used to restore range of motion. For example, gliding the head of the
humerus in the direction of restriction to stretch a particular part of the capsule, or by
performing a long axis distraction where the head of the humerus is gently pulled away from
the glenoid fossa, produces an effective stretch to the joint capsule as a whole. Specific
application of these arthrokinematic motions in the use of joint mobilization is beyond the
scope of this book.
With a slouched posture, the latissimus dorsi can become adaptively shortened. Two things happen at
the glenohumeral joint when you slouch: (1) The humerus medially rotates slightly, and (2) the trunk
flexes. These positional changes move the origin and insertion of the latissimus dorsi closer together,
placing the muscle on slack. Over time this muscle will adaptively shorten, leading to muscle tightness
and limited shoulder flexion. Passively moving the shoulder into flexion stretches the latissimus dorsi,
which can help restore normal upper body posture. Before the stretch is performed, the thoracolumbar
fascia (part of the muscle origin) must be stabilized so it does not move upward during the stretch. This
can be achieved by lying supine with the knees flexed and feet flat on the floor.
Points to Remember
• The shoulder is a triaxial ball-and-socket joint.
• Scaption is a specific type of glenohumeral joint elevation that happens in the plane of the scapula (30
degrees anterior to the frontal plane).
• The glenohumeral joint demonstrates convex on concave joint surface motion where the head of the
humerus moves in the opposite direction from the distal end of the humerus.
• The rotator cuff and deltoid muscles form a force couple that allows them to pull in different
directions to achieve the same motion.
• In addition to their individual motions, the rotator cuff muscles work collectively to stabilize the head
of the humerus by holding it against the glenoid fossa.
Dual role of wrist muscles. For motion to occur in a cardinal plane (blue lines), muscle actions (red lines)
must have their unwanted motions neutralized.
Levers. (A) When FA is less than RA, great force in needed to create movement. (B) When RA is
increased, even greater force is needed (to hold platter).
Points to Remember
• An isometric contraction has relatively no joint motion.
• The muscle attachments move closer together with a concentric contraction.
• An eccentric contraction is a deceleration activity.
• A mnemonic to help remember the order of the wrist bones:
“Sally Likes To Push The Toy Car Hard”
= scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
• When using a longer resistance arm, more force is needed. Conversely, when using a shorter
resistance arm, less force is needed.
• Working against gravity requires more work than working with gravity or with gravity
eliminated.
Chapter 13-hand
Clinical Application 13-1
Functional Position of the Hand
There is a biomechanical reason why slight wrist hyperextension is part of the functional position
for the hand. When the wrist extensors hold the wrist in hyperextension, this allows the long
finger flexors to be lengthened over the anterior wrist as they contract (shorten) over the
finger joints. This creates an optimal length-tension relationship (contractility potential), and
grip strength is maximized.
When wrist immobilization is necessary, a cock-up splint is often used. (See figure below).
There are many variations of this type of splint available. What they have in common is that
the wrist is maintained in slight hyperextension while the fingers and thumb are able to
move. This “functional position” allows for optimal finger function (grip strength), even
though the wrist is not moving.