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A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
in
General Education 10

THE LIFE AND WORKS

OF RIZAL

College of Arts and Sciences

Bachelor of Science in Social Work
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Module No. 2

The Philippines in Nineteenth

Century as Rizal’s Context

First Semester, AY 2020-2021

Jemelette D. Pueyo
Instructor III

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Table of Contents

Title Page ii
Table of Contents iii
Instruction to the User 1
Introduction 2
Chapter II 3
The Philippines in Nineteenth Century as Rizal’s Context
Overview 3
Learning Outcomes 4
Pre – Test 4
Lesson 1 The Religious Front: Secularization 5
Learning Outcomes 5
Time Allotment 5
Discussion 5
Activity 6
Evaluation 6
Lesson 2 The Conditions of the Philippines in the 19th Century 7
Learning Outcomes 7
Time Allotment 7
Discussion 7
Exercise 8
Evaluation 9
References 9
Student’s Information 11

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as
well to ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It
covers the topic about the life and works of Jose Rizal.

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be
learned about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for
better understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social
media platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly
answering and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were
spent in the preparation in order that learning will still continue
amidst this Covid-19 pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

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INTRODUCTION

This module will serve as an alternative learning material to usual way of

classroom teaching and learning delivery. The instructor will facilitate and explain
the module to the students to achieve its expected learning outcomes, activities and
to ensure that they will learn amidst of pandemic.

This material discusses one chapter which follows the most essential learning
competencies of the Life and Works of Rizal Subject – The Philippines in Nineteenth
Century as Rizal’s Context. Jose Rizal is one of the most well –known Filipino heroes
in which his contributions have resonated from the late nineteenth century to the
contemporary period. This module provides information about Jose Rizal in the
context of history. It would allow students to appreciate and reflect on the life and
experiences of Jose Rizal. The module will also further lead students to humanizing
Jose Rizal as a Filipino during the times of struggles

Through your cooperation in this kind of flexible learning delivery,

understanding about the life and works of Jose Rizal is very much possible. It is
expected that after using this module you will be able to understand Jose Rizal in the
context of the period of his life.

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Chapter II

The Philippines in Nineteenth Century as Rizal’s Context

Overview

In order to fully appreciate Rizal’s life and achievements, it is important to place him
in the proper context of history. Rizal belonged to the 19 th century. At the time of his birth,
the Philippines was still a colony of Spain. During this time, however, most of Spain’s
colonies such as those in South and Central America such as Mexico, Chile, Argentina,
Valenzuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, and others have
already won their independence from Spain through revolution. The Philippines was one of
Spain’s remaining Spanish colonies along with Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Spanish Sahara.
With the exception of the last colony, the Philippines was the largest. In terms of natural
resources and trade potential, the Philippines was the richest (de Viana, 2000).

The 19th century was also a time of change. To give a background to this important
century, the Age of Enlightenment reached its zenith in France culminating in the Revolution
of 1789. In this age, ideas of freedom, liberty, and equality and the belief in the sovereignty of
the people in determining government thundered all across Europe. The French Revolution
resulted in the toppling of the monarchy of King Louis XVI and the ushering in of the French
Republic. Though France was to slide back to monarchy following the establishment of
Napoleon Bonaparte’s French Empire in 1804 and the restoration of Bourbon dynasty in
1814, the ideas of the French Philosophes such as Jacques Rousseau, Baronde Montesquieu,
Jean Marie Arouet (Voltaire), as well as, the Englishman John Locke would spread around
the world like a conflagration. After this, the world will never be the same (de Viana, 2012).

