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 BRITISH STANDARD BS 5728-3:
1997

Measurement of flow of
cold potable water in
closed conduits —
Part 3: Methods for determining
principal characteristics of single
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mechanical water meters (including

test equipment)

ICS 17.120.10
 BS 5728-3:1997

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical

Committee CPL/30, Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits, upon which
the following bodies were represented:

British Compressed Air Society

British Gas plc
National Engineering Laboratory
DTI — Gas and Oil Measuring Branch
Electricity Association
Energy Industries Council
Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association
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GAMBICA (BEAMA) Ltd.

Institute of Measurement and Control
Institute of Petroleum
Institute of Trading Standards Administration
Institution of Gas Engineers
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Petrol Pump Manufacturers Association
Society of British Gas Industries
Water Services Association of England and Wales

The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard
through subcommittees and panels:

Society of British Water Industries

United Kingdom Automatic Meter Reading Association
Water Research Centre

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Electrotechnical
Sector Board, was published
under the authority
of the Standards
Board and comes
into effect on
15 October 1997

© BSI 10-1999 Amendments issued since publication

First published May 1984
Second edition October 1997
Amd. No. Date Comments

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference CPL/30
Draft for comment 95/210206 DC

ISBN 0 580 28320 8

 BS 5728-3:1997

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Definitions 1
4 General considerations affecting all tests 1
5 Measurement error tests 2
6 Pressure tests 5
7 Pressure loss tests 8
8 Accelerated wear tests 16
9 Test report 17
Annex A (informative) Summary of requirements and
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permitted tolerances in the measurement of physical quantities

associated with water meter test methods and equipment 20
Figure 1 — Pressure test manifold for concentric meters 6
Figure 2 — Example of plug for pressure test of concentric meters 7
Figure 3 — Layout of measuring section 8
Figure 4 — Example of drilled hole type of pressure tapping with
ring chamber, suitable for small/medium diameter test sections 9
Figure 5 — Example of drilled hole type of pressure
tapping with loop mean static pressure interconnections,
suitable for medium/large diameter test sections 10
Figure 6 — Example of slit type of pressure tapping with ring
chamber, suitable for small/medium diameter test sections 11
Figure 7 — Manifold caps 12
Figure 8 — Pressure loss measurement test procedure (in-line meters) 14
Figure 9 — Pressure loss measurement test procedure
(concentric type meters) 15
Table 1 — Number of meters to be tested 1
Table 2 — Test programme for an accelerated wear test 17
Table 3 — Test procedure and test results. Information required 19
Table 4 — Test conclusions. Information required 19
Table A.1 — Summary of requirements and permitted tolerances 20
List of references Inside back cover

© BSI 10-1999 i
 BS 5728-3:1997

Foreword

This Part of BS 5728 has been prepared by Technical Committee CPL/30. It

supersedes BS 5728-3:1984 which is withdrawn.
This revision of BS 5728-3 was prepared in order to bring the techniques and
equipment described up to date. Also, the scope has been extended to incorporate
the testing of concentric meters, in addition to in-line meters.
The other Parts of BS 5728 on the measurement of flow of cold potable water, are
as follows:
— Part 1: Specification for single meters;
— Part 2: Specification for installation requirements for single meters;
— Part 4: Specification for combination meters;
— Part 5: Specification for installation requirements for combination meters;
— Part 6: Test methods for combination meters;
— Part 7: Specification for single mechanical type meters.
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A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, and inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 20, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.

