Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Sexual harassment is any type of unwanted sexual

conduct that is hostile, mortifying or scaring. In

particular, it's illegal. Being explicitly hassled affects

individuals in various manners. It can give them

depression, denial, anxiety, shock, anger, frustration,

fear, irritability, insecurity, embarrassment, shame,

guilt, self-blame, isolation. So most womens are not

comfortable in their surroundings especially while walking

at night because there might be some guys that will attack

them out of nowhere and they can’t do anything about it.

And also there are some cases where the victims do not want

to go outside to report to the police station because they

are not comfortable with their safety and become paranoid.

iReport is a mobile application that can solve these

issues. This application can report directly to the police

station if ever you are not comfortable because there is

someone stalking you. The user can notify a certain police

station and automatically send them the exact location.

The way people think about crime, and in particular,

the things that people fear about crime, are powerfully

influenced by the imagery and meanings associated with

crime on the streets. Crime takes place in every

conceivable location, but it is street crime that resonates

with our concerns about when and how we may become victims

of crime. Street crime is no more serious than crime in

other places, but it is commonplace and visible. The common

forms of street crime -robbery, street violence and theft

-have been around ever since there were streets (Ross, S.

and Hanley, N., 2012). According to (Smith, R., 2015), the

Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), a division of the

Department of Justice, analyzed victimization reports from

2006-2010. In its 2012 'Victimizations Not Reported to

Police, 2006-2010' report, the BJS found that 52% of all

crimes were not reported by victims. The most common type

of crime to go unreported was sexual assault, with 51-70%

of all incidents not being reported to police during those

years. In contrast, robbery and motor vehicle theft were

reported most often with approximately 85% and 65% of those

crimes being reported respectively. As is well known, many

crimes are not reported to the police. Why does that

happen? Researchers have looked at the kinds of people who

are more or less likely to report crimes, and they have

also sought to explain different rates of reporting for

various kinds of crimes. Now another factor — emotional

distress — is getting a closer look. Depending on who is

affected and the types of harm caused by different crimes,

people can have highly varied emotional responses. The

emotions of victims can influence whether they will report

crimes and also their perceptions of police responses

(Scholars Strategy Network, 2014). Homophobic hate crimes

and incidents occur commonly in the everyday lives of LGB

people. Too many LGB people worry about being the victim of

crime and feel at risk of being a victim of hate crime.

Both the experience and fear of homophobic hate crimes and

incidents have a dramatic impact on the quality of life of

millions of LGB people (Dick, S., 2009). The American

Psychological Association (2017) said that the FBI reported

7,145 hate crimes in 2017; however, the majority of hate

crimes are never reported, so these data underestimate the

true pervasiveness.

Reported hate crimes in 2017 were motivated by

hostility based on race/ethnicity (58.1 percent), religion

(22.0 percent), sexual orientation (15.9 percent), gender

identity (.6 percent) and disability (1.6 percent). Hate

crimes targeted Jewish, African-American and LGBT

communities at high rates. According to (Archambault,

Lonsway & Munch, 2008), strong sexual assault cases

require strong written reports. A thorough report

will identify on-scene evidence and document details from

the victim’s and suspect’s accounts of the incident. This

will assist those investigating to overcome consent

challenges and serve to refresh memories for court

testimony. A high level of detail in the report and in the

officer, narrative will help move a case towards

prosecution. Due to the particularly intimate and intrusive

nature of sexual assault, the interview process may be

difficult both for the victim and the officer. Recognize

the significance the victim’s initial contact with first

responders and investigators will have on their trust in

the criminal justice system. The treatment the victim

receives during the interview may impact the victim’s

decision to go forward with the case.

There are crime cases that are not being reported or

being noticed. Catcalling or street harassment is more

common than one thinks. Ask any girl and she has probably

experienced being catcalled at least once. But I can hear

people saying: It’s not like those guys touched you or

anything. Right. They didn’t. But so what? And these aren’t

the only manifestations of harassment that women and girls

have to endure on a daily basis. Just a few weeks ago, news

of a taxi driver raping a girl in Baguio City broke out.

Sure, that’s the extreme, but sexual harassment is a

spectrum that unfortunately happens to one too many women

and girls each day. They are constantly aware of the

danger, and don’t know when the line between “harmless”

catcalls can cross into the dangerous terrain of actual

physical contact (Aerola, Charis Faith 2015). Sarah Marie

Lacy (2020) said that catcalls, sexually explicit comments,

sexist remarks, homophobic slurs, groping, leering,

stalking, flashing, and assault. Most women and some men

will face gender-based street harassment by strangers in

their life. Street harassment limits people's mobility and

access to public spaces. It is a form of gender violence

and it's a human rights violation. It needs to stop.

YouGov conducted the largest study about harassment on

public transportation to date in 2014. They polled people

in 16 major cities worldwide and then ranked the transit

systems from safest (New York City) to least safe (Bogota).

As far as experiences of verbal harassment go, the top five

worst cities were Mexico City, Delhi, Bogota, Lima, and

Jakarta, while the top five worst cities for physical

harassment were Mexico City, Bogota, Lima, Tokyo, and

Delhi. In 2016, ActionAid conducted a survey on street

harassment in a number of countries. They found that 79% of

women living in cities in India, 86% in Thailand, and 89%

in Brazil have been subjected to harassment or violence in

public, as had 75% of women in London, UK (Hadid, D.

2017).

People around the globe experience harassment one way

or another. Street harassment is the most common. This is a

constant occurrence for women (Fairchild & Rudman, 2008;

Cook & Darnell, 2009) in majority and some men. Catcalls,

whistles, stalking, groping, assault and offensive verbal

comments (Thirsk, 2012) are just some of the impediments

the victims have to deal with day by day. Many fail to

recognize that these actions are considered harassment as

they are born to learn that it is a fact of life and adapt

to its abusive nature. With reference to this, street

harassment is deemed the most ignored form of sexual

harassment (Osmond & Woodcock, 2015). The United Nations

commissioned a survey in the Philippines in February of

2016 and it was found that 3 out 5 (60%) of Filipino women

had been victimized (Terrazola, 2016). Stop Street

Harassment, a non-profit organization, held a national

survey in 2014 in the United States. It was found that 65%

of women and 25% of men from 2,000 male and female

respondents had been street harassed. Among the percentage

of men, 18% had been verbally harassed, 16% had experienced

physical aggression, 8% were touched without consent, 7%

were stalked, 5% had been flashed and 2% were demanded to

do something sexual. Men as victims are not given much

attention compared to women as such.