Rizal’s Century: 19th

Century
Rizal’s Century: 19th Remaining Spanish
Century colonies:
CUBA
Most of the colonies of SPANISH SAHARA
Spain gained independence: PHILIPPINES
MEXICO
CHILE
ARGENTINA
VENEZUELA Rizal’s Century: 19th Century
COLOMBIA
ECUADOR Age of Englightenment
PERU FREEDOM
NICARAGUA LIBERTY
EL SALVADOR EQUALITY
HONDURAS
Jacques Rousseau
Baronde Montesquieu
Jean Marie Arouet (Voltaire)
John Locke

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Learning Outcomes

 Appraise the link between the individual and society

 Analyze the various social, political, and economic and cultural changes that
occurred in the 19th century

 Understand Jose Rizal in the context in his time

Pre – Test

Directions: Read carefully the statements. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE, if it is not.

_______1. The Catholic Church in the Philippines was introduced by the Spaniards.
______ 2. Secular priests were sent to the Philippines and were affiliated to
religious orders.
______ 3. The religious orders who first arrived in the Philippines were the
Augustinians, Recollects, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits.
______ 4. In the 16th century the King of Spain has requested from the Pope to
allow the secular priests in managing the parishes.
______ 5. The expulsion of the Jesuits from the Philippines provided an
opportunity for the native priests to manage parishes.
_______ 6. One of the major changes in the Philippines in the 19 th century was the
rise of the middle class among the native Filipinos.
_______ 7. Apolinario Mabini founded the Confradia de San Jose.
_______ 8. The Spanish Constitution in 1812 abolished the practices of forced labor
and monopolies.
_______ 9. The early revolts in the 19th century failed due to Spanish
reinforcements composed mostly by native Filipino collaborators.
_______ 10. Lt. Antonio Novales led the mutiny of the Mexican – born soldiers in
the Philippines who experienced discrimination from the Spanish officials.

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Lesson I The Religious Front: Secularization

A. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you can:

a. understand the meaning and context of the campaign of secularization in

the Philippines

b. explain the development of the secularization of the Catholic church in the

Philippines

c. identify and discuss the roles of the secular priests

B. Time Allotment: 1.5 hours

C. Discussion

The Catholic Church was brought by the Spaniards through the efforts of the
regular priests who belonged to religious orders. The first groups of missionaries who
arrived in the Philippines and were tasked to introduce Christianity and establish
churches were the Augustinians, Recollects, Jesuits, Franciscans, and Dominicans.

In the 19th century, the cry of the native Filipinos for political and social
reforms had started to become a huge campaign that included the secularization of
the Catholic Church in the Philippines. Secularization is a campaign that places the
management of the parishes under the secular Catholic priests or native Filipino
priests. However, as early as the 16th century the King of Spain had already requested
to the Pope to transfer to the secular priests the responsibility of managing the
parishes. It was followed by the implementation of secularization during the 18 th
century, however, it became not successful as they viewed that the native or secular
priests were still not ready for administering the parishes. In 1767, the Jesuit priests
were expelled from the Philippines and it brought opportunities for the secular
priests until the Jesuits were allowed to come back in 1858 in which the supervision
and management of the parishes were returned to the regular priests. As a result, the
management of the parishes had become a racial issue, which limited the
participation of the secular or native priests in leading the parishes. Some of the
forerunners of the campaign for secularization were Pedro Pablo Pelaez, Jacinto
Zamora, Mariano Gomez, and Jose Burgos. The campaign of secularization had
become widespread as the regular priests had more involvement in the political
affairs. It was one of the results of the union of the church and state, which made the
regular priests more influential in the society.

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D. Activity: Film Viewing and Reflection Paper

Film Title: “Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?”

Guide questions:
• Describe the 19th century Philippines as represented in the film.
• Based on your readings and class discussion, what can you say about
the film’s representations of the 19th century?
• What is the main question that the film seeks to answer? What is your
own reflection based on the film and your understanding?

E. Evaluation

I. Modified True or False

Directions: Read carefully the statements. Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If
it is not, write FALSE and the correct word/phrase.