ii © BSI 10-1999

1 Scope
This Part of BS 5728 gives methods of test for single
mechanical water meters conforming to BS 5728-7.
2 Normative references
This Part of BS 5728 incorporates, by dated or
undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are made
at the appropriate places in the text and the cited
publications are listed on the inside back cover. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies; any
subsequent amendments to or revisions of the cited
publication apply to this Part of BS 5728 only when
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incorporated in the reference by amendment or
revision. For undated references, the latest edition
of the cited publication applies, together with any
amendments.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this Part of BS 5728, the
definitions given in BS 5728-7:1997 apply, together
with the following.
3.1
measurement error
the difference between the indicated value of the
volume and the conventional true value of the
volume of water passed through the meter during a
test
NOTE 1 Measurement errors are conventionally expressed as
relative errors, calculated as a percentage, and equal to:
Vi – Vc
- × 100
----------------
Vc
where
Vc is the value accepted as true of the volume passed;
Vi is the volume indicated by the water meter at the time
of measurement of the same volume, both expressed in
the same units.
NOTE 2 The values for maximum permissible errors (MPE) are
specified in 5.1 of BS 5728-7:1997.
3.2
test flow-rate
the mean rate of flow of water through the meter
under test during the period of a test
NOTE The test flow-rate is usually measured and indicated by
a calibrated reference device (see 5.2 and 5.4).
4 General considerations affecting all
tests
4.1 Test programme
NOTE Water meters are subject to a variety of different test
programmes. For the purposes of pattern approval and initial
verification, water meters are covered by the requirements of
EC Directive 75/33/EEC of 17 November 1974.
© BSI 10-1999
BS 5728-3:1997
4.1.1 Written test programme
Before starting testing, a written test programme
shall be compiled, and shall include a description of
the tests for the determination of measurement
error, pressure loss and wear resistance.
4.1.2 Pattern approval
NOTE Pattern approval consists of verifying that the
characteristics of one model of meter conform to the standards
and regulations in force. This consequently requires that samples
of the model fulfil the requirements of the test programme.
4.1.2.1 Number of meters to be tested
The pattern approval tests shall be carried out on a
minimum number of water meters of each model as
given in Table 1 as a function of the meter
designation of the model submitted.
Table 1 — Number of meters to be tested
Meter designation Number of meters
N k 100 3
100 < N k 1 000 2
1 000 < N 1
NOTE The number of water meters in Table 1 may be regarded
as the minimum to be tested; the authority responsible for
pattern approval may request additional water meters.
4.1.2.2 Pattern approval tests
Before tests commence, each water meter and
accompanying certificates shall be inspected to
check that the meter conforms to the regulations in
force, and also to the specifications (e.g. model,
identification, size and material) and drawings
submitted when approval was requested.
The tests shall include the following, carried out in
the order indicated:
a) pressure tests (see 6.4);
b) determination of the error curves as a function
of flow-rate (see 5.9);
c) pressure loss tests (see 7.5);
d) accelerated wear tests (see 8.3).
4.1.3 Initial verification
NOTE Initial verification consists in verifying that all the
water meters submitted conform to the approved model and to
the standards and regulations in force. The initial verification
programme may authorize total or partial statistical control
procedures.
4.1.3.1 Check for conformity to the approved model
The meters shall be inspected to check that they
have the same technical characteristics (dimensions
of the constituent parts, materials, surface
finish, etc.) as the approved model.
NOTE This check is normally carried out by sampling.
1
 BS 5728-3:1997
4.1.3.2 Initial verification tests
Initial verification tests shall include at least the
following:
a) in principle, on all meters:
— pressure tests (see 6.5);
— determination of the measurement
errors (see 5.10);
b) normally, by sampling, as required by the
inspector:
— a check that the meter conforms to the
approved pattern (see 4.1.2.2);
— pressure loss measurement (see 7.6).
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4.2 Water quality
Water meter tests shall be made with water. The
water shall be that of the public potable water
supply or shall meet the same requirements. If
water is being recycled, measures shall be taken to
prevent residual water in the meter from becoming
harmful to human beings.
The inclusion of air bubbles shall be avoided by the
provision of suitably placed air bleeds in the test rigs
(see 5.3.1 and 5.3.3) and particles of size greater
than 100 4m shall be eliminated from the water by
appropriate filtration.
4.3 Test rigs and their location
4.3.1 Freedom from spurious influences
Test rigs shall be so designed, constructed and used
that the performance of the rig itself does not
introduce significant errors into the measurement.
To this end, high standards of rig maintenance and
adequate supports and fittings, preventing
vibration of the meter, the test rig and its
accessories, shall be observed.
It shall be possible to perform tests rapidly and
easily.
4.3.2 Group testing of meters
For the purposes of some tests, meters may be tested
individually or in groups, depending on the
purposes of the tests. When meters are tested in
groups, the individual characteristics of each
individual meter shall be precisely determined.
Interaction between meters, and between test rigs,
shall be eliminated by the use of suitable
installation practices.
When meters are tested in series, the pressure at
the outlet of each shall be sufficient to prevent
cavitation.
4.3.3 Temperature of the water during the tests
The temperature of the water in the test section of
the test rig shall be between 0 °C and 30 °C during
a test. In no part of the test rig shall the
temperature fall below 0 °C during a test.
2 © BSI 10-1999
NOTE Within this temperature range, temperature correction
of the results is not required.
4.3.4 Location
The test rig shall be isolated from any other activity
(for example, manufacture, repairs) and from
environmental disturbances (for example,
fluctuations in ambient temperature, vibration).
5 Measurement error tests
NOTE The method described in this Part of BS 5728 to
determine measurement errors is the so-called “collection”
method, in which the quantity of water passed through the water
meter is collected in one or more collecting vessels, and the
quantity determined volumetrically or by weighing. Other
methods may be used, provided the accuracy levels stated in this
Part of BS 5728 are attained.
5.1 Outline of test method
The checking of the measurement error consists of
comparing the indications given by the meter under
test against a calibrated reference device.
5.2 Description of the test rig
The test rig shall include:
a) a water supply (mains, non-pressurized tank,
pressurized tank, pump, etc.);
b) pipework (see 5.3);
c) a calibrated reference device (calibrated tank,
reference meter, etc.) (see 5.4);
d) means for measuring the duration of the test.
NOTE Devices for automating the testing of water meters are
permissible.
5.3 Pipework
5.3.1 Description
Pipework shall include:
a) a test section in which the meter(s) is (are)
placed;
b) means to establish the desired flow-rate;
c) one or two isolating devices;
d) means for determining the flow-rate; and, if
necessary:
e) one or more air bleeds;
f) a non-return device;
g) an air separator;
h) a filter.
During the test, flow leakage, flow input and flow
drainage shall not occur either between the meter(s)
and the reference device or from the reference
device.
The pipework shall be such that in the upper part of
the meter a positive pressure exists of at
least 0.05 bar (5 kPa) even at zero flow-rate.

