Water Injection

Prof.Dr.Ir. Hasian P. Septoratno Siregar DEA

Dr. Rani Kurnia, S.Si.,M.T
 Low
mobility

Maintain
reservoir Easy to get
pressure

Why Water
Good
displacement
Injection? Cheap
efficiency

Helps in
It spreads
giving
easily
pressure
WATER INJECTION
Buckley –
Leverett
modified by
Welge

Determination
Bush – Stiles
Helander
of method
Performance

Caudle –
Dyes –
Erickson
 Water is available in Water
sufficient quantity
Resources
Water does not content
solids that cannot be
solved Surface
Requirements
Water is stable
chemically
Subsurface
Inert with elements
 Water Injection
One Dimensional Displacement
Driving Mechanism

Velocity
Could occur in:

gas injection to gas cap

CHANGE
water injection to edge aquifer
in one direction at anytime and
any position

direct-line drive injection pattern

Saturation laboratory slim tube and coreflood

Frontal Displacement Theory
ASSUMPTIONS

• Both the injection and production wells are perforated across the entire

formation thickness

• Absence of non-linear streamlines

• Saturations are uniformly distributed across the entire height and width of

the reservoir
Fractional Flow Equation
Assumptions

Diffused flow condition  uniform saturation at all points

Kro & Krw is a uniform function of So and Sw → one value

represents the whole reservoir
Pc vs Sw, h Diffused Flow Condition
• Injection rate  capillary and gravity
• Effect were ignored
• Vertical equilibrium condition cannot
be fulfilled

• If Injection Rate is little

• At Capillary Zone Transition 
Reservoir Thickness (H  h)
• Vertical equilibrium condition is fulfilled

In coreflooding, since the displacement rate in core is high and the core is skinny
Kr measurement results should actually be used only in a diffused flow situation
Darcy Equation
For linear flow

k k ro A  O  O k k ro A  PO  O g sin  
qO  - -   6 
O x  O  x 1.0133 x10 
or
k k rw A  w  w k k rw A  Pw  w g sin  
qw  - -   
w x  w  x 1.0133 x10  6
 qO  q t  q w
Darcy Equation (cont’d)
 w O  q t O  PC  g sin  
qO  q t  q w q w      A   *
 x 1.1033 x 10 
6
 k k rw k k ro  k k ro

 w   q  q  

q
P  g tosin* 
qf w  qW   qW subtitute W to
W W
O f t
q
O

 A
q  q
C

subtitute  *
*
 x 1.1033 x 10 
6
W
 kqWk rw qO kqkt ro  k k ro W O t

Water Flow Fraction at any point In Field Unit

k k ro A  PC  ρ g sin θ 
1 θ 
k k ro A  PC  ρ g sin  
3 k 6k ro A  PC 
1  q   
1 
x 11. .0133
127 x10x 10  
 0 .4335  sin  
fW  x10 
qt  O  x 1.0133 qt   x
6 t

O

fW  fW  W k ro O

W k ro 1  
 k
O k rw
W ro
1 1
 O k rw
O k rw
Water flow fraction under gravity force
 g sin 
0      up dip direction  g sin 0
0      up dip direction1.0133 x10 6
6
 0
1.0133 x10
 g sin 
    2  down dip direction  g 
sin
6 0
    2  down dip direction1 .0133 x10
6

1.0133x10
 f w up dip  f w down dip, because gravity force
Water Fraction: Capillary Pressure Gradient Effect
Water Fraction: Capillary Pressure Gradient Effect
 1
Water
fW 
 w k ro
Fraction:
Capillary

1
Pressure
Gradient
Effect

k rw  o
Water Fraction: Fractional Flow Curve
 Water Injection
One Dimensional Displacement: Buckley – Leverett
Buckley – Leverett
Basic Equation for 1-dimensional immiscible displacement

Used to determine the velocity of a moving plane of constant Sw through a linear system

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

• Mass accumulation rate in pore volume (A dx)
• Assume: Diffused Flow Condition
 
qw  w x - qw  w  A dx  w S w 
x  dx
t
or
   
qw  w x - qw  w x  qw  w dx   A dx  w S w 
 x  t
 
qw  w    A  w S w 
t t

qw S w
Assume Incompressible Displacement
(ρw = constant)   A
x t t x
 Sw total Differential
S w S wS w S w dx
dS w  dx  dt  
x t t xt x x t dt S w

and
S w S w dx qw  qw S w 
 and   
t x x t dt S w x t  S w x t
and
qw  qw S w 
 w
 A
S w dt
qw
t SW