According to a newly released global study conducted

by the anti-street harassment organization Hollaback and

Cornell University, more than three-quarters of surveyed US

women (77 percent) under 40 report being followed during

the past year. That number is 71 percent globally. More

than 50 percent of women report being groped, fondled or

assaulted by passing men. These are commonly employed

practices in a larger arsenal of street harassment tactics

that includes verbal and non-verbal harassment, exposure

and also sexualized surveillance. For example, only months

after the man followed us up the stairs, a truck full of

men snapped pictures as we walked together, one of them

yelling, “Now we have you forever.” Every time something

like this happens, I talk to my children and their friends

about harassment as a regulatory force in culture.

Depending on the country, between 80 to 98 percent of women

report street harassment, most of them first experiencing

it before they are 17. For girls of color, LGBTQ community

and women with disabilities, harassment can be particularly

acute (Soraya, C. 2015). In the study of Cabo (2019), that

in reality, street harassment limits women’s peace of mind

and mobility, making it a gender equality and human rights

issue. No country has achieved gender equality and no

country ever will until street harassment ends.

Additionally, for most women, street harassment begins

around puberty and being the recipient of it signifies to

many of them the transition from girlhood to womanhood.

That is a sad, sad statement about how girls/women are

treated – and expect to be treated – in our society. In

2013, the United Nations recognized the reality that street

harassment prevents equality during the annual Commission

on the Status of Women meeting, a convening of the highest

global normative body on women’s rights. For the first time

ever, the commission included several clauses about the

safety of women and girls in public spaces in its Agreed

Conclusions document. The conclusions expressed “deep

concern about violence against women and girls in public

spaces, including sexual harassment, especially when it is

being used to intimidate women and girls who are exercising

any of their human rights and fundamental freedoms.” The

U.N. called on its member states “to increase measures to

protect women and girls from violence and harassment,

including sexual harassment and bullying, in both public

and private spaces, to address security and safety, through

awareness-raising, involvement of local communities, crime

prevention laws, policies, and programs.” Treat street

harassment as a public health issue akin to sexual

harassment in terms of its negative effects. Anxiety and

depression were hypothesized to be mediators of the effect

of street harassment on sleep quality. Fully 252 female

undergraduate students at a large U.S. Northeastern

university were surveyed. Findings indicated that street

harassment was positively related to anxiety and depression

as well as negatively related to sleep quality. Mediation

analyses indicated that both anxiety and depression

mediated the relationship between street harassment and

sleep quality. Implications for health interventions are

discussed, such as the need to address street harassment

experiences in college women when creating interventions

aimed at reducing anxiety and depression and at improving

sleep quality(Bitnner, A. and et. al, 1970). In the article

created by Pinoy Attorney(2017), it is stated that women

are vulnerable to all types of abuses, but complaints fall

on deaf ears because of victim blaming. Any form of sexual

abuse is traumatizing to the victim, but the best defense

is having presence of mind and deeper understanding of the

law. These acts are committed repeatedly as victims are

embraced by fear while people who witnessed these acts

simply turn a blind eye. Many abusers get out of the

situation without getting penalized because of the victims'

silence and the society's ignorance. The study of Mike

Butcher (2019) said that the world remains far more unsafe

for women than men. Every day, all over the world, women

experience unsafe or uncomfortable environments or

incidents of verbal, non-verbal or physical sexual

harassment. Just to take one statistic, U.K. Government

research showed that while 85 percent of women experience

some form of harassment, 90 percent of the incidents remain

unreported. Most people who have young women in their lives

can relate to the uncomfortable reality of seeing their

loved ones sexualized far too early (Maya Tutton 2019). To

close out Sexual Assault Awareness Month, on April 30,

2019, SSH, UCSD Center on Gender Equity and Health (GEH),

RALIANCE, CALCASA and Promundo released a new joint

national study(Stop Street Harassment, 2019). NORC at the

University of Chicago conducted the nationally

representative survey of 1,182 women and 1,037 men across

February – March 2019. They used the AmeriSpeak Panel.

UCSD’s GEH did the data analysis. 81% of women and 43% of

men reported experiencing some form of sexual harassment

and/or assault in their lifetime.

Not only women can experience sexual harassment and

assaults. In the article entitled “Sexual Assault Men and

Boys” by Rainn (2020), sexual assault can happen to anyone,

no matter your age, sexual orientation, or gender identity.

Men and boys who have been sexually assaulted or abused may

have many of the same feelings and reactions as other

survivors of sexual assault, but they may also face some

additional challenges because of social attitudes and

stereotypes about men and masculinity. According to STOMP

Out Bullying (2020), today, more than ever, it is critical

for kids and teens to understand how and why sexual

harassment and assault is wrong, and why teens must “SPEAK

UP” when it happens. Harassment doesn’t exist in just adult

workplaces. It’s happening among our youth and we are doing

little to nothing about it. This needs to end now! You have

control over your own bodies and have the right to say NO!

Kids and teens you can no longer continue to keep quiet.

When you report sexual harassment and abuse, you stop it

for yourself and others! Have each other’s backs! Be

supportive of one another! Sexual harassers and abusers

must be held accountable. All of this negatively affects

our youths’ academic success. Students report trouble

concentrating in class. They can’t sleep. Some students

suffer from depression and fear going to school. And it’s

not just happening in our middle and high schools, but it

has been well documented as taking place on college

campuses. Colleges began seriously tackling sexual violence

when collegiate women started speaking out. Middle and high

school students can and should Speak Up and Speak Out too!

These stories and pervasive acts are all too common in the

lives of our students. Most go unreported, just like they

did for years in Hollywood and the corporate worlds – until

recently. The case reported by Cashin, A. and Weissbourd,

R. (2017), in the spring of 2016, a group of students at a

Boston-area high school staged a walkout to protest what

they said was daily misogyny and sexual harassment at

school, including instances of sexual violence among

students. Girls, they said, were called “bitch,” “whore”

and “slut” in class. Boys catcalled and groped girls in the

hallways and stood near water fountains leering at them

asthey leaned over to drink. The previous month, in

Colorado, girls from a sex-segregated Jesuit high school

walked out

to protest the school’s inaction over severe online

harassment from boys at their school, including rape

threats on Twitter and jokes about sexual assault. Two boys

from the school were suspended after the protest. Stories

like these are often underreported, but the fact is that

misogyny and sexual harassment are stunningly common in

young people’s lives — in the music and media they consume,

in school hallways and classrooms, and on college campuses.

