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@1 In the Figure shown about physiology of

neurotransmission , A and B represent
a) A – K + B – Na +
b) A – Na++ B – Ca +2
c) A – K+ B – Ca +2
d) A – Ca+2 B – Na +

@3.

Active tension is represented in length-tension

relationship curve in above Fig by
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) None

@2.

In the Figure above , point at which Mitral valve closes

is
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D

@4.In the fetal circulation shown above , oxygen

saturation is highest in

1. Fee paid in cash is not accepted

2. Fee should be paid by student himself /herself in Axis bank and deposit slip given by bank should be produced
for enrollment .
3. No student is admitted without Institute identity card.

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@6.

Show above is Slow-response myocardial nodal cell

action potential. Phase 0 is due to
a) K+ efflux only
b) Ca2+ influx through long-acting Ca2+ channels
c) Due to decreased Ca2+ influx during K+ efflux
d) influx of Na+ and Ca2+ during decreased K+ efflux

@7.

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
@5.
Shown above is starling law relationship. What does
the value on x axis represent
a) Left ventricular pressure
b) End systolic volume
c) End diastolic volume
d) Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

@8.

Shown above is the pressure profile. of systolic and

dia-stolic values during the cardiac cycle. The
segment that represents capillaries is
a) A Handgrip exercise cause which of the above curves
b) B of cardiac cycle compared to normal cycle
c) C a) A
d) D b) B
c) C
d) A anad B

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@9.

If curve A represents normal Hb levels in blood (15

g/100 mL) , Curve B represents
A) Thalassemia
B) Anemia
In the spirometry shown above which of the following C) Hb C Disease
label represents Functional residual capacity D) Heriditary spherocytosis
a) A
b) B @12.
c) C
d) D

@10.

All the following are a cause of Curve A in oxygen

dissociation graph except
a) Hypothermia
b) Hypercarbia
c) Decreased 2.3 DPG
d) Alkalosis
Curve B shown above represents
@ 13.The substance labeled A in the above figure is
a) Bronchitis
b) Emphysema
c) Fibrosis
d) Asthma

@11.

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@15.

Shown above in the Fig are Circulation divisions in a

vertical lung. In which Zone is Pulmonary capillary
a) K+ pressure is greater than Pulmonary capillary
b) Cl- pressure
a) Zone 1
c) Mg+2
d) Ca+2 b) Zone 2
c) Zone 3
@14. d) None of above
@16.

Which of the parameters shown in the table

represents Patent ductus in a Newborn
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) None
@17.Which of the following Label represents the state
of SIADH in the Table above

Shown above is the the respiratory control circuit .

Label A represents
a) Pnuemotaxic centre
b) Apnuestic centre
c) ventral respiratory group
d) dorsal respiratory group

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a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D

@ 18.

Which of the following Label represents the state of

CONSTRICTED AFFERENT RENAL ARTERIOLE in the
Table above
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D

@19.

a) Proximal tubule
b) Distal tubule
c) Loop of Henle
d) Collecting duct

21. Monocytes
A. Originate from precursor cells in lymph nodes.
B. Can increase in number when their parent cells are
stimulated by factors released from
activated lymphocytes.
C. Unlike granulocytes, do not migrate across capillary
walls.
d. Manufacture immunoglobulin M.
In the Figure above transport mechanisms in proximal
tubule , lable A represents 22. False regarding Glycogen stores in skeletal muscle
a) Sodium ion A. Are beyond the resolution of the electron microscope.
b) Potassium ion B. Help the body to avoid ketoacidosis during exercise.
c) Bicarbonate ion C. Increase during endurance training.
d) Hydrogen ion D. Are replaced more completely if carbohydrate is
ingested immediately, rather than hours, after exercise.
@20.Which segment of nephron does the illustration
shown above represents 23. False regarding oedema in the legs may
A. Be associated with a raised extracellular fluid volume.
B. Result from hepatic disease.
C. Result from blockage of pelvic lymphatics.
d. Result from a high arterial blood pressure in the absence
of heart failure.