 A
dx
qW  qT fW
S
q  wq t f dt SW
W T W

 qfT fW 
qqW  q
W  T W  qT
dfW
q  q f
INCOMPRESS IBLE
SW t SW t dSW W

qT  constant T W
SW t SW
Sw

qW  qT fW  dfW INCOMPRES

 q
 dx qT dfW
VSw  
dt Sw A dSW
t t
1 df w
xSw  
A dS w 0
qT dt ;  T
0
q dt  Wi  cumulative water injection

Wi df w
xSw 
A dS w Sw
Buckley – Leverett
Buckley – Leverett: Fractional Flow Equation

Horizontal Reservoir Reservoir with a dip angle

1 k k ro A   g sin 
1
fw  qT  o 1.0133 x10 6
 w k ro fw 
1 1
 w k ro
k rw  o k rw  o
 Water Injection
One Dimensional Displacement: Welge
 Welge (1952)

Consideration
• At a specific time
• Wi = quantity of injected water
• Sw max = (1 – Sor) reaches position x1 ( with : Vsw ~ dfsw/dSw) @ Sw=1 - Sor
 A : bulk volum e
Material Balance 1


Wi  x2 A S w  S wc  S w  S wc 
Wi

df w
x2 A dS w
A : bulk volum e
S wf
x2
1
1  S or x1   S w dx
 W xdf
S w  S wc 
S i
 w
1
w

x2 A dS w
x2
*

Swf
 
S wf 1  S or  df w 
  Swd 
 1 S
df
 dS
w



dS w 1 S o r  or  w 
Sw 
df w
dS w S
wf
Welge
S wf
 df w   df w 
S wf

*   S w d     S w    f S wf
w 1 S or
1 S or  dS w   dS w 1 S or
Welge
1 fw 1
S w  S wf 
S wf
, 𝑆𝑤 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐 =
df w
𝑑𝑓𝑤
𝑑𝑆𝑤 𝑆𝑤𝑓
dS w S wf

df w
f w and are evaluated at the front
dSw 1−𝑓
𝑑𝑓𝑤 𝑤 𝑆𝑤𝑓 1
= =
𝑑𝑆𝑤 𝑆𝑤 − 𝑆𝑤𝑓 𝑆𝑤 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐
Welge
• To satisfy both equations above,
one needs to make a tangent line from
Sw = Swc, fw=0 to Sw = Swf , fw = fw@ Swf

• The line must intercept

fw=1 @ [Sw = Swavg, fw = 1]
Welge
1
fw 
 w k ro
1
k rw  o
or
k k ro A  g sin 
1
qT  o 1.0133 x10 6
fw 
 w k ro
1
k rw  o
Welge: Oil Recovery Calculation
Before Water Breakthrough

Wi df w
xSw 
A S w Sw
After Water Breakthrough

Wi 1
  Wid
LA df w
dS w Swe
Welge: Oil Recovery Calculation
1
N pdbt  Widbt  qid tbt  ( S wbt  S wc ) 
df w
dS w S wbt

Widb t
tbt 
qid
Welge: Oil Recovery Calculation
After water breakthrough

1
S w  S we  (1  f we )
df w
dS w Sw
Welge: Oil Recovery Calculation
After water breakthrough
1
S w  S we  (1  f we )
df w
dS w
Since Sw

1
N pdbt  qid tbt  ( S wbt  S wc )  Widbt 
df w
dS w S wbt

the equation can also be expressed :

S w  S we  (1  f we )Wid
Welge: Oil Recovery Calculation
After water breakthrough

N pd  S w  Swc  Swe  Swc   (1  f we )Wid ( PV )

1
N pdbt  Widbt  qid tbt  ( S wbt  S wc ) 
df w
dS w S wbt

or

N pd  S w  Swc  Swe  S wc   (1  f we )Wid

 Water Injection
Oil Recovery Calculation
 Where to Inject?

Analytical calculation assumes that water will not miscible with oil
during displacement
 Water displaces oil in homogeneous reservoir with water-wet
characteristics
a. imbibition b. drainage
oil
oil
water water
θ θ

Θ = contact angle
Θ < 90o – water wet
Θ > 90o – oil wet

It has been determined experimentally that the contact angle is larger than the wetting
phase is advancing over the rock face than when retreating and this difference is
described as the hysteresis of the contact angle
 WATER INJECTION

Imbibition vs. Drainage

B A→B : Sw = 100% → oil displace water →

Sw = B →C : Swc → Sw = 1 - Sor
Pc

drainage

imbibition C A
Swc 1 - Sor 100% PV
 elevation
Po R
Pc
r oil
θ water
Pw
H

Po = Pw = P (Pc=0)
water Capillary tube pressure

Po + ρogH = PA
Pw + ρwgH = PB

Pc = Po – Pw = (ρw – ρo)gH
= 2σ/R
= 2σcosθ/r
 Incompressible Compressible
Characteristic Displacement Characteristic

P constant at any point qt = qo + qw = iw

Viscosity & Density

NEGLECTED