5.3.2 Test section
The test section shall include, in addition to the
meter(s):
a) one or more pressure tappings for the
measurement of pressure, of which one pressure
tapping shall be situated upstream of, and close
to, the (first) meter;
b) if necessary, means for measuring the
temperature of the water at the inlet of the (first)
meter.
The different devices placed in the measuring
section shall not cause cavitation or flow
disturbances capable of altering the performance of
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the meters or causing measurement errors.
5.3.3 Precautions to be taken during tests
Make sure that there is no leakage in the pipework
or fittings between the meter under test and the
calibrated reference device.
Check that pipes (for example the swan neck in the
outlet pipe) are filled to the same extent at the
beginning and at the end of the test.
Bleed any air from the interconnecting pipework
and the meter(s) (see 4.2).
Take precautions to avoid the effects of vibration
and shock (see 4.3.4).
5.3.4 Installation of meter on test into the test
rig
NOTE Volumetric water meters (that is, involving measuring
chambers with mobile walls), such as oscillating piston meters,
are considered insensitive to upstream installation conditions;
hence no special recommendations are given for these types of
meter.
5.3.4.1 Summary of test installation requirements
The meter on test shall be installed into the test rig
such that:
a) the hydrodynamic flow characteristics
immediately upstream and downstream of the
meter cause no discernible difference to the
performance of the meter when compared with its
performance under undisturbed conditions;
b) the overall error of the method employed does
not exceed the stipulated value (see 5.4.1).
5.3.4.2 Need for straight lengths of pipe or a flow
straightener
NOTE 1 The accuracy of the water meter can be affected by
upstream disturbance caused for example by the presence of
bends, tees, valves or pumps.
NOTE 2 Certain velocity type water meters are sensitive to flow
disturbance which can cause significant errors, but the way
installation conditions affect their accuracy has not yet been
clearly determined. It is simply recommended to avoid, as far as
possible, the presence of bends, pumps, taper pieces and changes
in diameter of pipework immediately upstream, and to position
the meter to afford the maximum possible straight length of pipe
upstream and downstream.
© BSI 10-1999
BS 5728-3:1997
In order to counteract these effects, the meter shall
be installed for test in a straight length of pipe. The
connecting pipework shall have the same internal
diameter as the bore of the meter inlet.
NOTE 3 It may also be necessary to put a flow straightener
upstream of the straight length.
5.3.4.3 Common causes of flow disturbance
Flow can be subject to two types of disturbance:
velocity profile distortion and swirl, both of which
affect the accuracy of the water meter.
Velocity profile distortion is typically caused by an
obstruction partially blocking the pipe, for instance
the presence of a partly closed valve or a misaligned
flange joint. This can easily be eliminated by
removal of the obstruction or by opening the valve.
Swirl is caused mainly by two or more bends in
different planes. This effect can be controlled either
by ensuring an adequate length of straight pipe
upstream of the water meter, or by installing a
straightening device, or by a combination of the two.
5.3.5 Test commencement and termination
errors
5.3.5.1 Principle
The magnitude of errors occurring at the beginning
and end of a test, due to changing flow-rates, meter
inertia, and timing errors are established and then
reduced to a practical minimum.
5.3.5.2 Effects of meter inertia
Adequate precautions shall be taken to reduce the
uncertainties resulting from the operation of the
test rig components during the test.
NOTE Whilst flow is beginning and during the period of
running at the specified constant flow-rate, the measurement
error of the meter varies as a function of the changes in flow-rate
(measurement error curve). Whilst flow is being stopped, the
combination of inertia of the moving parts of the meter and the
rotational movements of the water inside the meter may cause an
appreciable error to be introduced in certain types of meter and
for certain test flow-rates.
It has not been possible, in this case, to determine a
simple empirical rule which lays down conditions so
that this error may be discounted as negligible.
In case of doubt, it is advisable:
a) to increase the volume and duration of the test;
b) to compare the results with those obtained by
one or more other methods, and in particular the
method described in 5.5.2, which eliminates the
causes of uncertainty given in the note.
Errors due to meter inertia may be assessed by
procedure b), and may be minimized by
procedure a).
3
 BS 5728-3:1997
5.4 Calibrated reference device
5.4.1 Overall error of the method employed
For pattern approval and initial verification, the
total error in the method used for the determination
of the volume of water passed through the water
meter shall not exceed 1/10 of the relevant
maximum permissible error.
5.4.2 Minimum volume of the calibrated vessel
Where a calibrated volumetric vessel is used, the
minimum volume permitted depends on
requirements determined by the test start and end
effects and the design of the indicating
device (verification scale division) (see BS 5728-7) of
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the meter under test.
5.5 Test methods
5.5.1 Standing start/stop test method
The flow is established by opening a valve,
preferably situated downstream of the meter, and it
is stopped by the closure of this valve. The meter is
read whilst completely stationary.
Time is measured between the beginning of the
movement of the valve at opening and at the
beginning of closure.
5.5.2 Flow diversion method
The measurement is carried out when the flow
conditions have stabilized.
A flow diverter switches the flow into a calibrated
vessel at the beginning of the measurement and
diverts it away at the end. The meter is read in
motion.
The reading of the meter is synchronized with the
movement of the flow diverter.
The volume collected in the vessel is the volume
passed.
NOTE The volume collected may be determined by measuring
its mass and converting this to volume from a knowledge of the
water density.
The uncertainty introduced into the volumes
measured shall be considered to be negligible if the
time of motion of the flow diverter in each direction
is identical within 5 % and if each time is not less
than 1/50 of the total duration of the test.
5.6 Precautions to be taken when reading a
meter
NOTE The maximum reading error of a scale does not exceed
half a scale division per observation. Thus in the measurement of
a volume of flow delivered by a water meter (consisting of two
observations of the water meter) the total reading error can reach
one scale division or, in the case of discontinuous movement of
the control element, 2 digits.
4 © BSI 10-1999
During measurement error testing, the volume to be
passed shall be chosen to be sufficiently large, so
that the maximum error in the reading of the
volume indicated by the meter does not
exceed 0.5 % (see 4.5.4 of BS 5728-7:1997).
In the reading of a meter having circular scales with
pointers, in order to avoid errors due to eccentricity
or uneven scale graduations, the volume to be
passed shall be chosen such that whole revolutions
of the pointer or scale are used.
5.7 Major factors affecting measurement error
checks
NOTE Variations in the pressure, flow-rate, and temperature
in the test rig, and uncertainties in the precision of measurement
of these physical quantities, are the principal factors affecting the
measurement error test results.
5.7.1 Pressure
The pressure shall be maintained at a constant
value throughout the test at the chosen flow-rate.
For testing water meters of N10 or smaller, at test
flow-rates k 1 m3/h, constant pressure at the inlet
of the meter (or at the inlet of the first meter of a
series being tested) can be achieved if the test rig is
supplied through a pipe from a constant head tank.
Any other methods of supply which can be shown
not to cause pressure pulsations exceeding those of
a constant head tank may be used.
For all other tests the pressure upstream of the
meter shall not vary by more than 10 %.
The maximum uncertainty in the measurement of
pressure shall be 5 % of the measured value.
Pressure at the inlet to the meter shall not exceed
the nominal pressure for the meter.
5.7.2 Flow-rate
The flow-rate shall be maintained constant
throughout the test at the chosen value.
The relative variation in the flow-rate during each
test (not including starting and stopping) shall not
exceed:
± 2.5 % from qmin to qt (not inclusive);
± 5.0 % from qt (inclusive) to qs.
The flow-rate value used in plotting the error curve
shall be the volume passed during the test divided
by the duration of the test.
The relative pressure variation (in flow to free air)
or the relative variation in pressure loss (in closed
circuits) shall not exceed:
± 5 % from qmin to qt (not inclusive);
± 10 % from qt (inclusive) to qs.
5.7.3 Temperature
During a test the temperature of the water shall not
change by more than 5 °C.