______ 1. The Spaniards introduced Christianity through the religious orders.

______ 2. Augustinian priests were considered as regular priests.
______ 3. The religious orders who first arrived in the Philippines were the
Augustinians, Recollects, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits.
______ 4. The Pope was once requested by the King of Spain to transfer the
management of the parishes in the Philippines to the secular priests.
______ 5. In 1858, the Dominicans were expelled from the Philippines and it
opened opportunities for the secular priests to manage the parishes.

II. Short – Answer Test

Briefly explain the secularization issue during the 19th century. Limit your answer to
50 – 100 words.

RUBRIC FOR SHORT – ANSWER TEST

Points 10 7 5 3
Piece was Piece was Piece had little Piece had no
written in an written in an style or voice style or voice
extra interesting
Quality ordinary style style and voice
of and voice
Writing Somewhat Gives some new Gives no new
Very informative information but information
informative and organized poorly and very
and well - organized poorly
organized organized

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Lesson II The Conditions in the Philippines

in the 19th Century

A. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you can:

a. review the political and social changes in the Philippines in the 19 th century

b. understand Jose Rizal in the context of his time

B. Time Allotment: 1.5 hours

C. Discussion

As the liberal ideas spread in Europe, it had reached the Philippines in the 19 th
century. One of those was the promulgation of the Cadiz Constitution in Europe in
1812 that abolished the practices of forced labor and monopolies. However, it was
revoked in 1814 and it led to various revolts in the Philippines. The group called
Kailianes in Ilocos Norte rose into revolt as they believed that the news on abolishing
the Cadiz Constitution was just created by the Spanish authorities in Manila to
mislead the natives. The revolts in Ilocos spread to the neighboring towns in
northern Luzon, however, did not become successful against the Spanish troops.

In 1826, Lt. Andres Novales led his fellow Mexican soldiers into a mutiny
against the Spanish authorities due to discrimination and unfair treatment of
peninsular officials, Spanish officials born in Spain. The Mexican soldiers in the
Philippines claimed that they were discriminated when Mexico gained its
independence from Spain and the Mexican officials were replaced by peninsular
officials. The mutiny broke out when the Mexican soldiers were about to be shipped
to Mindanao for a new assignment. Lt. Novales with other Mexican soldiers attached
the palace of the Governor – General, the Manila Cathedral and other significant
buildings in Intramuros. The mutiny led to the killing the Governor – General,
Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras. However, the mutiny was a failure due to the
brother of Lt. Novales, Lt. Antonio Novales, who did not cooperate and took side with
the Spanish authorities and protected Fort Santiago, the area in Intramuros where
large amounts of arms and ammunition were stored.

Another significant revolt was in 1840 – 1841 that was led by Apolinario dela
Cruz also known as Hermano Pule. The revolt arose when the Spanish authorities
tried to dissolve the activities of the religious group ̶ Confradia de San Jose, that was
founded by dela Cruz. The religious group Confradia was established when
Apolinario dela Cruz was denied of becoming a priest because of being a native

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Filipino. Confradia became popular among the common people and attracted more
followers, which drew the attention of the Spanish authorities and considered as a
threat to the Catholic Church and Spanish government. On November 1, 1842
Hermano Pule was captured and beheaded. Moreover, his body was cut into quarters
and displayed. The Spanish authorities further exhibited their might by hanging
Hermano Pule’s head in front of his house in Lucban. As a response to the brutal end
to the life of the religious leader and Confradia, the Tayabas Regiment revolted
against the Spanish authority in 1843. The members of the Regiment came from the
same province of Hermano Pule, were also followers and relatives of the members of
Confradia. The revolt of the Tayabas Regiment was led by Sergeant Samaniego and
almost successful in taking over Manila. It was intervened by the coming of the
native reinforcements and defeated the group led by Samaniego.