24. False regarding absolute refractory period in the

ventricles

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A. Is the period when the ventricles are completely
inexcitable.
B. Corresponds to the period of ventricular depolarization.
C. Corresponds approximately to the period of ventricular
contraction.
D. Is shorter than the corresponding period in atrial muscle.
25. False regarding respiratory centre
A. Is in the hypothalamus.
B. Sends impulses to inspiratory muscles during quiet
breathing.
c. Is involved in the swallowing reflex.
d. Is involved in the vomiting reflex.
26. False regarding Erythrocytes
A. Are responsible for the major part of blood viscosity.
B. Contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
C. Metabolize glucose to produce CO2 and H2O.
D. Swell to bursting point when suspended in 0. 9 per
cent (150 mmol/litre) saline.
27. False regarding Bleeding from a small cut in the
skin
A. Is normally diminished by local vascular spasm.
B. Ceases within about five minutes in normal people.
C. Is prolonged in severe factor VIII (antihaemophilic
globulin) deficiency.
D. Is greater from warm skin than from cold skin.
28. Circulating red blood cells
A. Are about 1 per cent nucleated.
B. Are distributed evenly across the blood stream in large
blood vessels.
C. Travel at slower velocity in venules than in capillaries.
D. Deform as they pass through the capillaries.
29. False regarding Lymphocytes
A. Constitute 1–2 per cent of circulating white cells.
B. Are motile.
C. Can transform into plasma cells.
D. Decrease in number during immunosuppressive drug
therapy.
30. The specific gravity (relative density) of
A. Red cells is less than that of plasma.
B. Plasma is due more to its protein than to its electrolyte
content.
C. Plasma decreases as extracellular fluid and electrolytes
are lost.
D. Blood is higher on average in women than in men.
31. A calcium isotope is taken up by resting skeletal
muscle and stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
During contraction, the isotope will bind to which
of the following?
A. Actin
B. Myosin
C. Tropomyosin
D. Troponin
32. False statement among the following
A. main function of brown adipose tissue is heat production
B. Ketonemia occurs when the liver depleted of glycogen
C. Brown adipose tissue contains less capillaries than white
adipose tissue
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D. protons pumped out by electron transport chain return
to the matrix via the mitochondrial membrane protein
thermogenin
33. A 34-year-old female who underwent an
uncomplicated cholecystectomy one month ago
eats a small meal containing mostly triglycerides
and a small amount of complex carbohydrates In
this patient, most of the dietary lipids would be
absorbed in the
A. Stomach
B. Duodenum
C. Jejunum
D. lleum
34. Which of the following properties of skeletal
muscle is responsible for its resistance to the
effect of verapamil
A. No internal automaticity
B. Calmodulin-independent excitation-contraction coupling
C. Troponin C affinity to intracellular calcium
D. Dependence on intracellular calcium pool
35. A 23-year-old male presents to the emergency
room following sudden onset of heart palpitations
His heart rate is 160/min and regular, and his blood
pressure is 110/70 mmHg Gentle neck massage
just below the angle of the right mandible produces
immediate improvement of his condition His heart
rate is now 75/min and his blood pressure is 120/
80 mmHg This maneuver improved the patient’s
symptoms by
A. Decreasing the baroreceptor firing rate
B. Increasing sympathetic output to the SA node
C. Prolonging the AV node refractory period
D. Prolonging the ventricular myocardium refractory period
36. The greatest increase in physiological dead space
would be expected with:
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Atelectasis
C. Pneumothorax
D. Bronchoconstriction
37. Sinuatrial node cells are
A. Found in both atria.
B. Unable to generate impulses when completely
denervated.
C. Connected to the AV node by fine bundles of Purkinje
tissue.
D. Able to generate impulses because their membrane
potential is unstable.
38. As people age, there is usually a decrease in all
the following parametres except
A. Ratio of lung residual volume to vital capacity.
B. Percentage of vital capacity expelled in one second.
C. Lung elasticity.
D. Resting arterial blood PO2.
39. Intestinal secretions contain
A. Potassium in a concentration similar to that in
extracellular fluid.
B. Enzymes that are released when the vagus nerve is
stimulated.
C. Enzymes that hydrolyze disaccharides.
D. Enzymes that hydrolyze monosaccharides.
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40. False about Free (non-esterified) fatty acids in
plasma
A. Account for less than 10 per cent of the total fatty acids
in plasma.
B. Are complexed with the plasma proteins.
C. Decrease when the level of blood adrenaline rises.
D. Can be metabolized to release energy in cardiac and
skeletal muscle.
41. Deficiency of factor VIII (antihaemophilic globulin)
a) Affects the extrinsic, rather than the intrinsic, pathway
for blood coagulation
b) Is due to an abnormal gene on the Y chromosome.
c) C. Abnormal bleeding does not occur until the level
falls below 50 per cent.
d).Causes small (petechial) haemorrhages into the skin
to cause purpura.
A. Can be suspected from the appearance of the ECG.
B. Can result from repeated vomiting of gastric contents.
C. Is a consequence of aldosterone deficiency.
D. Impairs gut motility.
48. Somatomedin mediates
A. Deposition of chondroitin sulphate
B. Lipolysis
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Decreased rate of glucose uptake by cells
49. The main cause of increased blood flow to
exercising muscles is
A. Raised blood pressure
B. Vasodilatation due to local metabolites
C. Increased sympathetic discharge to peripheral vessels
D. Increased heart rate