The National Steering Committee (2016) highlighted that the

lifetime prevalence of psychological violence during

childhood was estimated at 59.2 percent. This indicates

that almost 3 out of 5 children have been verbally abused,

threatened and/ or abandoned by their parents or guardian.

In the study of Child Trends (2019), young children

experience higher rates of maltreatment than older

children. In 2017, children 3 and younger had a

maltreatment rate of 15 per 1000, compared with 10 per 1000

for children ages 4 to 7, 8 per 1000 for ages 8 to 11, 7

per 1000 for ages 12 to 15, and 5 per 1000 for children

ages 16 to 17. Another study by the Plan International

(2020) said that, any child may be a victim of sexual abuse

or exploitation. We must all be vigilant and take up our

citizenry duty to protect our children from harm. If you

are aware of any ongoing cases of commercial sexual

exploitation, report these to the relevant authorities.

There are various agencies you can approach. The majority

of perpetrators are someone the child or family knows. As

many as 93 percent of victims under the age of 18 know the

abuser. A perpetrator does not have to be an adult to harm

a child. They can have any relationship to the child

including an older sibling or playmate, family member, a

teacher, a coach or instructor, a caretaker, or the parent

of another child. According to 1 in 6, “[Child] sexual

abuse is the result of abusive behavior that takes

advantage of a child’s vulnerability and is in no way

related to the sexual orientation of the abusive person.”

Abusers can manipulate victims to stay quiet about the

sexual abuse using a number of different tactics. Often an

abuser will use their position of power over the victim to

coerce or intimidate the child. They might tell the child

that the activity is normal or that they enjoyed it. An

abuser may make threats if the child refuses to participate

or plans to tell another adult. Child sexual abuse is not

only a physical violation; it is a violation of trust

and/or authority (Rainn, 2020). John McKiggan (2018) also

said that while the majority of adults working in schools

across Canada are unequivocally dedicated to making schools

a safe, positive environment for children, there are those

who seek to use their position of power for more nefarious

purposes. Tragically some teachers have used the positions

of trust and authority to abuse the children in their care.

The survivors of childhood teacher sexual abuse, often

carrying the burden and shame of these encounters for the

rest.

Sexual harassment can also happen to men and women in

the workplace. It is highlighted that the least reported

sexual incidents are from men. Women’s Initiative (2018)

did a research about sexual harassment in the workplace and

it stated that the steady avalanche of survivors’ stories

about experiencing sexual harassment is a potent reminder

of the pervasiveness of workplace sexual harassment, even

decades after such misconduct was declared illegal by the

courts. Women and men from all walks of life experience

sexual harassment at work. Sexual harassment is defined as

unwanted comments, requests, or actions of a sexual nature

that are made a term or condition of employment, used to

interfere a workers’ work performance, or severe or

pervasive enough to create a hostile working environment.

Although researchers have examined many different aspects

of sexual harassment—such as the frequency of charges, the

experiences of different types of workers, and promising

prevention strategies—there remain unanswered questions

about sexual harassment’s impact, scope, roots, and reach.

In particular, too little research has focused on gender

differences in sexual harassment charges, and how gender

may play a role in where claims arise and who is targeted.

A deeper understanding of the different experiences of

women and men and the role of gender in the occurrence of

sexual harassment may help pinpoint specific problems and

areas where targeted interventions are most needed. Philip

Hadlock (2019) who was also a victim of sexual harassment

have said that despite recent attention to sexual

harassment in the workplace, male victims continue be

marginalized and often unheard. Philip Hadlock has this

perspective. We are often encouraged to believe that recent

anti-sexual harassment movements are contributing to a new

world order that empowers victims to take control of their

situation. That may be the case for many, but not me. I was

systematically harassed by a supervisor at my first job

after graduate school. What strikes me most about those

events, 20 years ago now, is that I had no sense of

awakening immediately after the first instance of abuse: no

angry repudiation of my tormentor’s efforts to degrade me;

no tearful anguish at being dehumanized for someone else’s

pleasure. I was shockingly complacent and accepting of my

harasser’s behavior. Unlike more familiar scenarios, my

aggressor was female. Because our culture allows boys and

young men to identify either as defenders of victims or as

(potential) aggressors but not as victims themselves, I had

not been equipped to defend myself. There was only an

abject yet disquieting emptiness where there should have

been indignation and revolt. When I finally found the

strength to process my situation, emerge from my silence,

and speak out, my protests were received with derision and

contempt. Many purported to find my objections nonsensical.

Sexual attention from a woman, after all, is inherently

positive. Any man who would complain about sexual

aggression from a woman is defective. Although I had

several female friends who professed to oppose harassment

in the workplace, none showed support for a man in the very

position they deemed so intolerable for women. Since then,

I have spoken with men from all walks of life about their
experiences. I have come to realize how commonplace the

anguish I once believed peculiar to me continues to be for

male victims of sexual harassment and assault. Everyone,

regardless of gender identity, has the right to live free

of harassment, and all offenders—male or female—should be

held accountable; yet our public discourse on victimhood

continues largely to rely on gendered terms that are no

longer appropriate, and perhaps never were.

When it comes to stopping sexual incidents such as

street harassments, sexual harassments, sexual assaults,

and etc. It is said that people should not be afraid to

speak up. According to Smith, B. (2018), as the list of

high-profile men accused of sexual harassment or assault

grows, a cultural shift demanding increased accountability

for workplace sexual harassment may be occurring in the

public eye. But behind closed doors, many companies and

institutions have done little to address sexual harassment,

which has contributed to hostile work environments not only

for victims of sexual harassment but also for other

employees who are merely bystanders. Sexual harassment is a

pervasive problem with a devastating toll on employee

well-being and performance, according to psychologists who

study workplace harassment or provide consultation to

companies on how to prevent it. There also is a dearth of

research identifying which training programs may help

reduce sexual harassment, while some ineffective training

may even exacerbate the problem. Companies often still have

a problematic knee-jerk reaction to sexual harassment

complaints, says C. Brady Wilson, PhD, a psychologist in

Scottsdale, Arizona, who specializes in sexual harassment

and workplace trauma. "There is a pattern to close ranks,

admit nothing and blame the victim," Wilson says. "Some

companies hate the EEOC and hate their own human resources

department. They just see sexual harassment complaints as

something that slows them down and as an unnecessary

expense. There is such a reluctance to cooperate and

participate." In the 2015 fiscal year, the U.S. Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) received

