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Philoofman 160707040609
Philoofman 160707040609
Philoofman 160707040609
Meaning of Philosophy
The Fields of Philosophy
The Purpose of Philosophy
Video Presentation
Brainstorming
TOPIC DISCUSSION
What is Philosophy?
Logic
Ethics
Four Disciplines of Philosophy
1. Metaphysics- is the study about reality. (what is the ultimate
reality? Is reality one or many different things?
a. General - Ontology- this the philosophical exploration for what
reality is in the final analysis .
b. Special:
1.Cosmology – metaphysical science which studies the nature
of the world.(how is the world related to human beings? Is the world
created or has it been existing from all eternity.
2.. Theodicy – a philosophical study of God. (does God exist? what
are the proof of God’s existence? What is the problem of evil?
3. Psychology –studies of man’s nature as being endowed with
reason and intellect.
2.Epistemology- is the study of validity of human knowledge.
(what is knowledge? Is knowledge acquired exclusively through the
senses or by some other means? How do we know that what we
perceive through our senses is correct?
3. Logic- the study of correct thinking and reasoning. (this
the basic tool that philosophers use to investigate reality.
(what makes an argument valid or invalid?
4. Ethics- the study on the morality of human actions or
moral philosophy.(what is morally right? Are moral
values absolute or relative?
Thus, Philosophy of Man- is the philosophical study of
man. It is an endless inquiry in his attempt to understand
himself and the world he lives in, his dignity, truth,
freedom, justice, love, death, and his relations with
others and with God. It is
a course that delves into the origin of human life, the
nature of human life, and the reality of human existence.
Purpose of Philosophy
MAN IS A PERSON
MAN IS A SUBSTANTIAL UNITY
MAN IS A SOCIAL BEING
MAN POSSESSES DIGNITY AND RIGHTS
A. BASIC ANTHROPOLOGY
MAJOR THEMES
1. MAN IS A PERSON
1.) AUTONOMY
MAN MUST BE VIEWED IN THE LIGHT OF
THE UNIQUE VOCATION OF EACH PERSONS
2.) SELF-REALIZATION
THROUGH HIS FREE ACTIVITY,
MAN CANNOT BE JUDGED IN ABSTRACTION
FROM THE CONCRETE STATE OF THE ACTING
PERSON
3.) RESPONSIBILITY
MAN DEVELOPS HIS PERSONALITY THROUGH
INTER-SUBJECTIVITY
B. CHRISTIAN ANTHROPOLOGY
MAN IS A CREATURE
MAN IS THE IMAGE OF GOD
MAN IS FALLEN BUT REDEEMED
NATURE AND GRACE
1. MAN IS A CREATURE
Paradox is that man creates society but society also creates man; that
there can be no society without a man, just as there can be no man
without society.
Man and the State
The human person is a citizen of the State. As a citizen,
he/she needs to be maka-tao, maka-bayan, maka-
kalikasan and maka-Diyos.
• All power and authority come from God and do not emanate from
the people.
He argued that happiness was goal of life, and saw it not
as the pure indulgence of pleasure but as attainment of
honesty and social justice.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism theory of ethics that holds that the
rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by
the happiness, its consequences produce. It makes
usefulness or utility as the norm of morality. If an
action gives useful result, it is good, while if it does not,
then it is bad.
This theory is classified into: egoism and altruism.
“__then the LORD God formed man from the dust of the
ground, and the breathed into his nostrils the
breath of life; and the man became a living being”(Genesis2:7)
Man’s Origin
On the other hand, evolutionism asserts that man
descended from simpler ancestors whose lineage
can be traced back to an exceeding to an
exceedingly simpler form of life.
Through evolution, a single-celled organism
develops by natural descent into various forms of life
which are structurally complex and have an
increased range of functions or powers.
Man is the most complex product of such
development (Ardales: 37-38).
Man’s Origin
As discussed beforehand, the doctrine of
creationism was based on the Genesis account on
how God created the world in six days.