42. Increased sympathetic drive to the heart

A. Decreases Rate of diastolic depolarization in sinuatrial
node cells.
B. Does not affect Coronary blood flow.
C. Increases Slope of the Frank–Starling (work versus
stretch) curve of the heart.
D. Decreases Ejection fraction of the left ventricle.
43. False regarding carotid bodies
A. Have a blood flow per unit volume similar to that in the
brain.
B. Are influenced more by blood PO2 than by its oxygen
content.
C. Generate more afferent impulses when blood H_ ion
concentration rises.
D. And the aortic bodies are mainly responsible for the
increased ventilation in hypoxia.
44. In the stomach
A. pH rarely falls below 4.0.
B. Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid.
C. Ferrous iron is reduced to ferric iron by hydrochloric
acid.
D. Acid secretion is inhibited by pentagastrin
45. The electroencephalogram normally shows voltage
waves
A. Whose amplitude is related to intelligence.
B. Of smaller amplitude during deep sleep than during
alert wakefulness.
C. Of lower frequency during deep sleep than during alert
wakefulness.
D . Of greater a mp li tud e th an th os e of t he
electrocardiogram.
46. Pain is produced by all except
A. Potassium ions more than by sodium ions.
B. Occluding the circulation to an exercising limb for five
minutes.
C. Raised tissue endorphin levels.
D. Thawing of tissue frozen during frostbite.
47. False about low serum potassium level
50. Secretion of renin
A. Is stimulated by the hormone angiotensin I.
B. Leads to decreased levels of angiotensin II in the blood.
C. Is stimulated by a fall in extracellular fluid volume.
D. Inhibits ACTH secretion by the pituitary gland.
51. Incident light on rods and cones
A. Closes Na+ channel
B. Opens K + channel
C. Closes K+ channel
D. Opens Na + channel
52. Botulinum toxin blocks neuromuscular transmission
by following mechanism
A. Decreases synthesis of acetylcholine
B. Blocks voltage gated Ca++ channels at presynaptic
membrane
C. Prevents release of acetylcholine vesicles
D. Blocks acetylcholine receptor at post synaptic membrane
53. When body temperature increases, neurons in the
which of the following location turn on mechanisms
for heat dissipation
A. Anterior hypothalamus
B. Posterior hypothalamus
C. Spinal cord
D. Skin
54. In respect to transmission of pain in the nervous
system
A. Substance P acts on pain receptors
B. Any peripheral stimuli can activate pain receptors
C. Dull and sharp pain travel via the same fibres
D. Delta and C fibres originate on the same receptor
55. Which hormone causes increased blood Sugar
Level, increased protein anabolism and increased
plasma free fatty acid?
A. Cortisol
B. Para thyroid hormone
C. Growth hormone
D. Insulin

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56. Menopausal hot flushes occur due to 66. A blood clot in clenched with fist is equal to
A. FSH secretion A. 100 ml
B. Decrease in estrogen B. 250 ml
C. LH surge C. 350 ml
D. None of above D. 500 ml

57. Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from PCT 67. In a healthy 70 kg adult, plasma volume (measured
or absorbed from intestinal lumen by using the Evans Blue dye) was found to be 3000
A. Symport ml. Hematocrit was 40%. His blood volume would
B. Antiport be about:
C. Uniport A. 5000 ml
D. Primary active transport B. 5200 ml
C. 5400 ml
58. In osteogenesis imperfecta, which of the following D. 5600 ml
is defective ?
A. Phospate deposition in trabecular bone 68. The minimum stimulus strength that produces a
B. Osteoblasts compound action potential in nerve
C. Osteoclasts or muscle is:
D. Bone collagen A. rheobase
59. Acetylcholine acting on nicotinic receptors B. chronaxie
produces C. twice rheobase
A. Contraction of skeletal muscle D. twice chronaxie
B. Secretion of saliva
C. Bradycardia 69. Inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord release:
D. Pupillary constriction A. glycine
60. Which of the following autonomic drugs acts by B. GABA
stimulating adenylate cyclase? C. substance P
A. Atropine D. neuropeptide Y
B. Clonidine
C. Norepinephrine 70. Impulses from Golgi tendon organ pass to inhibitory
D. Phenylephrine interneurons in the spinal cord via:
A. I a
61. Synaptic conduction is mostly orthodromic because B. I b
A. Dendrites cannot be depolarized C. II a
B. Once repolarized, an area cannot be depolarized D. C fibers
C. The strength of antidromic impulse is less
D. Chemical mediator is located only in the pre-synaptic 71. In which layer of the cortex do specific thalamic
terminal afferents end?
62. Centriole is absent in A. Layer VI
A. Liver B. Layer IV
B. Spleen C. Layer I
C. Intestine D. Layer II
D. Kidney
72. Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
63. Regarding Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is A. Na-K ATPase: antiport
A. Normal glomerular filtration rate is 625 L/day B. H-ATPase: uniport
B. Inulin clearance measure the GFR C. SGLT: symport
C.h­ plasma oncotic pressure increases the GFR D. Ca-ATPase: biport
D. Diabetes mellitus increases the GFR
73. When heart rate is about 75 beats/min, the
64. A patients presented with clinical features of duration of absolute refractory period of cardiac
dysarthria dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia and muscle is:
intension tremor. The site of lesion is A. 50 ms
A. Diencephalon B. 100 ms
B. Telencephalon C. 200 ms
C. Mesencephalon D. 300 ms
D. Metencephalon
74. Which of the following is the best example of a
65. Centre for alpha gamma linkage is polysynaptic reflex?
A. Cerebral cortex A. Stretch reflex
B. Brainstem B. Axon reflex
C. Medulla C. Inverse stretch reflex
D. Cerebellum D. Withdrawal reflex