approximately 28,000 charges alleging harassment or

discrimination from employees working for private employers

or state or local governments. Almost half of those

complaints were based on gender, exceeding race (34

percent) or disability (19 percent). The EEOC estimates

that less than 14 percent of individuals experiencing

harassment ever file a formal complaint. Sixty percent of

American women voters said they have experienced sexual

harassment, according to a recent Quinnipiac University

poll. Almost 70 percent of the women who experienced

harassment said it occurred at work, more than any other

setting. And the poll found almost 90 percent of both male

and female voters believe sexual harassment of women is a

serious problem. The current media spotlight on sexual

harassment may motivate more companies to adopt sexual

harassment training programs, but some efforts aren't

successful in changing attitudes or reducing sexual

harassment. Conducting a one-time training for new

employees is ineffective and is usually just window

dressing by companies seeking protection from lawsuits,

says Columbia University psychology professor Elissa Perry,

PhD, who has researched sexual harassment training

programs. "It's not just about providing one training and

you're done. It's got to be a comprehensive approach," she

says. "The tone is set at the top. Are they just checking a

box? If they are only doing it for legal reasons, then they

don't care if it works." Decades of research has documented

the extensive damage suffered by victims of sexual

harassment, including anxiety, depression, eating

disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, job turnover and

post-traumatic stress. "Sexual harassment is really not

about sex. It's about power and aggression and

manipulation. It's an abuse of power problem," says James

Campbell Quick, PhD, a professor of leadership and

management at the University of Texas at Arlington. Quick

has researched sexual harassment for more than two decades

and co-authored a recent article in APA's Journal of

Occupational Health Psychology that examined advances in

research and the changing dynamics of sexual harassment.

More men now are reporting sexual harassment, and more

research is needed in the lesbian, gay, bisexual and

transgender communities. In the Quinnipiac University

national poll, one in five male voters reported that he had

experienced sexual harassment. Women also can be aggressors

against other women or men, although that is less common,

Quick says.

Another study and observation from Bhat M. (2017) who

was from India tells that Being born and raised in India, I

assumed only young girls and women in my city experienced

and witnessed multiple forms of sexual harassment in our

country, especially on the streets and in public transit.

Until I arrived in the U.S. in 2004 and continued to read

about sexual violence, especially the blogs at Stop Street

Harassment, I realized that street harassment is

unfortunately prevalent all around the world in shared

public spaces. Street harassment, often a troubling factor

attributing to sexual violence and physical harassment, is

often trivialized and normalized due to being a part of our

everyday lives. Being catcalled, groped and grabbed,

physically and sexually assaulted, stalked or exposed to

flashings and lewd gestures are all types of street

harassment. We often overlook the most troubling fact —

most of us experience it everyday in our commutes, parks,

walks, drives, bike rides and many more avenues. Imagine

the trauma, the impact, and future implications on the

lives of those affected and victimized. Street harassment

is also intersectional in nature as it often connects with

sexual and domestic violence, racism, homophobia, sexism,

ableism, transphobia, reproductive injustice, Islamophobia,

and other forms of oppressions. Denying and trivializing

the prevalence and the traumatic impact of street

harassment on our communities continues to contribute to

the hostile, negative, and misogynistic environment for

young girls, women, and trans women. Unfortunately,when it

comes to preventing street harassment and other related

forms of sexual violence, the victims/ survivors are often

held accountable for their victimization and are taught

ways to prevent the harassment. Many women have been taught

to be aware and cautious of their surroundings, and some

have even learned self-defense, in an effort to increase

their sense of safety and strength. These things are

important, but when young girls and women are frequently

asked to dress ‘appropriately’, asked to smile when

catcalled, not to stroll ‘alone’ outside in the dark,

always be with a friend in public, not to be ‘alone’ at

bars, parks and other shared spaces– it contributes to rape

culture and perpetuates sexual and domestic violence.

Gendered policing and victim-blaming are not going to help

prevent street harassment.

In the Philippines, there is a law which is called

“The Safe Streets and Public Spaces Act of 2017”. According

to Madarang C. (2019), this law states that: “Gender-based

street and public spaces harassment is constitutive of

unwanted comments, gestures, and actions forced on a person

in a public space without their consent and is directed at

them because of their actual or perceived sex, gender,

gender expression, or sexual orientation and identity.”

This is an expansion of the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of

1995 that only covers sexual harassment committed by people

with authority in the workplace, schools and training

institutions. Prior to this measure, there were only local

ordinances against such acts in some cities such as in

Quezon City and Manila. Victims of sexual harassment in

public spaces, including inside public utility vehicles,

sometimes resort to social media to make known their

experiences.

Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has signed a new

law criminalising catcalling, wolf-whistling and other

forms of public sexual harassment. Those caught under the

Safe Spaces Act could face up to six months in jail and a

fine of up to 500,000 pesos (£7,790;$9,750). The law was

signed in April but only made public by officials on

Monday. However, a women's rights party said Mr Duterte was

himself "the single most brazen violator of the law's

intent". Under the law, gender-based sexual harassment is

banned in all public places, including streets, workplaces,

recreational areas and public vehicles. Listed offences

include groping, stalking, flashing and making

misogynistic, transphobic, homophobic or sexist slurs.

Businesses like restaurants and cinemas will have to

display signs warning against harassment, and display the

numbers of telephone hotlines where the public can report

alleged offences. The law also covers gender-based sexual

harassment online, including physical, psychological and

emotional threats made either publicly or through private

messages (BBC Asia, 2019).

In Baguio City, according to See, D. (2018), for those

involved in cursing, wolf-whistling, cat-calling, leering,

persistent request for name and contact details, use of

words tending to ridicule on the basis of actual or

perceived sex, gender expression or sexual orientation or

identity, including sexist, homophobic and transphobic

slurs, or the persistent telling of sexual jokes, violators

will be penalized by a fine of P1,000 for the first

offense, a fine of P2,000 for the second offense, a fine of

P3,000 for the third offense and a fine of P5,000 or

imprisonment for a period not exceeding 6 months or both at

the discretion of the court for subsequent offenses. For

making offensive body gestures at someone, exposing private

parts for the sexual gratification of the perpetrator with

the effect of demeaning, harassing, threatening or

intimidating the offended party, violators will also be

fined P1,000 for the first offense; a fine of P2,000 for

the second offense, a fine of P3,000 for the third offense

and a fine of P5,000 or imprisonment of 6 months or both at

the discretion of the court for the subsequent offenses.