The failed revolts during the early 19th century were caused by different factors
and one of those was the lack of national identity in which the native Filipinos were
not united and fought on their own cause. As a result, it brought an opportunity for
the Spanish authorities to continuously divide the natives and was easily conquered.
Despite of the small population of the Spanish officials and army in the Philippines,
they were successful in suppressing the early revolts and that was due to the support
and reinforcement of the native Filipinos who joined the Spanish army. They became
known as the principales or leading citizens who pledged to work for and support the
Spanish government, which in return received privileges and positions in the local
government such as capitan municipal, teniente, and cabeza. In addition, the
Spanish religious leaders worked with the Spanish officials through observing and
monitoring the daily activities of the people under their church’s jurisdiction.

The 19th century Philippines also marked the opening of Manila to world
trade. It involved more native Filipinos into economic activities particularly in the
opening of ports in Iloilo and Zamboanga. The opening of ports in the different parts
of the Philippines resulted to higher demands of Philippine products in other
colonies of Spain and other countries in Asia and Europe. The economic
opportunities for the native Filipinos created an increased in the population of the
middle class in the Philippines. As the economy prospered through exports of
Philippine products, the middle class families were able to provide quality education
for their children through sending their children to prominent universities in Manila.
In effect, they were able to directly observe the actions and policies of the Spanish
authorities, witness the abuses against the native Filipinos, and learn liberal ideas as
influenced by the reading materials available in the universities.

D. Exercise: Group Activity

Create a group of three (3) members. Discuss and list down the changes that
occurred in the 19th century Philippines in terms of political, economic, and socio -
cultural aspects.

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E. Evaluation

I. Modified True – False. Carefully read the statements. Write TRUE if the statement
is correct. If it is not, write FALSE and the word/phrase to correct the statement.

_______ 1. One of the major changes in the Philippines in the 19 th century was the
rise of the middle class among the native Filipinos.
_______ 2. Apolinario Mabini founded the Confradia de San Jose.
_______ 3. The Spanish Constitution in 1812 abolished the practices of forced labor
and monopolies.
_______ 4. The early revolts in the 19th century failed due to Spanish
reinforcements composed mostly by native Filipino collaborators.
_______ 5. Lt. Antonio Novales led the mutiny of the Mexican – born soldiers in
the Philippines who experienced discrimination from the Spanish officials.

II. Short – Answer Test

Briefly describe and explain the 19th century Philippine society when Jose Rizal was
born. Limit your answer to 50 – 100 words.

RUBRIC FOR SHORT – ANSWER TEST

Points 10 7 5 3
Piece was Piece was Piece had little Piece had no
written in an written in an style or voice style or voice
extra interesting
Quality ordinary style style and voice
of and voice
Writing Somewhat Gives some new Gives no new
Very informative information but information
informative and organized poorly and very
and well - organized poorly
organized organized

References

Agoncillo, T.A. (2012). History of the Filipino people, 8th ed. Manila: C & E
Publishing , Inc.

de Viana, A. V. (2012) . Jose Rizal in our times: a guide for the better understanding
of the Philippines’ foremost national hero. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp.

de Viana, A.V., Atutubo, J.C., Cabrera, H.M.F., de Vera, M.M. & Samala, E.P. (2018).
Jose Rizal: Social reformer and patriot, a study of his life and times. Manila:
Rex Bookstore.

Funtecha, H.F. & Padilla, M.J. (2000). A study guide in Philippine history. Iloilo

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City: Mindset Publishing, Inc.

Ocampo, A. R. (2013). Meaning and history: the Rizal lectures. Philippines: Anvil
Publishing, Inc.

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Congratulations for completing this module!

Student’s Information

Name:
Program:
Year and Section:
Contact No.:
E-mail address:
Facebook Account:
Messenger Account:

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Vision 2020
WPU: the leading knowledge center for sustainable
development of West Philippines and beyond.

Mission
WPU commits to develop quality human resource and green
technologies for a dynamic economy and sustainable
development through relevant instruction,
research and extension services.

Core Values (3CT)

Culture of Excellence
Commitment
Creativity
Teamwork

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev.
Rev. 00
00 (09.15.20)
(09.15.20)