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75. Calcitonin inhibits the activity of: 84. The volume of distribution of intravenously
A. osteoblasts administered sucrose in a healthy 70-kg man is
B. osteoclasts about
C. parafollicular cells A. 3.5 L
D. thyroid B. 10.5 L
C. 14 L
76. Which of the following hormone peaks during the D. 28 L
mid-luteal phase? 85. Mesangial cells are similar to:
A. Inhibin A. pericytes
B. Activin B. fibrocytes
C. Follistatin C. mast cells
D. Relaxin D. ependymal cells
77. In humans, the most abundant adrenocortical 86. Which of the following cells undergo meiotic
hormone is: division?
A. cortisol A. Primordial germ cells
B. corticosterone B. Primary spermatocytes
C. deoxycorticosterone C. Secondary spermatocytes
D. DHEA sulfate D. Spermatids
78. Which of the following statements about control 87. Bronchi are richly innervated by the autonomic
of micturition is incorrect? nervous system. Which of the following parameters
A. The micturition center is located in the pons. would increase most as a result of vagal
B. In adults, the first urge to void is felt at a bladder volume stimulation?
of about 400 ml. A. Expiratory flow rates
C. Decentralization of bladder function results in urinary B .Elastic recoil of the lungs
retention. C. Work of breathing
D. In chronic paraplegics, the voiding reflex returns and it D. Pulmonary arterial resistance
may be hyperactive
88. False about about Sham rage
79. Arrange the following substances in the A. Seen in Decerebrate animals
descending order of their concentrations in B. Seen in Decorticate animals
intracellular fluid. C. Seen in Hypothalamic lesions
A. K+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > H+ D. Is goal directed
B. H+ > K+ > Na+ > Ca2+
C. K+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > H+ 89. A calcium isotope is taken up by resting skeletal
D. K+ > Ca2+ > H+ > Na+ muscle and stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
80. Which of the following is not a feature of tabes During contraction, the isotope will bind to which
dorsalis? of the following’?
A. Bladder wall hypertrophy A. Actin
B. Distended bladder B. Myosin
C. Urinary retention C. Tropomyosin
D. Incontinence D. Troponin
81. The biologically most active androgen is: 90. A 6-year-old boy playing in a dusty field in windy
A. testosterone weather inhales many small particles that become
B. dehydroepiandrosterone lodged in his terminal bronchioles. Which of the
C. androstenedione following are most important in clearing the
D. dihydrotestosterone particles?
A. Ciliated cells
82. When urine is maximally concentrated, the ratio B. Clara cells
of osmolality of urine to plasma is about: C. Type I pneumocytes
A. 3 D. Type II pneumocytes
B. 4.2 91. Which of the following produces a large left
C. 4.7 ventricular stroke volume (LVSV) and increased
D. 6.7 left ventricular end diastolic volume
A. Mitral stenosis
83. Which of the following substances has a “clearance B. Aortic stenosis
ratio” of 1.2? C. Tricuspid regurgitation
A. Inulin D. Aortic regurgitation
B. Creatinine
C. Urea 92. In Prader-Willi syndrome, which of the following is
D. PAH increased?

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A. LH 101. The receptor for the inverse stretch reflex is:

B. FSH A. muscle spindle
C. TSH B. Golgi tendon organ
D. Ghrelin C. C fiber
D. delta fibers
93. The occurrence of hyperthyroidism following 102. Joint position sense is transmitted by:
administration of supplemental iodine to subjects A. anterior spinothalamic tract
with endemic iodine deficiency goiter is known as: B. lateral spinothalamic tract
A. Jod-Basedow effect C. dorsal column-medial lemniscal system
B. Wolff-Chaikoff effect D. All of the above
C. Struma ovarii
D. Hashimoto’s effect 103. Impaired stereognosis in the absence of a
detectable defect in touch and pressure sensation
94. Glutamate is the predominant neurotransmitter points to a lesion in:
in which part of the brain: A. the dorsal column
A. Globus pallidus interna B. the medial lemniscus
B. Globus pallidus externa C. the parietal lobe posterior to the postcentral gyrus
C. Substantia nigra. D. any of the above
D. Subthalamic nucleus 104. A low-frequency, high amplitude, synchronized
95. A pituitary tumour secreting excess growth cortical rhythm occurs during:
hormone (GH) in an adult may lead to A. stage 1 & 2 slow-wave sleep
A. A homonymous hemianopia. B. stage 3 & 4 slow-wave sleep
B. Gigantism. C. REM sleep
C. Reduced levels of somatomedins in blood. D. narcolepsy
D. Enlargement of the liver.
105. Lesions of ventromedial hypothalamus result in:
96. Signs of brainstem death include A. anorexia
A. Unconsciousness. B. obesity
B. Loss of pupillary reaction to light. C. hypersexuality
C. Loss of tendon jerks in the arms and legs. D. amnesia
D. Nystagmus in response to cold water in the external 106. Which compartment does the term “sucrose
auditory canal. space” refer to?
A. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
97. Which of the following statements about cardiac B. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
muscle is incorrect? C. Interstitial fluid (ISF)
A. Summation cannot occur D. Plasma
B. It is a ‘fast’ muscle 107. Which of the following is matched incorrectly?
C. Slow myosin ATPase activity A. Microfilaments: actin, myosin
D. It contains myoglobin B. Intermediate filaments: vimentin, keratin
98. Cardiac muscle is “slow” (i.e., its twitch duration C. Microtubules: clathrin
is longer compared to fast skeletal muscle). The D. Cytoskeleton: spectrin, ankyrin
average twitch duration in the heart is 800 ms 108. The resting cardiac muscle cell is most permeable
when HR is 75 bpm. 47. Nociceptors (nerve endings to:
signaling pain) signal through: A. Na
A. Aα fibers B. K
B. Aβ fibers C. Ca
C. Aδ fibers D. Cl
D. Aγ fibers
109.The light reflex is integrated in the:
99. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) are not A. midbrain
produced by: B. frontal eye field
A. opening of Na channels C. medulla
B. closure of K channels D. primary visual area
C. opening of calcium channels
D. opening of chloride channels 110. Which of the following structures is most likely
involved in the spatial localization of sound?
100. Tetanospasmin inhibits the release of: A. Spiral ganglion
A. GABA B. Hair cells
B. glutamate C. Superior olivary complex
C. glycine D. Cochlear nerve
D. acetylcholine