For stalking, and all the aforementioned acts when

accompanied by touching, pinching or brushing against the

body of a person, or any touching, pinching or brushing

against the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thighs,

face or buttocks even when not accompanied by the aforesaid

acts, violators will be penalized by a fine of P2,000 for

the first offense, a fine of P3,000 for the second offense,

a fine of P4,000 for the third offense and a fine of P5,000

or imprisonment of a period of not more than 6 months or

both at the discretion of the court for the succeeding

offenses.

Having those problems some countries created their own

safety apps to lessen the crime rates and street

harassments. The first one is the Safe & The City (SatC)

app (available on Android and iOS) and was founded last

year by a public health expert who has decided to take a

far smarter approach, by using GPS, crowdsourced

information and police risk data to reduce the victims of

opportunistic crimes and sexual harassment. SatC today

releases a large swathe of new features, with a brand new

look, and all with an emphasis on the female experience,

especially for those women living in London (though the app

plans to roll out globally in due course). It’s also

launching its partnership with UN Women U.K. to pilot

research for their global safe public spaces and safe

cities programme (TechCrunch 2019). ‘She Safe’, an app

developed exclusively for women’s safety was launched by

the Society for Cyberabad Security Council (SCSC) on

Tuesday. It was launched by the chairman of SCSC Cyberabad

and Cybera-bad police commissioner, C.V. Anand. SCSC

general secretary Bharani Kumar Aroll said the app would

transmit an emergency message at the touch of a button. “If

the user hits a button on the app, a call will be forwarded

to police by dialling 100. It also doesn’t need any

cellular connection for making that emergency call,” he

said. Cyberabad police commissioner C.V. Anand said a

dedicated desk at command will be alerted immediately after

they get the alarm. “The app also forwards the location of

the victim via GPS coordinates. The command control staff

will also provide patrol vehicles the location of the

victim,” he said. It’s not just that. The app will also

send messages to contacts on one’s phone and will also

divert alerts to the Whatsapp profiles of Hyderabad and

Cyberabad police. The She Safe app is available for

download for both Android and Apple operating systems. To

register, one must upload a photograph and list emergency

contacts. Speaking at the executive committee meeting, Mr

Anand also appreciated the SCSC for installing 150 CCTV

Cameras in and around the IT Corridor (Chronicle, D. 2016).

UST Global - the biggest employer of IT professionals in

Kerala - Friday launched its mobile-based app for women's

safety, ahead of the International Women's Day on March 8.

The app was unveiled by Kerala Home Minister Ramesh

Chennithala in Thiruvananthapuram in the presence of high

ranking police officers. To start with, the app - iSafe -

has been rolled out for Thiruvananthapuram City Police and

would soon be made available in other cities. The app is

currently available for Android phones and will soon be

available on other platforms. Through the app, women will

be able to send instant alerts to the police control room

by using the panic button or just by the long press of the

volume rocker (down) key of their mobile phones. The police

control room receives the alert along with information of

the location, the subscriber ID and the IMEI number of the

mobile. Police then immediately dispatches help via police

CRV (Control Room Vehicle) that is nearest to the distress

location. Once iSafe sends an alert to the control room,

its position can be tracked until the situation is

resolved. The position is visible to police at the control

room and also on tablets that police force carries.

Alexander Varghese, UST Global's country head, said

innovation and technology can go a long way in bringing

sustainable transformations to communities. Headquartered

in California, UST Global is a leading provider of

end-to-end IT services and solutions for Global 1,000

companies. The system continues to be a key resource in the

fight against crime in the city. The commissioner also

praised She Shuttle buses and the SHE Shuttle app, which

he said promoted safer travel in the city (Service, I.

2015).

Tokyo's Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) has

developed a free smartphone app with personal safety

functions for repelling molesters and activating a security

alarm that has fetched more than 220,000 downloads so far.

“Stop!” — a smartphone voice shouts loudly when a Digi

Police user activates one of the app’s functions to stymie

molesters, while the message “There’s a molester. Please

help,” displayed on their screen. The function was designed

for those who may be too scared to call out for help but

can show that message to the people around them. In the

security alarm function, users tap an image of a bell shown

on the screen and an electronic alarm blasts in full

volume. Users can also present the email addresses of their

families or guardians to inform them of physical danger and

their current location. The MPD began distributing Digi

Police in March 2016, and as of March 12 this year it had

been downloaded about 220,000 times, an unusually high

number for apps developed by public entities. Digi Police

was initially intended to attract attention to frauds or

suspicious individuals. An expert panel comprising

professors and others pointed out in September 2017 that it

was ideal to further spread and improve the app as a

measure to assure the safety of children and women. In

response, the MPD completely rebuilt the app, retailoring

it for the young “smartphone native” generation. The app’s

appearance has been redesigned: the color of its top page

changed from dark blue to white, and updated crime reports

can pop up for areas that users registered. The app has a

link to a “Safety of children and women” site that maps out

the closest police station or convenience stores, as well

as directions to nearby police boxes using the user’s

current location to use as a shelter. While the functions

to locate police boxes and be notified of crimes are

limited to only within Tokyo, the security alarm, function

to repel molesters, and information on security measures

are available to any users (Cruz, M. 2019).

Personal security has always been a major concern for

women in India, and various potential solutions have been

discussed on how technology can be incorporated to solve

the problem. Technology only covers a part of the larger

picture and a larger social transformation is required.

Regardless of the conversation, we will cover how

technology can help on that front, the best apps that can

help you do it and the potential pitfalls that we have

observed in the implementation. A number of smartphone apps

have been introduced in this space, as the smartphone

adoption grew in India. Most of the apps were launched as

part of a social campaign or were part of an advertising

campaign. But the main issue with most of the apps is the

fact that they are not updated frequently. During my

research on the apps that can help women tackle the

important issue of personal safety, I found a lot of

outdated apps. Apps that were last updated in 2015 or late

2014, apps that no longer function or are unstable, and

user feedback has pointed out the unpredictable nature of

the apps. I have excluded the apps that no longer work and

are not maintained by their developers so that users don't

encounter any issues while using the apps. Though, the

stability of the apps depends on their compatibility with

your smartphone setup (Blaine G. 2017). Western Railways

has recently launched a safety app for women in Mumbai. The

app is for female commuters between Churchgate and Virar

and is named "Eyewatch SOS for women". The Railway

protection force (RPF) and a private company has developed

the app and was working on the development since March 8,

2017. Finally, after many trials and tribulations, the app

has been given a green signal by the authorities. The free

app can be downloaded on any android phone from Google Play

Store and on iPhone from the Apple Appstore. According to

the Chief Public Relations officer of Western Railways

Ravinder Bhakar, there are many novelties in this app.