The maximum uncertainty in the measurement of
temperature shall not exceed 1 °C.
5.8 Interpretation of results
5.8.1 Single test
Where the test programme specifies a single test,
the meter shall be considered to have passed this
test if the measured error does not exceed the
maximum permissible error at the chosen flow-rate.
5.8.2 Repeated tests
Where the test programme specifies that the test
may be repeated, the programme shall specify the
rules to be applied for combining the errors
obtained.
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The meter shall be considered to have passed this
test if the error resulting from this combination does
not exceed the maximum permissible error at the
chosen flow-rate.
5.9 Pattern approval tests. Determination of
the error curve as a function of flow-rate
Test methods and equipment used to determine the
error of the meter at a given flow-rate shall be as
described in 5.1 to 5.7.
It is recommended that the characteristic curve for
each water meter be plotted in terms of the error
against flow-rate, so that the general performance of
the water meter over the flow-rate range can be
evaluated.
Where it is thought that pressure may have a
significant effect on the error curve, the effect of
pressure up to the MAP shall be investigated by
repeated measurement error tests at different
pressures.
The measurement errors of the water meters shall
be determined at a minimum of seven flow-rates,
five of which shall be as follows:
a) between qmin and 1.1qmin;
b) between qt and 1.1qt;
c) between 0.45qp and 0.5qp;
d) between 0.9qp and qp; and
e) between 0.9qs and qs.
The test flow-rate shall be the mean flow-rate
calculated from the indications of the calibrated
reference device.
For pattern approval tests, the test result shall be
declared to be satisfactory if the error determined at
each flow-rate is within or at the limits of the
tolerance band.
© BSI 10-1999
BS 5728-3:1997
If the error determined lies outside the tolerance
band, the test may be continued. It shall then be
repeated twice. If the arithmetical mean of the three
test results is within or at the limits of the tolerance
band, the test results shall be declared to be
satisfactory.
5.10 Initial verification tests. Determination of
the measurement errors
Test methods and equipment shall be as described
in 5.1 to 5.7.
The measurement errors of each water meter shall
be determined at not less than three flow-rates.
The flow-rates shall be chosen with regard to the
characteristics of the measurement error curve of
the model of the meter, in such a manner that it can
be established with certainty whether or not the
maximum permissible errors are exceeded.
The requirements concerning the maximum
permissible errors, the definition of the error and
the test flow-rate shall be the same as in 5.9.
Initial verification tests shall not be repeated. The
test result shall only be declared to be satisfactory if,
for each test flow-rate, the error determined does
not exceed the maximum permissible error.
6 Pressure tests
6.1 Principle
The water meter is subjected to a specified hydraulic
test pressure for a specified time, after which it is
examined for leakage or damage.
6.2 Precautions to be taken before the tests
The test rig and the meter shall be cleared of air by
bleeding.
The test rig shall be leakproof.
Pressurizing shall be carried out gradually without
pressure surges.
6.3 Pressure tests of concentric meters
The principle given in 6.1 and requirements given
in 6.2 apply to the pressure testing of all water
meters, but concentric meters require additional
special provisions so that the meter itself and the
seals between the meter and manifold may be
pressure tested. In particular, the inner seal
situated at the meter outlet, shall be checked to
ensure that undisclosed internal leaks between the
inlet and outlet passages of the meter do not occur.
A special pressure test manifold adaptor as shown
in Figure 1 shall be provided.
5
 BS 5728-3:1997

Before being submitted for pattern approval or
initial verification tests, the meter shall be sealed at
a point above the location of the inner seal by a
means suited to the meter design. When the
concentric meter is fitted to the pressure test
manifold and pressurized, it shall be possible to
see the source of any leak flowing from the pressure
test manifold outlet and distinguish between it and
that issuing from an incorrectly fitted sealing
device.
Figure 2 shows an example of a design of plug suited
to many meter designs, but any other means of
sealing may be adopted.
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6.4 Pattern approval tests. Pressure tests
The requirement for these tests is that each meter
withstand, without leakage or seepage through the
walls, and without damage, a pressure equal to:
a) 16 bar, or 1.6 times the nominal pressure if it
exceeds 10 bar, applied for a period of 15 min;
and
b) 20 bar, or twice the nominal pressure, applied
for a period of 1 min.

A B C
19.65
N1 to N2.5 8
15.13 19.60 1.40
15.03 31.95 1.30
N2.5 to N3.5 8
31.90
Dimensions in millimetres.
Figure 1 — Pressure test manifold for concentric meters

6 © BSI 10-1999
Licensed Copy: lbocvzr lbocvzr, University of Loughborough, 26 June 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