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111. Which nerve fiber type is most susceptible to 121. An example for nonsyncytial smooth muscle is:
conduction block by local anesthetics? A. iris
A. Type A B. sphincter of Oddi
B. Type B C. vas deferens
C. Type C D. uterus
D. All are equally sussceptible 122. Ryanodine receptor is located in the:
112. The Jendrassik’s maneuver facilitates stretch A. sarcolemma
reflexes by: B. T-tubule
A. exciting alpha motor neurons C. terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum
B. increasing gamma efferent discharge D. cytosol
C. releasing glycine 123. Which of the following observations on a urine
D. All of above sample clearly suggests that urine is hypotonic?
113. Which of the following statements about Argyll- A. A high Uosm / Posm ratio
Robertson pupil is incorrect? B. A urinary pH of 7
A. Light reflex is absent C. Positive free water clearance
B. Accommodation reflex is present D. All of above
C. The lesion is in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus 124. Which of the following substances is cleared the
D. It occurs in neurosyphilis most by the kidneys?
114. Inner hair cells in the organ of Corti are A. Inulin
depolarized by: B. PAH
A. K influx C. Creatinine
B. Na influx D. Urea
C. Ca influx 125. Renin is released mainly from:
D. closure of K channels A. macula densa
115. The macula densa is located in the: B. juxtaglomerular cells
A. proximal convoluted tubule C. type I medullary interstitial cells
B. mesangium D. peritubular capillaries
C. efferent arteriole
D. beginning of DCT 126. Cerebral blood flow are true EXCEPT
A. O2 consumption of white matter is very high
116. Zona fasciculata of suprarenal gland produces B. Blood flow through the brain remains constant
A) Minerelo-corticoids C. Cranial circulation time is very short
B) Gluco-corticoids D. Is dependent on effective perfusion pressure and
C) Sex hormones cerebral vascular resistance
D) Adrenaline
117. What is the clearance of a substance when its 127.At rest brain receives
concentration in the plasma is 10 mg/dL, its A. 13-15% of cardiac output
concentration in the urine is 100 mg/dL, and urine B. 21 % of cardiac output
flow is 2 mL/min ? C. 5% of cardiac output
A) 10 mL/min D. 20% of cardiac output
B) 12 mL/min
C) 20 mL/min 128. When the CNS sends weak signal to contract a
D) 25 mL/min muscle the smaller motor neurons get excited first
118. The dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure curve because
is caused by the closure of A. Smaller motor neurons are more excitable than larger
A) mitral valve motor neurons
B) tricuspid valve B. Smaller motor neurons are more in number
C) aortic valve C. Smaller motor neurons have leaky Na+ channels
D) pulmonary valve D. Smaller motor neurons have leaky K+ channels
119. Which of the following pituitary hormones is an 129.The most important receptors for the detection
opioid peptide ? of joint angulation in midranges of motion are
A) β MSH A. Pacinian corpuscles
B) ACTH B. Golgi tendon organ
C) α MSH C. Expanded tip endings
D) β endorphin D. Muscle spindles
120. The neurotransmitter producing vagally mediated 130.The impulse transmission in the dorsal column
increase in Gastrin secretion is medial leminiscal system has
A) GRP A. Velocity lower than the anterolateral system
B) Substance P B. Accurate gradation of intensity
C) GIP C. Poor ability to transmit rapid repetitive signals
D) Guanylin D. Poor spatial orientation