"This app has to be just tapped once and a video is sent

immediately to the RPF control room. The location of the

commuter is also sent and our team gets activated

immediately," says Bhakar. He added, "In case, even if

someone tries to grab the woman's phone, shut it or tries

to break it, even then the app will keep sending details to

the control room." According to the railway authorities, it

does not matter whether the phone is offline, has a telecom

signal or not or if the woman who is handling the phone

knows how to shoot a video or not. Just after pressing the

button on the app, a 80-seconds long video will be sent to

the RPF control. The video will give control room an idea

about the kind of trouble the woman is in and accordingly,

the reinforcement would be sent to deal with the situation

from the nearest railway station. However, as the app was

developed only a couple of months ago, few glitches in the

app were observed, which now have been ironed out. For the

system to work perfectly, many mock drills and trials have

been done. "There is another feature that the app has.

Contacts of eight people can be saved on this app from

family members to friends to doctors to any people who the

woman deems fit can be saved. So, in case of any emergency

these eight people will get minute-to-minute information

about the location of their loved ones until the woman

reaches a safe area," says Bhakar. The cost of developing

this app is somewhere near Rs 2 lakh, the app has been

downloaded by 5000 people for now but the railway is hoping

that soon women commuters in city traveling between

palghar, thane and mumbai districts will use it to stay

safe and alert the authorities in time of trouble (Vidya,

G. 2017). Women’s safety is now an important topic and

there are many industry segments that are working towards

the safety of women in India, and around the world. In

India, while the government agencies are working their bit,

the tech segment is not far behind. Since technology is

gaining speed, and smartphones are one of the most personal

devices that everyone carries, the device is now considered

as one of the topmost safety tools that one can use towards

security. With internet and GPS already available to almost

90-percent smartphone users in India, a smartphone can be

of huge help where safety is concerned. A simple app can

now help save a life—be it a child, a senior citizen or

anyone for that matter. There are several safety apps

available out there and anyone can use it today. Safety

apps are highly advised for women, children, senior

citizens and those with severe health issues. Most safety

apps feature a simple panic button scenario, which either

uses a physical or soft button (or combination of buttons)

to send out an alert. The alert system of most apps include

sending out an SMS, email, call and GPS location of the

victim to a set number of friends or family numbers.

However, most apps do not have the police involved in the

scene and one would have to rely on the friend or family

saviour to inform the police. Of the plethora of apps

available on various smartphone platforms, EyeWatch is one

app that emerges as a top player, which involves the police

control room in a panic scenario. The app is free to use

and has a set of unique features that can help save lives.

‘EyeWatch’, a mobile application that allows women to send

alert messages to their friends/relatives as well as police

authorities, in case of emergency, was launched in India a

while back. While the app is not new, there are many out

there who have not yet heard about the service. The app

caters to housewives, employed women as well as children

and senior citizens, who use smartphones. EyeWatch works on

mobile devices running Google’s Android, Apple’s iOS,

BlackBerry’s BBOS and Nokia’s Symbian operating systems.

Simple to use and operate, EyeWatch is free to download and

register. Once done, a few settings and parameters need to

be completed and you are all set to be safer. Once the user

registers, he/she will receive a verification link on the

registered email ID. After this, the app will ask the user

to feed in the contact details of at least two guardians

along with details of a doctor and security personnel. The

app allows users to register up to eight guardians. The app

finally needs permissions to access your microphone and

camera in order to work efficiently. This is just a

one-time process. EyeWatch features multiple alerts

—medical, security, personal and travel. The app has a few

settings, which allows a user to set the panic button

accordingly. For now, older smartphones can use the power

button as a panic button by pressing it four times in a set

sequence. All newer smartphones from 2017, after the

government’s order, will start featuring a panic button,

and the app will be updated to make use of it accordingly.

The app also has optional soft buttons for respective

panics. On opening the app, there are around four buttons,

each representing the type of panic feature—medical,

travel, personal and security. In terms of medical

emergencies, the app can be set to send out an alert even

without the user pressing the button or opening the app.

This is where EyeWatch’s unique feature comes into play. If

you are a senior citizen, or suffer from a major health

issue, the app can be set to sense a strong shake on the

smartphone. The gyro and accelerometer sensors, within the

smartphone, sense the change in the smartphone’s behaviour

to sense a possible panic. This could be a scenario where a

person with a health related issue happens to trip or fall

or if the phone has been thrown to the ground. The app will

automatically send out a panic alert in such cases.

However, we inquired with the app developers that the

feature could cause false alerts since people tend to drop

their smartphones pretty often or if a child is playing

with it. In reply, they said that the alert will definitely

be sent out, but can also be cancelled in cases of a false

alarm. In case of a child handling the phone, the app can

be paused or the feature can be temporarily turned off. As

for another feature of EyeWatch, on pressing the panic

button, the app will trigger up to 60-second audio and

video recording mode, which will be relayed to the Police

Control Room and to the victim’s guardians. However, this

needs the internet to be available. In case the internet,

GPS and mobile network is unavailable, the panic alert will

be sent out as soon as there is an available network. As

for the GPS, the nearest traceable location (via GPS or

mobile tower) or the last available location will be sent

out to the guardians, and police control room. The alert

sent out to the guardian has a set number of information

that can help him track you down. This information consists

of a GPS location and a url, which the user can tap and

locate you in real-time. Additionally, the audio and video

will also be available. The police control room also gets

the same information. Once your panic alert has been turned

off by you, the guardians will get another alert whether it

was a false alarm or an ‘I am ‘now safe’ mode. Turning off

the panic alert will also stop your guardians and the

police control room to get your real-time geo-location, so

that they cannot track you anymore. To turn off an

alert/alarm or a false panic alert, the user would be asked

to confirm the app password, which is an added security

feature so that the attacker does not have a chance to turn

it off. And for the highlight feature—if you are pressing

the panic button in case of an emergency, the phone’s

display goes completely blank, and none of the buttons will

work, making your attacker think that the phone has been

switched off. But the phone is actually secretly recording

a video and audio of the surroundings, allowing you to use

it as proof of incident. EyeWatch, with its unique set of

features, sets it completely apart from existing panic

apps. We recommend everyone to use the app, especially

women and senior citizens. The founders at EyeWatch are

also working continuously to improve the app, its ability

to do more and keep us safe. Additionally, they are also

working on a separate portable GSM-based GPS-enabled safety

device for children. However, they haven’t given us any

more information on the device or the date for release of

the same(Chronicle, D. 2016). Also according to India, T.

