1/2/2018

Engineering Requirements of Materials

1. Mechanical: Strength, stiffness, ductility, elasticity,
plasticity, toughness, brittleness, hardness, malleability,
Testing of Mechanical Properties resilience
2. Electrical: Conductivity, resistivity, dielectric
permittivity(constant of proportionality that exists between electric
displacement and electric field intensity), dielectric strength
(withstanding electric field without experiencing failure of its insulating
properties)
3. Magnetic: Permeability, coercive force (The coercive force is the
value of the magnetic field amplitude when the net magnetization in the
Department of Chemical Engineering direction of the field is zero and has a zero time rate of change), hysteresis.

Dharmsinh Desai University 4. Thermal: Specific heat, thermal expansion, conductivity

5. Chemical: Corrosion resistance, acidity or alkalinity,
Nadiad, 387 001 composition
6. Physical: Dimensions, density, porosity, structure
7. Acoustical: Sound transmission, sound reflection
8. Optical: Color, light transmission, light reflection
2

Mechanical Test Exploratory Test

• Mechanical tests are classified as follows:
1.Routine test
2.Exploratory test
3.Destructive test (specimen)
4.Non-destructive test
5.Scale-model test
6.Full-scale test
7.Test by inspection (Review Team)
3 4

1
 1/2/2018

DESTRUCTIVE PHYSICAL
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT)
ANALYSIS (DPA)
• Stress test • Radiography
• Hardness test • Dye Penetration
• Crash test • CT Scan
• Metallographic test • X-ray
• GC-HPLC • Magnetic particle
• Melting point • Ultrasonic
• UV

5 6

Scale Model Test

• A scale model is most generally a physical
representation of an object, which maintains
accurate relationships between all important
aspects of the model, although absolute values
of the original properties need not be preserved.
• This enables it to demonstrate some behavior or
property of the original object without examining
the original object itself.

7 8

2
 1/2/2018

Test Types (Nature)

1. Static: When the load is increased slowly and

gradually and the material is loaded by

Tensile Test
tension, compression, torsion, or bending.
2. Dynamic: When the load increases rapidly as
in an impact.
3. Repeated or Fatigue: (both static and impact
type), when the load repeatedly varies in the
course of the test either in value or both in
value and in direction.
9 10

• Tensile specimens
Tensile Test made from an
• Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, is a aluminum alloy.
fundamental materials science test in which a sample is
subjected to a controlled tension until failure. • The left two
• Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test specimens have a
are ultimate tensile strength, maximum elongation and round cross-
reduction in area. section and
• From these measurements the following properties can also threaded
be determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio. shoulders.
• Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for • The right two are
obtaining the mechanical characteristics
of isotropic materials.
flat specimens
• For anisotropic materials, such as composite materials and
designed to be used
textiles, biaxial tensile testing is required. with serrated grips.
11 12

3
 1/2/2018

Extensometer
13 14

Testing Method
• The test process involves placing the test specimen in
the testing machine and slowly extending it until it
A universal testing fractures.
machine • During this process, the elongation of the gauge
(Hegewald & section is recorded against the applied force.
Peschke) • The data is manipulated so that it is not specific to
the geometry of the test sample.
• The elongation measurement is used to calculate
the engineering strain, ε, and stress, σ.
• Then stress-strain curve is plotted.
15 16

4
 1/2/2018

Standards for Test

• Metals:
• ASTM E8/E8M-13: "Standard Test Methods for Tension
Testing of Metallic Materials“

• Flexible materials:
• ASTM D828 Standard test method for tensile properties of
paper and paperboard using constant-rate-of-elongation
apparatus
• ASTM D882 Standard test method for tensile properties of
thin plastic sheeting

17 18

Compression Test

• A compression test determines behaviour of

materials under crushing loads.
Compression Test • The specimen is compressed and deformation
at various loads is recorded.
• Compressive stress and strain are calculated
and plotted as a stress-strain diagram which
is used to determine elastic limit, proportional
limit, yield point, yield strength and, for some
materials, compressive strength.
19 20

5
 1/2/2018

Compression Test Cont…

• The compression test may be regarded as opposite to
the tensile test in so far as the uniaxial load applied
is compressive rather than tensile.
• The compression is rarely used as an acceptance test
for structural materials.
• Since brittle materials are unsuitable for tension test
these are usually used in compression to evaluate the
strength properties of such materials.
• Brittle materials such as cast iron, concrete, mortar,
brick, ceramics are commonly tested in compression. Compressometer
21 22

TYPICAL MATERIALS
• The following materials are typically subjected to a
compression test.
• Concrete
• Metals
Hardness Test
• Plastics
• Ceramics
• Composites
• Corrugated
• Cardboard
23 24

6
 1/2/2018

Hardness Test Forms of hardness test

• Hardness tests consist in measuring the 1. Brinell Test

resistance to plastic deformation of layers of 2. Rockwell Test
material near the surface of the specimen. 3. Vickers Test
• In the process of hardness determination 4. Diamond Pyramid Test
when the specimen is indented by a special
tip (steel ball or diamond cone), the tip first 5. Shore Scleroscope Test
overcomes the resistance of the material to
elastic deformation and then a small amount
of plastic deformation.
25 26

Impact Test

27 28

7

Impact Test
• Material sometimes fail due to suddenly
applied load or stress and in order to assess
their capacity to stand such sudden impact,
the impact test are performed.
• Impluse load is applied as shock loading.
• Various impact specimens are used for impact
test.
29
Fatigue Test
31
1/2/2018
Impact Test
• Two popular test methods are employed.
– Izod test
– Charpy test
• Izod test is carried out by pendulum type
testing machine which employs cantilever test
specimen 10 by 10 mm in section and 75 mm
long having standard 45º notch 2 mm deep.
30
Fatigue Test
• Fatigue test determines the resistance of a material to
repeated pulsating or reversing loads.
• The resistance of a material to fatigue failure is
characteristic by its fatigue limit (endurance limit).
• The fatigue or endurance limit is defined as the
maximum stress which a specimen can endure
without failure when this stress repeated for a
specified number of cycles.
• This number of cycles is the basis of the test.
32
8
 1/2/2018

Fatigue Test
• The fatigue or endurance limit is determined
on the basis of 5,00,000 cycles for hard steels
and 50,00,000 cycles for soft steels.
• For cast steel and cast iron it is 1,00,00,000
cycles.
• For non-ferrous metals it is in the range of
10,00,000 to 5,00,00,000 cycles.
• At least six specimens must be tested to
determine the fatigue limit.
33 34

Creep Test

35 36

9
 1/2/2018

Creep Test Creep Test

• Creep is induced by a combination of high • At least Four specimens are tested at each
temperature and a steady stress below that required temperature under different loads and elongation vs
to produce a permanent set. time curves (creep curves) are plotted for each
• The specimen is placed in an electric furnace where specimen.
it is heated to the given temperature and is
constantly subject to a load applied by a lever and
weights.
• The strain in the specimen is measured by an optical
extensometer with an accuracy of 0.001mm.

37 38

Factors affecting Mechanical Properties

• Effect of grain size

• Effect of heat treatment
• Effect of atmospheric exposure
• Effects of temperature

39 40

10
 1/2/2018

Thank You

41

11