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131.Which of the following hormones does not use 141. Which of the following transport pro­cesses is
adenyl cyclase-CAMP as second messenger involved if transport of glucose rom the intestinal
system ? lumen into a small intestinal cell is inhibited by
a) ACTH abolishing the usual Na + gradient across the cell
b) Calcitonin membrane?
c) Secretin A. Simple diffusion
d) Oxytocin B. Facilitated diffusion
132.All the following will cause an increase C. Primary active transport
reabsorption of bicarbonate in the kidney except D. Cotransport
a) Hyperaldosteronism 142. The effect of PTH on the kidney is to:
b) Hypercapnia A. Increase Ca excretion and increase phosphate excretion
c) metabolic acidosis B. Increase Ca excretion and decrease phosphate
d) Hyperkalemia excretion
133.Hypoxia (Pa O2 = 55 mm Hg) has all the following C. Decrease Ca excretion and increase phosphate
effects except excretion
a) it stimulates carotid body chemoreceptor D. Decrease Ca excretion and decrease phosphate
b) it stimulates central chemoreceptor excretion
c) it causes a reflex increase in ventilation 143. High osmolarity of renal medullary interstitium is
d) it causes a reflex increase in arterial BP due to:
A. Secretion of H2O into ascending loop of Henle
134.Blood pressure increases and heart rate B. Diffusion of H2O into ascending loop of Henle
decreases in response to C. Active transport of Na from vasa recta
a) Exercise D. Passive reabsorption of urea from collecting duct
b) increased body temperature
c) exposure to high altitude 144. Compared with the systemic circula­tion, the
d) increased intra cranial pressure pulmonary circulation has a
A. Higher blood flow
135.Connexon is an important component of the B. Lower resistance
a) gap junction C. Higher arterial pressure
b) sarcoplasmic reticulum D. Higher capillary pressure
c) synaptic vesicle 145. A woman has a plasma osmolarity of 300 mOsm/
d) sodium channel L and a urine osmolarity of
1200 mOsm/L. The correct diagnosis is
136. Connexins do not allow the passage of: A. Syndrome of inappropriate anti­ diuretic hormone
A. proteins (SIADH)
B. Na B. Water deprivation
C. Ca C. Central diabetes insipidus
D. IP3 D. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
137. Most of the ATP generated in nerve cells is utilized
to energize the: 146. A 34-year-old male alcoholic is brought to the
A. Na-Ca exchanger emergency room with upper gastrointestinal
B. H-ATPase in the cell membrane bleeding. Gastric lavage fluid initially contains blood
C. Na-K ATPase but then quickly clears. Upper endoscopy shows a
D. synthesis of proteins linear mucosal tear at the gastroesophageal
junction. This patient’s condition is most likely
138. Staircase phenomenon (Treppe) is due to: associated with which of the following acid-base
A. increased availability of calcium disturbances’?
B. summation A. High anion gap metabolic acidosis
C. tetanus B. Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
D. increased excitability C. Metabolic alkalosis
139. The size of the motor unit is smallest in: D. Respiratory acidosis
A. type II muscle fibers
B. single-unit smooth muscle 147. A 43-year-old male is being evaluated for painful
C. orbicularis oculi muscle cramps. On physical examination, light
D. soleus tapping on the chin elicits masseter muscle
spasms. The patient has a serum sodium level of
140. The categorical hemisphere is chiefly concerned 135 mEq/dL, potassium level of 4.4 mEq/dL, and
with: calcium level of 7.0 mg/dL. Which of the following
A. language components of this patient’s past medical history
B. recognition of faces is most likely contributing to his current condition?
C. stereognosis
D. spatiotemporal relations

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A. Metastatic bone cancer
B. Thyroid surgery
C. Chlorthalidone treatment
D. Overt hypothyroidism
148. A healthy human volunteer is given a slow
intravenous infusion of a para-amniohippurate
(PAH) solution. In which of the following nephron
segments is the PAH concentration lowest?
A. Bowman’s space
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Loop of Henle
D. Distal convoluted tubule
149. A 64-year-old overweight female with a 20 year
history of diabetes mellitus currently takes daily
insulin to control her blood glucose levels. She
reports that recently her blood sugars have been
well-controlled. The patient has also been on
hemodialysis for the past 5 years due to end-stage
renal disease. Which of the following metabolic
derangements is most likely in this patient?
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
D. Hypoparathyroidism
150. Which of the following is the best test to confirm
menopause as a cause for amenorrhea?
A. Serum luteinizing hormone level
B. Serum estrone level
C. Serum prolactin level
D. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone level
151. False regarding Vitamin B12 deficiency
A. Result from disease of the terminal part of the ileum.
B. Cause atrophy of the gastric mucosa.
C. Cause a reduction in the circulating platelet level.
D. Cause pathological changes in the central nervous
system.
152. Vascular resistance
A. Increases by 50 per cent when the vascular radius is
halved.
B. Is related to the thickness of the wall of the vessel.
C. Is related to the vessel’s length.
D. Is greater in the capillary bed than in the arteriolar
bed.
153. Work of breathing increases with all except
A. Lung compliance increases.
B. The rate of breathing increases even though the minute
volume stays constant.
C. The subject lies down.
D. Functional residual capacity increases.
154. Anti-diuretic diuretic hormone (ADH)
A. Is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
B. Serum levels are increased by a low plasma osmolality
C. Secretion is increased in the early post-operative period
D. Acts by increasing the permeability of the distal
convoluted tubule
155. Visceral smooth muscle differs from skeletal
muscle in all except
A. It contracts when stretched.
B. Its cells have unstable resting membrane potentials.
C. It contains no actin or myosin.
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D. Excitation depends more on influx of extracellular
calcium than release of calcium from endoplasmic
reticulum.
156. False about Arterial pulse contours
A. Sharp peaks indicate rapid left ventricular ejection.
B. Greatly increased pulse pressures are seen in patients
with mitral incompetence.
C. Rapid run-offs and low diastolic pressure suggest high
peripheral resistance.
D. Varying beat-to-beat amplitude is seen in patients with
atrial fibrillation.
157. During inspiration
A. Intrapleural pressure is lowest at mid-inspiration.
B. Intrapulmonary pressure is lowest around mid-
inspiration.
C. Intraoesophageal pressure is lowest at mid-inspiration.
D. The rate of air flow is greatest at end-inspiration.
158. False about normally innervated stomach
A. Is stimulated to secrete gastric juice when food is
chewed, even if it is not swallowed.
B. Is stimulated to secrete gastric juice by the hormone
secretin
C. And the denervated stomach can secrete gastric juice
after a meal is ingested.
D. Empties more quickly than the denervated stomach.
159. Nerve fibres continue to conduct impulses when
A. Extracellular sodium is replaced by potassium.
B. Extracellular sodium is replaced by a non-diffusible
cation.
C. The sodium-potassium pump is inactivated.
D. Temperature is lowered to below 0oC provided freezing
does not occur.
160. Increasing the salt concentration applied to a
‘salt’ taste bud increases all except
A. The amplitude of the action potentials generated.
B. The amplitude of its generator potentials.
C Impulse traffic to the thalamus.
D. Impulse traffic up the ascending reticular formation.
161. A decrease in which of the following is most likely
responsible for multiple sclerosis patient’s
symptoms who has axon demyelination ?
A. Threshold
B. Temporal summation
C. Spatial summation
D. Space constant
162. Reduced pulmonary parenchymal compliance is
the hallmark of ———— ?
A. Primary pulmonary hypertension
B. a1-antitryprin deficiency
C. Bronchial asthma
D. Pulmonary fibrosis
163. The surface tension within the two spheres is
identical Neither is lined with surfactant What
should be expected when the clamp is opened?
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A. The spheres will become equal in size A. Ulnar