© BSI 10-1999
Figure 2 — Example of plug for pressure test of concentric meters

7
BS 5728-3:1997
 BS 5728-3:1997
6.5 Initial verification tests. Pressure tests
Each meter shall be subjected to a pressure equal
to 16 bar or 1.6 times the nominal
pressure (see 3.21 and 4.12 of BS 5728-7:1997). The
meter shall then be inspected for leakage, seepage
through the walls and damage.
7 Pressure loss tests
NOTE The pressure loss of a water meter as defined in
BS 5728-7 is obtained by the method given in 7.1 to 7.3.
This method of pressure loss testing is a reference method. Other
methods may be used on condition that the values of the pressure
loss obtained are equal to those obtained by the reference
method.
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7.1 Principle
The pressure loss of the water meter is determined
from measurements of the static differential
pressure across the water meter at a specified
flow-rate.
Pressure tappings situated in the walls of the pipe
fitted upstream and downstream of the water meter
are used for the measurement of the static
differential pressure.
The pressure loss tests take into account any
pressure recovery downstream of the meter by
suitably locating the downstream pressure tapping
(see 7.2.1.3). The results of the tests take account of
the pressure recovery, and are also corrected for the
lengths of pipe between the pressure
tappings (see 7.3.2).
NOTE P1 and P2 are the planes of the pressure tappings and C is the water meter, or for concentric meters, C is the water meter
plus manifold.
L U 15D, L1 U 10D, L2 U 5D
Figure 3 — Layout of the measuring section
8 © BSI 10-1999
7.2 Pressure loss test equipment
NOTE The equipment needed to carry out pressure loss tests
consists of a measuring section of pipework containing the water
meter under test and a system for producing the specified
constant flow-rate through the meter. The same method of
achieving constant flow-rate as that employed for the
measurement error tests described in clause 5 may be used for
the pressure loss tests.
7.2.1 Measuring section
7.2.1.1 General
The upstream and downstream pipe lengths, with
their end connections and pressure tappings, plus
the water meter on test, or in the case of concentric
meters, the water meter plus the pressure loss test
manifold, shall constitute the measuring section.
7.2.1.2 Internal diameter of measuring section
(in-line meters only)
The upstream and downstream pipe lengths in
contact with the water meter shall have the same
internal diameter as the meter connection so as to
avoid hydraulic discontinuities. The pipe internal
diameters shall be as specified by the meter
manufacturer.
NOTE A difference in the diameter of the connecting pipework
and that of the meter may result in a measurement uncertainty
incompatible with the precision desired.
7.2.1.3 Measuring section straight lengths
Upstream and downstream of the meter, and
upstream and downstream of the pressure tappings,
straight lengths of pipe shall be provided in
accordance with the provisions of Figure 3.
D = internal diameter of the pipework

7.2.1.4 Design of measuring section pressure
tappings
Pressure tappings of similar design and dimensions
shall be fitted to the inlet and outlet pipes of the
measuring section.
NOTE 1 Pressure tappings may consist of holes drilled through
the wall of the pipe or be in the form of an annular slit in the pipe
wall, in either case perpendicular to the pipe axis. There should
be at least four such pressure tapping holes, equally spaced in
one plane around the pipe circumference. Examples of both types
of pressure tapping as specified in 7.2.1.5 are shown in Figure 4,
Figure 5 and Figure 6.
NOTE 2 Four or more pressure tapping holes may be
interconnected by means of tee-shaped connectors which connect
up the pressure tappings, forming an annulus to give a true mean
static pressure at the pipe cross-section (see Figure 5).
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Alternatively, other means, such as a ring or balance chamber,
may be used.
7.2.1.5 Pressure tappings, hole and slit details
Holes drilled through the wall of the
pipe (see Figure 4 and Figure 5) shall be
perpendicular to the pipe axis, and the diameter of
the holes shall not exceed 0.08D or shall be less
than 4 mm, whichever is the smaller. The diameter
of the holes shall remain constant for a distance of
not less than two diameters before breaking into the
pipe bore. The holes drilled through the pipe wall
shall be free from burrs at the edges where they
break through into the inlet and outlet pipe bores.
Edges shall be sharp, that is, neither rounded nor
chamfered.
Figure 4 — Example of drilled hole type of pressure tapping with ring chamber,
suitable for small/medium diameter test sections
© BSI 10-1999
BS 5728-3:1997
Slits shall be perpendicular to the pipe axis and
shall have dimensions as follows (see Figure 6).
a) Width i shall be equal to or less than 0.08D or
less than 4 mm whichever is the smaller.
b) Depth k shall be greater than 2i.
7.2.1.6 Measurement of static differential pressure
Each group of pressure tappings in the same plane
shall be connected by a leak-free tube to one limb of
a differential pressure measuring device, for
example, a manometer. Provision shall be made for
bleeding air from the installation.
7.2.2 Design of pipe lengths and test
manifold (concentric meters only)
In order to reduce the head loss of the measuring
section to a minimum, a commercially available,
in-line, water meter manifold of a swept, low loss
construction, shall be used for the test manifold. The
non-return valve in the test manifold shall be
removed before commencement of the tests. Details
of the manifold caps to be used in conjunction with
the two sizes of test manifolds are given in
Figure 7 a) and Figure 7 b).
NOTE The manifold, with manifold cap fitted [see Figure 7 a)
or Figure 7 b] as appropriate) and with non-return valve
removed, should have a head loss (corrected for pipe losses) not
exceeding 3 velocity heads.
For concentric meter sizes N = 1 to 2.5 (see Table 3
of BS 5728-7:1997), i.e. meters having G1 1/2
threaded end connections, the measuring section
pipes shall be 28 mm external diameter, and for
N = 2.5 and 3.5, i.e. meters having G2 threaded end
connections, they shall be 35 mm external diameter.
9
 BS 5728-3:1997
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Figure 5 — Example of drilled hole type of pressure tapping with loop mean static
pressure interconnections, suitable for medium/large diameter test sections

10 © BSI 10-1999
 BS 5728-3:1997
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Figure 6 — Example of slit type of pressure tapping with ring chamber,

suitable for small/medium diameter test sections

© BSI 10-1999 11
Licensed Copy: lbocvzr lbocvzr, University of Loughborough, 26 June 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