On the contrary, the theory of evolution stands on
solid scientific grounds. There is no apparent
conflict/clash between the two doctrines. The
problem of harmonizing the two systems would now
depend on how Christian thinkers would approach
the biblical story in Genesis.
They may interpret the passages either literally or
liberally. If literally constructed, the Genesis story
would give us this interpretation: that there were six
days of creation; and that there was direct and
separate creation of each species.
Man’s Origin
If liberally interpreted, the passage would mean: that
God is the Creator; and that the Genesis does not
tell us how God actually created the world.
Moreover, the literal method could never give any
concession or compromise to the theory of evolution.
Creationism, as a closed system , would not make
any accommodation to evolutionism.
However, the liberal method is open to any
possibility of accommodating the new theory.
Man’s Origin
The accommodation began and was made as early
as 1885, when A.H. Strong, an American theologian,
accepted evolutionism. In his work, “Systematic
Theology”, he wrote: “we grant principle of evolution
but we regard it as only the method of divine
intelligence”.
In 1950, Pope Pius XII issued the papal encyclical
“Human Genesis” declaring that evolutionism is
compatible with the Christian doctrine.
Comments
The theories of creation and evolution are opposed
to the Theory of Idealism or Platonism.
Plato views man in his earthly existence as a carbon
copy or a mere picture of his real, original self in the
realm of ideas or in the spiritual world.
He is an ideal, perfect man. He was imprisoned in
the body as a punishment of his sin. Man therefore,
is neither evolved or created for he already exists in
the world of spirits.
He is one with the Universal Reality. The man was
originally one with his Realty is, likewise, the
postulate of the oriental philosophies Buddhism,
Taoism and Confucianism.
Comments
Aristotle, on the other hand, opposed Platonism. He
toned down idealism with his Philosophy of Realism.
Man is real, a composite of body and soul, mind and
matter, senses and intellect, and reason and
emotion.
Between idealism and realism, we find the latter as
sensible, understandable and acceptable to the
human mind.
Brainstorming
Group Dynamics
Main Problem: “Where do I come from?
Corollary Problem:
1. If man evolved from ape, why are there still apes
around?
2. If man was created unto the image and likeness of
God, why are there men acting like apes?
What Makes
Man Truly
Human?
A Critical Analysis of Man
The Greeks believe that the fully human person is one who
lives a life of a completely developed human being. They
believed the following:
Thus, from the Greeks we have a clear ideal for human life, the
development of all human potentialities to the level of
excellence. It is a humanism which has inspired and guided
many peoples over the ages.
Topic Discussion
Again, what makes man truly a human?
Likewise, there is no point in inventing artificial
differences between humans and lower animals, such as
love, compassion, appreciation of beauty, ability to think
abstractly, self-awareness or the ability to use tools.
Besides, man has the ability to reason while animals act
mostly by instinct.
Biologically, what most distinguish us from other animals
are the size of our brain compared to body size, our fully
opposable thumbs, our bipedal stance and our pharynx
which allows complex speech.
.
Man as Person
Man is born into this world as an individual. As an
individual, a person is existing separately and
independently from others, capable of knowing and
loving in an intellectual way, and of deciding for
himself the purpose or end of his actions. (Brennan:
280)
Man as Cosmic Perfection
Man is a person. As such, he occupies the topmost
rung in the ladder of corporeal substances. He is the
most perfect being composed of body and soul.
Man is perfect in comparison with other creatures
because he has the gift of intellect and will.
Man as Person
Paul Glenn gives us the following insights on the effects of the motive on
the action (ibid,: 111-113):
The day after the 30 people had been wiped out to protect
others a cure is found for the disease.
The End Justify the Means
Machiavellian’s View
It is only ethical when the majority gains from the
sacrifice of a few...... the end only justifies the means
when giving up of a few would save the many....
Example: (like Mr. X when he gave up his life to save
the lives of the people). “Sacrifice of one for the sake
of the many....is the logical thing to do".
It is not justified if it is for selfish reasons. (for
example, for revenge...for greed and personal
gain....it has to be a decision based on selflessness
and honesty.