B. The smaller sphere will increase in size B. Radial
C .The larger sphere will decrease in size C. Musculocutaneous
D. The smaller sphere will collapse D. Median
164. Progressively weakening diaphragmatic
contractions during maximal voluntary ventilation 170. Damage to the lower brachial plexus would MOST
with constant phrenic nerve stimulation during affect which of the following?
inspiration indicate pathology in ? A. Small muscles of the hand
A. Nasopharynx B. Forearm flexors
B. Brainstem C. Flexors of the arm
C. Neuromuscular junction. D. Rotator cuff muscles
D. Peripheral nerves 171. Bipolar cells is seen in:
a) Sympathetic ganglion
165. False regarding resting membrane potential of b) Retina
nerve ‘? c) Cochlear ganglion
A. Usually equal to-70 mV d) Parasympathetic ganglion
B. Maintained by a high membrane permeability to K and
a low permeability to Na 172. All are carried through anterolateral system
C. Inner side of the membrane is negatively charged with except:
respect to the outer surface of the membrane a) Proprioception
D. K efflux occurs via voltage gated K channels b) Temperature
c) Pain
166. In lumbar puncture at L4/L5, a needle pierces all d) Crude touch
of the the following EXCEPT:
A. Ligamentum flavum 173. All or none law is obeyed by:
B. Posterior longitudinal ligament a) Post synaptic potential
C. Arachnoid mater b) Non propagated potential
D. Dura mater c) Action potential
d) Spike potential
167. Which of the following statements regarding the
spinothalamic tract is NOT correct? 174. Sensory fiber with least conduction velocity:
a) It is comprised of second-order neurons that ultimately a) C- fiber
synapse in the VPL thalamus. b) Alpha fiber
b) It contains axons carrying sensory information for the c) beta fiber
modalities of pain, temperature, crude touch, and d) Gamma fiber
proprioception.
c) It has fibers that decussate through the ventral white 175. All are primary colours except:
commissure of the spinal cord, and are susceptible to a) Green
compression when there is enlargement of the central b) Blue
canal. c) Red
d) It is somatotopically organized, such that the d) White
somatosensory cortex can precisely localize the origin 176. Features of occipital lobe of brain are all except:
of sensory input. a) Visual cortex lies in relation to calcarine fissure
b) Brodmann’s area 17 corresponds to visual cortex
168. Fibers of ulnar nerve originate largely from c) Geniculocalcarine fibres from the medial half of the
which of the following spinal segment(s)? lateral geniculate terminate on the superior lip of the
A. C5, C6 calcarine fissure
B. C7, C8 d) Its the only area in the brain activated by visual stimuli
C. C8, T1
D. T2 177. Dreaming is common in which stage of sleep:
a) REM
169. A 45-year-old computer programmer from b) NREM1
Mumbai with an unremarkable medical history has c) NREM2
been experiencing sharp pains in his hand over the d) NREM 3
last few months. This pain frequently radiates
proximally to his elbow. His physician observed 178. White colour vision/Perception of white light is
weakness and incoordination of the thumb, with due to:
atrophy of the thenar eminence. Cutaneous a) Stimulation of red cones more than blue or green
sensation to the thenar eminence was normal. b) Stimulation of blue cones more than red or green
Which of the following nerves is MOST likely c) Stimulation of green cones more than blue or red
affected? d) Stimulation of red, blue and green cones equally