12
BS 5728-3:1997

Figure 7 — Manifold caps

© BSI 10-1999

7.3 Test procedure
7.3.1 Outline of the test method
The method consists in measuring the static
differential pressure (%P2) between the pressure
tappings of the measuring section with the meter
present, and deducting from it the pressure loss
(%P1) of the upstream and downstream pipe lengths
measured at the same flow-rate in the absence of the
meter (see Figure 8 or Figure 9).
7.3.2 Determination of the pressure loss
attributable to the pipe lengths
(measurement 1) (in-line meters only)
The pressure loss of the upstream and downstream
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pipe lengths (%P1) shall be determined prior to the
tests proper, and checked periodically. This shall be
done by joining the upstream and downstream pipe
faces together in the absence of the meter (carefully
avoiding joint protrusion into the pipe bore or
misalignment of the two faces), and measuring the
pipe pressure loss of the measuring section for each
test flow-rate.
The absence of the water meter will shorten the
measuring section. If telescopic sections are not
fitted on the test rig, the gap may be filled by
inserting, at the downstream end of the measuring
section, either a temporary pipe of the same length
and internal diameter as the water meter, or the
water meter itself.
7.3.3 Measurement and calculation of the
actual pressure loss of the water meter
(measurement 2) (in-line meters only)
At the same test flow-rates used to determine the
pipe pressure losses, in the same installation, with
the same pressure tappings and the same
manometer but with the water meter in position,
the differential pressure %P2 across the metering
section shall be measured.
The actual pressure loss, %P, of the water meter at
a given flow-rate shall be calculated from the
following equation:
%P = %P2 – %P1
The value arrived at shall be converted to the
pressure loss corresponding to the value of qs of the
water meter using the formula given in 7.6.
NOTE If the flow-rates with and without the meter present
differ, they may be adjusted to the same value by the square law
formula given in 7.6.
© BSI 10-1999
BS 5728-3:1997
7.3.4 Determination of the pressure loss
attributable to the pipe lengths and test
manifold (measurement 1) (concentric meters
only)
The pressure loss of the upstream and downstream
pipe lengths and that of the test manifold (%P1) shall
be determined prior to the tests proper, and checked
periodically. This shall be done by firstly fitting the
manifold cap detailed in Figure 7 a) or Figure 7 b)
and, in the absence of the meter, measuring the
pressure loss of the measuring section for each
flow-rate. (See Figure 9.)
7.3.5 Measurement and calculation of the
actual pressure loss of the water
meter (measurement 2) (concentric meters
only)
At the same test flow-rates used to determine the
pipe and test manifold pressure losses, in the same
installation, with the same pressure tappings and
the same manometer, but with the manifold cap
removed and the water meter in position, the
differential pressure (%P2) across the metering
section shall be measured. (See Figure 9.)
The actual pressure loss, %P, of the water meter at
a given flow-rate shall be calculated from the
following equation:
%P = %P2 – %P1
The value arrived at shall be converted to the
pressure loss corresponding to the value of qs of the
water meter using the formula given in 7.6.
NOTE If the test flow-rates with and without the meter present
differ, they may be adjusted to the same value by the square law
formula given in 7.6.
7.4 Measurement uncertainty
The maximum relative uncertainty in the results of
the measurement of pressure loss shall be ± 5 %.
7.5 Pattern approval test. Pressure loss tests
Test methods and equipment used to determine
pressure loss shall be as described in 7.2 and 7.3.
The value of pressure loss shall be determined at not
less than the maximum flow-rate so that the water
meter may be classified in accordance with clause 6
of BS 5728-7:1997.
13
 BS 5728-3:1997
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Measurement 1 (see 7.3.2)

¹P1 = Pressure loss of upstream and downstream pipe lengths
¹P1 = (¹PL2 + ¹PL1)
Measurement 2 (see 7.3.3)
¹P2 = Pressure loss of upstream and downstream pipe lengths + water meter
¹P2 = (¹PL2 + ¹PL1 + ¹Pmeter)
Ü ¹P2 – ¹P1 = (¹PL2 + ¹PL1 + ¹Pmeter) – (¹PL2 + ¹PL1)
= ¹Pmeter
Figure 8 — Pressure loss measurement test procedure (in-line meters)

14 © BSI 10-1999
 BS 5728-3:1997
Licensed Copy: lbocvzr lbocvzr, University of Loughborough, 26 June 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Measurement 1 (see 7.3.4)

¹P1 = Pressure loss of test manifold and upstream and downstream pipe lengths
¹P1 = (¹PL2 + ¹PL1 + ¹Pmanifold)
Measurement 2 (see 7.3.5)
¹P2 = Pressure loss of upstream and downstream pipe lengths + test manifold + water meter
¹P2 = (¹PL2 + ¹PL1 + ¹Pmanifold + ¹Pmeter)
Ü ¹P2 – ¹P1 = (¹PL2 + ¹PL1 + ¹Pmanifold + ¹Pmeter) – (¹PL2 + ¹PL1 + ¹Pmanifold)
= ¹Pmeter
Figure 9 — Pressure loss measurement test procedure (concentric type meters)
7.6 Initial verification test. Pressure loss tests It is necessary to obtain the pressure loss at qs in
Test methods and equipment for the measurement order to determine the meter’s pressure loss group
of pressure loss shall be as described in 7.2 and 7.3. (see clause 6 of BS 5728-7:1997).
The value of the pressure loss shall be determined at
a flow-rate between qp and qs.