Action is proper only to man; animals do not act but only move.
Why?
Because action entails intellect, knowledge, freedom,
voluntariness, and responsibility
The nature of man makes man the only being of action. As
rational, man possesses intellect so that he can know the nature of
the act, whether it is good or bad.
As a being who is endowed with freedom, man knows that he
has the choice whether to perform or not to perform a particular
action.
Man acts according to his intellect and will (an expression of
freedom) and is responsible for the consequences of his actions.
Moral Assumptions
“Women give sex to get love. Men give love to get sex.” This
is equivalent to harassment and degradation of the sanctity
of feminine sexuality.
This kind of behavior requires the serious concern
specifically of parents and sex education teachers. Sex
should not be divorced from love. Sex should be used only in
accordance with the plan and will of God.
Within God’s plan, man’s sexual instinct is good since it is a
powerful source of life, and of unity between two human
beings. If contrary to God’s plan, sex becomes a means of
division, a source of perversion, cruelty and even death.
Hence, sexual union is justified only when it is an expression
of love. And since true love demands permanence and
faithfulness, true love then seeks the happiness of one’s
partner, not of one’s self
Sex and Marriage
One of the alarming revolutions in this century, particularly in the last several decades,
is called the sexual revolution. The Filipinos have learned to alter their conscious and
conduct relative to sex. This is evident both in high and low societies in the Philippines.
Today, swapping of marital partners is done by some members of the upper class. What
is unacceptable before is now tolerated, although this tolerance is not absolute. Concrete
examples are homosexuality, lesbianism, premarital sex, fornication, live-in or common-
law marriage, concubinage, adultery and prostitution.
Before, homosexuals and lesbians were considered deviants. Today, they are accepted
as normal members of the society. All these are evident manifestations of modern and
contemporary sexual trends; they are irrefutable proofs that sexual revolution is
continuing.
See Senate Debate on RH Law
o A dynamic principle of action
o The fundamental characteristic of the
human person’s-being-with-others
o It could be subjective hence
irrational or objective hence rational
Man: The Lover
Love is a strong force within man that drives him to make
things that seem to be impossible. The concrete examples of
love’s power which drive man to break the walls that of what
is preconceived as extraordinary are- the Hanging Garden of
Babylon, the TajMahal in Agra, India, the San Juanico Bridge
(that connects Samar and Leyte symbolizing therein
Ferdinand Marcos’ love to the Leytena Imelda Romualdez).
Nevertheless, madness in love does not always drive man
to do positive or constructive things. It also drives man to
destroy what he loves.
This contention is precisely affirmed by Oscar Wilde when
he said that “every man kills the thing he loves; the coward
does it with a kiss, the brave with a sword.
’’ Thus, love also means pain and even death.
Love is dynamic principle of action. It serves as the
fundamental characteristic of the human person’s being-with-
others.
As a passion or as an emotion, it can be purely subjective,
hence irrational, or objective, hence rational.
It is purely subjective and irrational when its beholder is
enjoying himself in his being with his beloved who is just a
tool in keeping him pleased with himself.
On the contrary, love is objective and rational when it is
really the other person that the lover loves and enjoys
specifically as a person whose being and uniqueness are
important in themselves.
“The capacity of love, objectively, is what makes us
persons…Love then is at… the core of our rational
consciousness.”
A human person is guided by love to
discover others as values. Through love, man
learns how to consider others as persons, as
other “Is” and not as means but ends in
themselves. Through love, man is guided to act
properly as a loving person.
Ludic
Love Filial love or
Players Philia
Quantity rather than Agape Friendship
Quality Unconditional love
Storge
Love Eros
Romance
Affection
Pragma Love
Wants Compatability
Manic Love
Obsession
He emphasizes that living beings need others like
themselves, that sexual love unites spiritual and
carnal love, that there is no normal man outside a
normal human relationship, and that man has the
duty to love.
Teilhard de Chard
1. Love is an Encounter
2. Love is Silent
5. Love is Growth
6. Love is Action
7. Love is Creative
8. Love is Mutual