(2017), a group of students have made a mobile application

for women's safety that enables one to send a distress call

by merely shaking or dropping the device. Harsh and his

team from Jaypee Institute of Information Technology

developed the app, 'Panchhi', at the two-day hackathon

organised by Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering

(BVCOE), affiliated to Indraprastha University, Delhi. The

24-hour hackathon, which was conducted between October 10

and 11, saw participation from 25 teams from several

colleges and universities within and outside the national

capital. In line with the government's initiative to create

smart cities and smart villages as future hotspots, the

hackathon was themed 'Smart Habitat'. Another safety app

that was made in the state of India is by Karnataka Chief

Minister Siddaramaiah. Karnataka Chief Minister

Siddaramaiah unveiled mobile app 'Suraksha' for the safety

of women in the city. Launched by the Bengaluru police, the

integrated personal app is aimed at helping women for their

safety and security in an emergency. "I am happy to launch

this app finally, as I have been telling the police to give

importance to women's safety," Siddaramaiah told reporters.

The app has an option to register two more numbers of

persons the user (wants to inform during an emergency. "The

app, which can be downloaded free on smartphones, will help

women in distress to alert police for help, as it is linked

to the police control room and patrolling vehicles in the

city," said a police official. The Chief Minister and Home

Minister G. Parameshwara also flagged off 51 patrol

vehicles of the city police from the state secretariat. To

be manned by three policewomen, the vehicles will be

stationed near schools, women's colleges, places of

worship, shopping malls, theaters, and sensitive areas

across the city. The vehicles are equipped with the Global

Positioning System (GPS) and cameras for the staff at the

police control room to monitor the video feed (Mehta, I.

2017). In Bangalore, according to Reporter, S. (2017), the

most common and constant companion for anyone today is

their smartphones. Keeping this in mind as well as regular

reports of the safety of women being compromised, ‘Save My

Soul’, a multi-platform mobile application from BMS

Innolabs, was launched at the BMC College for Women here on

Monday by B.S. Ragini Narayan, Chairperson, B.M.S College

for Women, and donor trustee, B.M.S. Educational Trust. The

app, which is free and available on both the Apple and

Android markets , is easy to download and install and

simple to use in times of emergency. Among its features are

a “help me now” option on the screen which immediately

captures the GPS location of the user in trouble, and

alerting a list of emergency contacts the user can

designate after signing in. Significantly, in case of data

connectivity not being available, the app switches its mode

of tracking to the SMS mode where data about your location

is sent out to the server of the app through an SMS. There

is also a call back option where a person from the “Save my

Soul” team will call the user in case the system senses

that the user is in trouble. The member will then call the

user. While the system sends SMSes to the friends and

emergency contacts, upon no response from them, it will

place a call to the police with the last known GPS location

of the user.

An application to help women in Punjab in Pakistan

aims at curbing violence and promoting women’s safety in

the province which has one of the highest crime rates. The

application titled PSCA has been launched by the Chief

minister’s Special Monitoring unit, Punjab Safe Cities

Authority (PSCA) and the Punjab Commission on the Status of

Women (PCSW). With a simple user interface, the application

connects the user to police, traffic police, fire brigade

and health services as well. With the other two buttons, a

woman can file a street harassment report using the app.

The app also has a service which connects you to the rescue

department. With just a click of a button, the app will

send location details to the emergency response team. The

GPS enabled application will track the phone location,

further to which a first responder team will be dispatched

to the location. One of the features of the application is

it lets you mark a place as safe or unsafe. A person can

rate the place on various parameters like, openness,

people, gender usage etc. Users can upload pictures here

for others to see. “Though the app primarily covers street

harassment, it also has a feature for women who are inside

the house and are suffering physical violence to call for

help,” said Fauzia Viqar, chair of the Punjab Commission on

the Status of Women to The Guardian. Women’s rights

activists feel that this app will not be useful for all, as

many women do not have access to smartphones, especially in

rural areas of Pakistan. Ali Amir, MD, PSCA explained the

idea behind launching this application. He stressed on

making public spaces safe for women. Another official

warned people against misusing the application. He told

Dawn, “These services are available to everyone but abuse

of these services will result in prosecution.”(Bharathi,

V.2017). Safe Women is an initiative of the KPITB for the

‘Sakura Bus Project’ of the KP Government with financial

support from the Government of Japan and technical support

from UN Women Pakistan and UNOPS. Advisor to Chief Minister

on Information Technology Mr. Ziaullah Bangash, female

members of provincial assembly, representatives from Trans

Peshawar – Sakura Bus Operating Company, KPCSW officials,

and UN Women and UNOPS representatives were present during

the demo. “Through this Safety App, women and girls can

share their live location with trusted contacts, give

distress signals to family and friends, call police

emergency numbers, rate the safety level of the location

and check the live location of the buses,” shared Managing

Director KPITB Dr. Shahbaz Khan while giving the demo. Mr.

Ziaullah Bangash, Advisor to Chief Minister on Information

Technology, applauded UN Women’s efforts for working

towards creating a safe working environment for the women

of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and expressed his desire for

expanding the scale of the Safe Women App across the

Province. Ms. Ayesha Bano, Member of Provincial Assembly

and General Secretary of the Women Parliamentary Caucus

said that information technology could play a great role in

ensuring safety of vulnerable populations and that Safe

Women App would enable the users to stay connected with

their families and feel safe during their travel time. Ms.