© BSI 10-1999 15
 BS 5728-3:1997

If necessary a calculation shall be made to obtain 8.1.5 Test duration

the pressure loss at qs based on the formula: The duration of the test specified in Table 2 shall be
(q )
2 a minimum.
s
pressure loss at q s = ------------------------------------------------
- × measured
2 pressure
8.1.6 Discharged volume
( test flow-rate )
loss The volume indicated by the meter under test shall
The value of the pressure loss at qs is required to not be less than the product of the specified
conform to the pressure loss group of the approved flow-rate and the duration of the test. To satisfy this
model (see clause 6 of BS 5728-7:1997). condition, sufficiently frequent corrections to the
flow-rate shall be made.
NOTE The pressure loss test is normally carried out on only a
selected sample of the meters. 8.2 Discontinuous flow tests
8.2.1 Outline of the test method
8 Accelerated wear tests
The tests consist of subjecting the meter to a
8.1 Continuous flow tests
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specified number of starting and stopping cycles of

8.1.1 Outline of test method given duration. The constant flow-rate phase of each
The tests consist of subjecting the meter to specified cycle shall be kept at the same flow-rate throughout
constant flow-rates for given periods of time, to the duration of the test.
determine if the meter will subsequently perform The tests are designed to determine if the meter will
within its maximum permissible errors. subsequently perform within its maximum
For the convenience of laboratories, the duration of permissible errors.
the test can be divided up into periods of at least 6 h. For the convenience of laboratories, the duration of
8.1.2 Description of the installation the test can be divided up into periods of at least 6 h.
The installation shall consist of: 8.2.2 Description of the installation
a) a water supply (mains, non-pressurized tank, The installation shall consist of:
pressurized tank, pump, etc.); a) a water supply (mains, non-pressurized tank,
b) pipework. pressurized tank, pump, etc.);
8.1.3 Pipework b) pipework.
8.1.3.1 Description 8.2.3 Pipework
In addition to the meter or meters on test, the 8.2.3.1 Description
pipework shall comprise: NOTE The meters may be arranged in series or in parallel, or
the two systems may be combined.
a) a flow regulating device;
In addition to the meter or meters under test, the
b) one or two isolating devices; piping system shall comprise:
c) a device for measuring the water temperature a) one flow regulating device (per line of meters in
at the meter inlet; series, if necessary);
d) means for measuring the flow-rate; b) one or more isolating devices;
e) means for measuring the duration of the test. c) a device for measuring the temperature of the
If the pipework is open at the end, that end shall be water upstream of the meters;
located at a higher level than the upper part of the d) devices for measuring: the flow-rate, the
meter. duration of cycles, and the number of cycles;
The presence of the devices required in a), b), c) e) one or more flow interrupting devices (one per
and d) shall not cause cavitation in the pipework. line of meters in series).
8.1.3.2 Precautions to be taken If the pipework is open at the end, that end shall be
The test rig and the meter shall be cleared of air by located at a higher level than the upper part of the
bleeding. meter.
8.1.4 Flow-rate tolerance The presence of the devices required in a), b), c)
and e) shall not cause cavitation in the pipework.
The flow-rate shall be kept constant throughout the
test at a predetermined rate.
The relative variation of the flow-rate values during
each test shall not exceed ± 10 % (except when
starting and stopping).

16 © BSI 10-1999
 BS 5728-3:1997

8.2.3.2 Precautions to be taken 8.3 Pattern approval tests. Accelerated wear

The test rig and the meter shall be cleared of air by
bleeding.
Water hammer during the repeated flow increases
and decreases shall be avoided by increasing, within
permissible limits, the duration of these phases of
the cycle.
8.2.4 Flow-rate
The relative variation of the flow-rate in the
constant flow-rate phase of each cycle shall not
exceed ± 10 %.
8.2.5 Cycles
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tests
The water meter shall be subjected to an endurance
test simulating service conditions.
In addition to periods of extended running at
specified flow-rates, water meters having N k 10
shall be subjected to intermittent tests in which the
water meter is operated for a short period at a
flow-rate given in the test programme, followed by a
period of rest.
The test programme for an accelerated wear test is
given in Table 2.
Before the first test and after each test, the error

8.2.5.1 General curve shall be redetermined as described in 5.9.

A complete cycle shall comprise the following four After each test, the shift in the error curve shall not
phases: exceed 3 % between qmin and qt or 1.5 % between qt
a) a period from zero flow-rate to test flow-rate; and qs.
b) a period at constant test flow-rate; Test methods and equipment shall be as described
in 8.1 and 8.2.
c) a period from test flow-rate to zero flow-rate;
d) a period at zero flow-rate. 9 Test report
The test programme shall specify the number of
9.1 General rules
cycles, the duration of the four phases of a cycle, and
the total volume to be discharged. 9.1.1 General
8.2.5.2 Test timing tolerance The work carried out by the testing laboratory shall
be described in a report which accurately, clearly
The tolerance on the specified duration of each
and unambiguously presents the test results and all
phase shall not exceed ± 10 %.
relevant information.
The tolerance on the total test duration shall not NOTE The period of time for which results and conditions
exceed ± 5 %. concerning initial verification tests are to be kept is legally
specified in each country.
8.2.5.3 Tolerance on the number of cycles
For pattern approval tests, the records of the tests
The number of cycles shall not be less than that shall be kept for the length of time the approval is
specified, but shall not exceed this number by valid.
more than 1 %.
The report on the approval tests for a type of meter
8.2.6 Discharged volume tolerance and the register concerning the initial verification
The volume discharged during the test shall be tests shall contain:
within 5 % of the product of the specified flow-rate a) an identification of the test laboratory and the
and half the duration of the test. meter tested;
This precision can be obtained by sufficiently b) exact details of the conditions under which the
frequent corrections of the instantaneous flows and various tests were carried out;
operating periods.
c) the results and conclusions of the tests.
Table 2 — Test programme for an accelerated wear test
Meter Test Type of test Number of Duration of Period of Duration of start-up and
designation flow-rate interruptions pauses operation at test rundown
flow-rate
N s s
N k10 qp Discontinuous 100 000 15 15 s 0.15 (qp) a

with a minimum of 1 s
qs Continuous 100 h
N > 10 qp Continuous 800 h
qs Continuous 200 h
a (q ) is the number equal to the value of qp expressed in m3/h.
p