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179. All are Neuroglial cells in the CNS except: 187. Which of the following autonomic drugs acts by
a) Oligodendrocytes stimulating adenylate cyclase?
b) Microglia A. Atropine
c) Astrocytes B. Clonidine
d) Kupffer cells C. Norepinephrine
180.True regarding movements of the cilia in the inner D. Phenylephrine
ear are all except: 188. The next “normal” ventricular contraction that
A. It moves when head is rotated occurs after the extrasystole would produce
B. It moves when moving person suddenly stops A. Increased pulse pressure because the contractility of
C. It moves when perilymph moves the ventricle is increased
D. Its movement is guided by the inertia of B. Increased pulse pressure because total peripheral
endolymph resistance (TPR) is decreased
181. A drug completely blocks Na+ chan­nels in nerves. C. Increased pulse pressure because compliance of the
Which of the following effects on the action veins is decreased
potential would it be expected to produce? D. Decreased pulse pressure because the contractility of
A. Block the occurrence of action potentials the ventricle is increased
B. Increase the rate of rise of the upstroke of the action
potential 189. Which of the following changes occurs during
C. Shorten the absolute refractory period strenuous exercise?
D. Abolish the hyperpolarizing after-potential A. Ventilation rate and O2 consumption increase to the
same extent
182. Which autonomic receptor is blocked by B. Systemic arterial Po2 decreases to about 70 mm Hg
hexamethonium at the ganglia, but not at the C. Systemic arterial Pco2 increases to about 60 mm Hg
neuromuscular junction? D. Systemic venous Pco2 decreases to about 20 mm Hg
A. Adrenergic α receptors
B. Adrenergic β 1 receptors 190. Secretion of which of the following substances is
C. Cholinergic muscarinic receptors inhibited by low pH?
D. Cholinergic nicotinic receptors A. Secretin
183. Which agent is released or secreted after a B. Gastrin
hemorrhage and causes an increase in renal Na + C. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
reabsorption? D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
A. Aldosterone
B. Angiotensin I 191. False regarding the second messenger system
C. Angiotensin II A. Catecholamines bind to cell surface receptors on the
D. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) target cell
B. Glycogen synthase is inactivated by cAMP-mediated
184. In the hemoglobin-O2 dissociation curve, shift to phosphorylation
right is caused by C. glycogen phosphorylase is activated by cAMP-mediated
A. Increased pH phosphorylation
B. Decreased 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration D. Cholera toxin activates the GTPase
C. Strenuous exercise
D. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) 192. A 46-year-old obese patient consumes 3,000
185. Compared with a person who ingests 2 L of Calories (kcal) per day, with 30% coming from
distilled water, a person with water deprivation proteins. How much protein does this patient
will have a consume per day?
A. Higher free-water clearance (CH2o) A. 130g
B. Lower plasma osmolarity B. 160 g
C. Higher tuoular fluid/plasma (TF/P) osmolarity in the C. 180g
proximal tubule D. 225 g
D. Higher rate of H2O reabsorption in the collecting ducts
193. It is demonstrated that during strenuous exercise
186. In skeletal muscle, which of the following events coronary blood flow of the normal heart increases
occurs before depolarization of the T tubules in significantly due to drop in coronary vessel
the mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling? resistance. Which of the following is the major
A. Depolarization of the sarcolemmal membrane limiting factor for coronary blood flow under this
B. Opening of Ca2+ release channels on the sarcoplasmic condition?
reticulum (SR) A. Systolic wall tension
C. Uptake of Ca 2+ into the SR by Ca 2+ - adenosine B. Contraction force
triphosphatase (ATPase) C. Diastolic aortic pressure
D. Binding of Ca2+ to troponin C D. Duration of diastole

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194. Many drugs and toxins act by inhibiting substance

flow across cell membranes Which of the following
inhibits primary active transport?
A. Tetrodotoxin
B. Verapamil
C. Omeprazole
D. Lidocaine
195. Which of the followings helps most to down-
regulate gastric secretion after a meal’?
A. Basal secretion
B. Cephalic phase
C. Gastrin release
D. Intestinal influences

196. A 43-year-old patient presents to your office

with a chief complaint of dyspnea The curve below
(b) represents the pressure/volume relationship
in this patient’s lung tissue The blue curve
represents a normal pressure/volume relationship
Which of the following is the most likely cause of
this patient’s symptoms?
A. Primary pulmonary hypertension
B. α1-antitrypsm deficiency
C. Bronchial asthma
D. Pulmonary fibrosis

197. False among the following

A. According to Laplace’s law, as the radius of a sphere
with constant surface tension decreases, the collapsing
pressure increases
B. Surfactant counteracts alveolar collapse
C. Surfactant decreases surface tension as the alveolar
radius decreases
D. Laplace’s law tells us that the pressure inside a bubble
is inversly proportional to the surface tension

198. Hypoxemia causes a vasoconstrictive response

in which of the following organs’?
A. Heart
B. Skin
C. Kidneys
D. Lungs
199. A 65-year-old male complains of bilateral visual
difficulty that has progressed over the last year.
Funduscopy reveals small yellow retinal lesions
clustered in the macula. Which of the following
would you expect most on visual field examination?
A. Binasal hemianopsia
B. Bitemporal hemianopsia
C. Arcuate scotomas
D. Central scotomas

200. A 3-year-old male with a history of recurrent

pneumonia and weight loss has a high sweat
chl oride content. The dysfu nctional
transmembrane protein in this patient is of which
of the following types’?
A. Voltage-gated
B. ATP-gated
C. G-protein activated
D. Ca2+-gated

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