Sajida Hanif, Member Provincial Assembly from Mardan, said

that safety measures for female commuters when they leave

their homes are important and will boost their family’s

confidence about their safety. Ms. Zainab Qaiser Khan, Head

of Sub Office UN Women KP, said: “UN Women Pakistan, as the

specialized agency for promoting gender equality and the

empowerment of women, has worked together with KPITB on

this mobile application to facilitate female commuters on

Pink Sakura buses in two cities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. She

said that women’s safety in public places is very important

for their wellbeing as well as economic empowerment and

expressed UN Women’s commitment to continue working with

the government and other stakeholders for enhancing women’s

safety in public spaces and creating an enabling

environment for them to unleash their full potential. It is

worth mentioning that under this project, UNOPS Pakistan

procured 14 buses and constructed 31 prefabricated bus

stops, fitted with solar panels to provide a constant

source of illumination. The bus route was developed in

collaboration with the Transport and Planning Engineering

Unit (TPU) to ensure the bus route covers educational

institutions and main activity centres. The bus service

aims to increase women’s mobility and enable women to have

greater access to employment and education opportunities

(Bruce, D. 2020).

Union Minister of Women and Child Development Smriti

Irani shared this information in a written reply in Lok

Sabha. According to an official release, the Emergency

Response Support System can be accessed through the '112

India' mobile app from any smartphone. The Central

government has launched the 112 Emergency Response Support

System or ERSS and App, which provides for a single number

(112) based assistance in emergencies to women in distress.

Union Minister of Women and Child Development Smriti

Irani shared this information in a written reply in Lok

Sabha. According to an official release, the Emergency

Response Support System can be accessed through the '112

India' mobile app from any smartphone. "Police" and "Public

order" are state subjects under the seventh schedule to the

Constitution of India. Maintaining law and order,

protection of life and property of the citizens, including

the safety of women, is primarily the responsibility of the

States and Union Territories (UTs). The States and UTs

arrange training to police, including male personnel, to

sensitise them in handling crime against women. The central

government also provides training to the police personnel

from time to time that includes sensitisation courses on

issues related to the safety of women. The government has

set up 684 One Stop Centres for violence-affected women

with the help of the Nirbhaya Fund. The state-wise number

of operationalised One Stop Centres is at Annexure-I (Ani

2020).

Launched during the 2017 18-Day Campaign To End VAW

Kick-Off program at the PETA Theatre in Quezon on November

24, “VAWfreePH” is an android-based personal safety mobile

app that gives women and girls a practical tool to fight

VAW. The mobile app has unique features that can be used

during emergencies and crisis situations. It can send a

discreet short messaging system or SMS to three (3)

pre-selected contacts alerting them of the user's exact

location using a global positioning system (GPS). It also

has an SOS button that when tapped, triggers the mobile

phone’s flashlight and sound alarm to gain public

attention. Another feature of the app is the audio

recording and image capture functionalities for evidence

recording. Users can likewise initiate fake calls to get

out of unwanted and threatening situations. VAWfreePH

mobile app makes reporting very easy using the one-button

dialing to 911 emergency helpline. Aside from the emergency

features, this mobile app can help users search for the

nearest hospitals and police women’s desks where VAW

victim-survivors can seek help and ask for assistance. This

app also includes a directory of helplines and a list of

service providers where they can seek help and support.

Apart from the safety and emergency features of the app,

VAWfreePH provides public awareness on existing women’s

human rights laws such as the RA 9262 or Anti-Violence

Against Women and Their Children, and RA 8353 or the

Anti-Rape Law, among others. Access to this information

helps empower our communities to attain a safer environment

for women (Dwight, D. n.d.).

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is for the researchers to

create a mobile application that can report an incident

like sexual harassment, directly to the police easily. In

that sense, we can make a safe city and reduce the cases of

sexual harassment. The following collaborators shall

benefit from the system:

To the Women and Men. The study shall help women

to report sexual incident such as sexual harassment

through the police accurately and easily.

 To the Employees. The study shall help employees to

report sexual incident such as sexual harassment that is

happening in their workplace directly to the police

accurately and easily.

To the Parents. The study shall help parents report

incident of their child such as sexual abuse and harassment

through the police accurately and easily.

To the Police officers. The study shall help police

officers to do their jobs on helping everyone in need.

To the Researchers. The study shall help the

researchers boost their confidence and their passion to

create an application that can help our society in

lessening sexual crimes.

To the Future Researchers. The study shall help the

future researchers who are conducting a similar study to

give them a reference and access and gain information and

ideas that shall be added to their research or study.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to design and develop

a mobile app for citizens and police offices of Baguio

City. Listed below are the specific objectives:

1. to find out the information about the requirements

of the proposed reporting incident mobile app for citizens

of Baguio.

2. to create and identify an interactive, personalized

smartphone or mobile application that would be used by the

users, and;

3. to test the usability of the proposed mobile

application as a reporting incident mobile app to the

citizens of Baguio.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the

following terms are defined.

Catcall. Catcall is a whistle, shout, or comment of

a sexual nature to a woman or man passing by.

Court testimony. Court testimony is words spoken by

someone who is a witness in a legal proceeding, in court,

in response to questions from an attorney for a party in

the proceeding or questions from the judge.

Email address. Email address is a designation for an

electronic mailbox that sends and receives messages on a

computer network.

Emotional distress. Emotional distress is a highly

unpleasant emotional reaction which results from another’s

conduct.

Glitch. Glitch is an error, flaw or fault in a

computer program or system that causes it to produce an

incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended

ways.

GPS. GPS, or Global Positioning System, is a global

navigation satellite system that provides location,

velocity and time synchronization.

Green signal. Green signal is a given permission to

do something.

Homophobic. Homophobic is the irrational hatred,

fear, and intolerance of of lesbian, gay, bisexual and

transgender (LGBT) people.

LGBT. LGBT is an initialism that stands for lesbian,

gay, bisexual, and transgender.

Pervasiveness. Pervasiveness is the quality of

spreading widely or being present throughout an area or a

group of people.

Prosecution. Prosecution is the institution and

conducting of legal proceedings against someone in respect

of a criminal charge.

Victimization. Victimization is the action of singling

someone out for cruel or unjust treatment.

Smartphone app. Smartphone app, also referred to as a

smartphone application, mobile application or simply an

app, is a software application designed to run on a mobile

device such as a phone, tablet, or watch.

Smartphone native. Smartphone native refers to the

familiarity of a person or people on using a mobile device.

Street Crime. Street crime is a loose term for

any criminal offense in a public place.

Tribulation. Tribulation is a state of great trouble

or suffering.

User interface. User interface, or UI, is the point

of human-computer interaction and communication in a

device.

This can include display screens, keyboards, a mouse and

the appearance of a desktop.