© BSI 10-1999 17
 BS 5728-3:1997
9.1.2 Identification data to be included in all
reports and test registers
The report on pattern approval tests for a particular
type of meter, and the register concerning the initial
verification tests, shall include as a minimum:
a) identification of testing laboratory:
— name and address;
b) identification of meter tested:
— the name and address of the manufacturer
or the trademark used;
— the metrological class and the rated flow qp;
— the type or model (only in the case of
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approval tests for a particular type of meter);
— the year of manufacture and the individual
serial number of the meter tested.
9.2 Pattern approval test report. Required
contents
The pattern approval test report shall contain, as a
minimum, in addition to a reference to BS 5728-7,
the information given in Table 3 and Table 4.
9.2.1 Administrative requirements
The pattern approval test report shall also include:
a) a statement to the effect that the test report
relates only to the samples tested;
18
b) the signature of the officer accepting technical
responsibility for the test report;
c) the date of issue of the test report.
9.2.2 Additions to test reports
Additions to a test report after issue shall be made
only by a further document marked: “Supplement to
test report. Serial No...”, and shall meet the relevant
requirements of the preceding subclauses.
9.2.3 Publication of test reports
When issued, the test report shall only be
reproduced in its entirety.
9.3 Initial verification register. Required
contents
The following information shall be recorded in the
initial verification register:
a) date of test;
b) serial number of the meter tested;
c) results of the tests;
d) reference to a description of the test rig.
© BSI 10-1999
 BS 5728-3:1997

Table 3 — Test procedure and test results. Information required

Type of test Clause Information to be given in the pattern approval test report

All tests The date of testing

Measurement error tests 5 For each test flow-rate:
— flow-rate;
— water pressure;
— water temperature;
— characteristics of the calibrated reference device;
— indicated readings of the meter and the calibrated reference
device.
Pressure tests 6 The values of each test pressure applied and the time for which it was
maintained
For each test flow-rate:
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Pressure loss tests 7

— maximum water temperature;
— flow-rate;
— meter upstream pressure;
— pressure loss.

Accelerated wear tests 8 Timetable of the tests carried out;

— Continuous tests 8.1 at least every 24 h, or once for every shorter period if the test is so
subdivided:
— maximum pressure;
— maximum temperature;
— flow-rate;
— meter reading at start and end of the test.
Timetable of the tests carried out;
— Discontinuous tests 8.2 at least every 24 h, or once for every shorter period if the test is so
subdivided:
— maximum pressure;
— maximum temperature;
— flow-rate;
— duration of the four phases of the cycle of the discontinuous
tests (see Table 2);
— number of cycles;
— meter reading at start and end of the test.

Table 4 — Test conclusions. Information required

Type of test Clause Information to be given in the pattern approval test report

Measurement error tests 5 Measurement error at each test flow-rate

Measurement error curve
Pressure tests 6 State if results satisfactory or not
Pressure loss tests 7 Pressure loss at overload flow-rate qs
Accelerated wear tests 8 Measurement error test values and the measurement error curves
taken before and after each accelerated wear test defined by the test
programme. For each individual meter, the measurement error
curves taken before and after each accelerated wear test shall be
plotted on the same graph in such a manner that the variations in
measurement error with respect to the maximum permissible errors,
are established. The scale of the ordinate of this graph shall be at
least 10 mm/%. The scale of the abscissa shall be logarithmic.

© BSI 10-1999 19
 BS 5728-3:1997

Annex A (informative)
Summary of requirements and permitted tolerances in the measurement of
physical quantities associated with water meter test methods and equipment
A summary of requirements and permitted tolerances for water meter test methods and equipment is given
in Table A.1.
Table A.1 — Summary of requirements and permitted tolerances
Clause
Quantity Details Specified tolerance
referencea
Measurement error checks
Time Flow diversion method. Time of motion of flow switch Identical within 5 % 5.5.2
in each direction. in each direction
and < 2 % of total
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duration of test
Volume Maximum error in the measurement of the volume of k 10 % of relevant 5.4.1
water passed through the meter under test (as maximum
measured by calibrated reference device). permissible error
Meter reading Maximum error in the reading of the volume indicated k 0.5 % 5.6
by meter under test.
Pressure Flow created by means other than a constant head
tank:
— Pressure variation upstream of meter. k 10 % 5.7.1
— Precision of measurement of pressure. k5% 5.7.1
Flow-rate Relative variation in flow-rate during each test:
— qmin to qt (not incl.) ± 2.5 % 5.7.2
— qt to qs ±5% 5.7.2
This is equivalent, in terms of pressure, to a pressure
variation upstream of the meter (flow to free air) or a
pressure loss variation (flow in closed circuits) of:
— qmin to qy (not incl.)
— qt to qs
Temperature Water temperature change during a test. < 5 °C 5.7.3
Uncertainty of measurement of temperature. < 1 °C 5.7.3
Pressure loss tests
Pressure Maximum uncertainty in the results of pressure loss ±5% 7.4
measurement.
Accelerated wear tests
— Continuous flow test
Flow-rate Relative variation in flow-rate during each test. ± 10 % 8.1.4
Time Tolerance on specified duration of test. Value is a min. 8.1.5
Volume Tolerance on volume discharged during test. Value is a min. 8.1.6
— Discontinuous flow test
Flow-rate Relative variation in flow-rate during constant test ± 10 % 8.2.4
flow phase.
Time Tolerance on specified duration of each test phase. ± 10 % 8.2.5.2
Tolerance on total test duration. ±5% 8.2.5.2
Number of Number of cycles of test. + 1 % and – 0 % 8.2.5.3
cycles
Volume Tolerance on volume discharged during test. ±5% 8.2.6
a
The references are to the subclauses in this Part of BS 5728.

20 © BSI 10-1999
 BS 5728-3:1997

List of references (see clause 2)

Normative references

BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 5728, Measurement of flow of cold potable water in closed conduits.

BS 5728-7:1997, Specification for single mechanical type meters.
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© BSI 10-1999
 BS 5728-3:
1997
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