Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), English Naturalist and Author Who
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), English Naturalist and Author Who
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), English Naturalist and Author Who
to 1831 when he graduated with a BA. (He was later awarded an honorary LLD
from Cambridge in 1877 for his life work in the field of natural science.) Darwin
half-heartedly applied himself to the rigours of academia, again dreading the
tedium of lectures, instead focusing on such hands-on pursuits as field
excursions for botany, geology, and collecting beetles. He discovered his
aesthetic taste for music and the arts, and enjoyed the camaraderie of fellow
students playing cards and drinking late into the night. It was at Cambridge that
he became acquainted with professor of botany John Stevens Henslow (1796-
1861), who would become a dear friend and mentor, and recommend him as
the expedition's botanist for the HMS Beagle.
While Darwin's father was again not impressed with his son's field of interest,
his Uncle Jos helped convince him that this voyage was a good idea. By his
own account it was the most important event in Darwin's life. Sailing under
Captain Robert Fitzroy (1805-1865) the Beagle left Plymouth, county Devon,
England on 27 December 1831. Their first port of call was St Jago in the Cape
Verde Islands; then on to such destinations as Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland
Islands, Chiloé Island, Valparaiso, the Galápagos Archipelago, Keeling Islands,
the Cape of Good Hope, the Ascension Islands, and the Azores. During their
five year circumnavigation of the globe, Darwin was immersed in the world he
loved so much, collecting and classifying geological and animal specimens. He
sent many home to Henslow for further study. Armed with a copy of Charles
Lyell's (1797-1875) Principles of Geology (1830-33) Darwin became a disciple
of uniformitarianism and its founding principle "The present is the key to the
past". Darwin's diligent journal-keeping and keen observations were published
in his The Voyage of The Beagle in 1839. He also collaborated on and edited
the five-volume Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. It includes extensive
illustrations and diagrams, published between 1838 and 1843.
Upon his return to England in October of 1836, Darwin was embraced with
much esteem by the scientific community including Lyell, American botanist Asa
Gray (1810-1888), English botanist Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911), and
"Darwin's Bulldog" English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895). Darwin
was elected secretary to the Geological Society of London where he also read
several papers including "Erratic boulders of South America" and "On the
formation by the agency of earth-worms of mould", which he would revise and
publish as The Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of Worms in
1881. He also had papers published in the Linnean Society's Journal. Darwin
continued his studies on the transmutation of species, geology, barnacles,
seeds, and oversaw the editing of several studies and reports based on his
specimens. He set to preparing his manuscript for the Voyage. The Structure
and Distribution of Coral Reefs was published in 1842. "....with the exception of
the Coral Reefs, I cannot remember a single first-formed hypothesis which had
not after a time to be given up or greatly modified".--Ch. 7, Autobiography.
On 29 January 1839 Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood (1808-96),
daughter of his Uncle Jos, with whom he would have ten children. The Darwins
settled at their home Down House in the village of Downe in Kent county,
England. Partly inspired by the birth of his first son William Erasmus (1839-
1914), who would become a banker, Expression of the Emotions in Men and
Animals was published in 1872. The death of his second child Anne Elizabeth
(1841-1851) profoundly grieved Darwin and caused him to lose the little faith he
3
BASIC 10 – A5 - PREGRADO
had left in Christianity. His next daughter born, Mary Eleanor (1842-1842) also
died an untimely death. Henrietta Emma "Etty" (1843-1904) often assisted her
father in his work, and was with him when he died. (Sir) George Howard Darwin
(1845-1912) became an eminent astronomer. Darwin's next child born,
Elizabeth (1847-1926) never married. Son (Sir) Francis (1848-1925) followed in
his father's footsteps, becoming a noted Professor of Botany at Cambridge. He
collaborated with his father in experiments and co-authored The Power of
Movement in Plants (1880); he later edited and published Life and Letters of
Charles Darwin (1887). He was knighted in 1913. (Major) Leonard Darwin
(1850-1943) would join the Royal Engineers and was later president of the
Royal Geographical Society. (Sir) Horace Darwin (1851-1928) founded the
Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company. Charles and Emma's last child to be
born, Charles Waring (1856-1858) died of scarlet fever.
For many years Darwin had suffered from "palpitation and pain about the
heart"--(Ch. 3, Autobiography.) He felt the first ominous pangs days before he
set sail on the Beagle but he determined to keep it to himself lest he be found
unfit to sail. In his later years stomach pains, headaches, and fever interfered
with his work and social life. At times he struggled to keep up with his
commitments to publishers, sometimes taking a water cure, and after moving to
Down House rarely travelled or socialised due to illness. "My chief enjoyment
and sole employment throughout life has been scientific work; and the
excitement from such work makes me for the time forget, or drives quite away,
my daily discomfort."--(Ch. 6, ibid.)
But always the observer, Darwin delighted in his natural surroundings, for he
was "....pleased with the diversified appearance of vegetation proper to a chalk
district"--(Ch. 6, ibid.) at Down. Emma and his children and grandchildren were
constant companions in his later years. Charles Robert Darwin died at home on
19 April 1882, at the age of seventy-three. At the request of then-President of
the Royal Society of London William Spottiswoode (1825-1883) he was given a
state funeral and buried in Westminster Abbey in London, England, resting
among other such notable figures as scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727).
Whenever I have found out that I have blundered, or that my work has been
imperfect, and when I have been contemptuously criticised, and even when I
have been overpraised, so that I have felt mortified, it has been my greatest
comfort to say hundreds of times to myself that "I have worked as hard and as
well as I could, and no man can do more than this". I remember when in Good
Success Bay, in Tierra del Fuego, thinking (and, I believe, that I wrote home to
the effect) that I could not employ my life better than in adding a little to Natural
Science.--Ch. 7, Autobiography
Further publications by Charles Darwin include;
Geological Observations on South America (1844),
Volcanic Islands (1844),
Fertilisation of Orchids (1862),
The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants (1865),
Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (1868),
Descent of Man (1871),
Insectivorous Plants (1875),
4
BASIC 10 – A5 - PREGRADO