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Initial Assessment and Management of Sport Injury
Initial Assessment and Management of Sport Injury
Alit Pawana
Sport Injury Rehabilitation Division
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Dr. Soetomo Hospital
Introduction
Injury :
Wound or trauma; harm or hurt; usually
applied to damage inflicted on the body by an
external force.
Sport Injury :
Injury that affect bones or soft tissue (ligaments,
muscles, tendons) caused by sport activities.
Why Sport Injury Should be Assess
Immediately ?
• If not immediately addressed properly, it will
slow down the recovery process.
• Disadvantages
– time pressure
– sub-optimal environment
– absence of investigations
– uncooperative patient
• painful examination
How do we come to a diagnosis?
• Common injuries
• Patterns of injuries
• Mechanism of injury
• Observation and examination
Mechanism of injury
• Important clues to the type and degree of injury:
– amount of force
– direct trauma or indirect trauma
• Site of injury
• Observation
– swollen?
– looks inflamed?
– bruising?
– deformity?
• Functional diagnosis
Pathology of injury
Initial Injury :
• Tissue damage
• Bleeding due to capillary damage
• Increased water drawn to the area
• Bodies own “injury army” attracted to area
• Chemicals released into area
Injury will results in :
1. Swelling
2. Inflammation
3. Heat
4. Bruising
5. Pain
The Healing Process
Acute Phase of Injury (24 hrs -72hrs)
• Bleeding continues from damaged capillaries
• Dying cells release chemicals/ toxins that irritate
nerve endings → pain
• Swelling is made up of bodies “injury army” and
leakage of fluid from damaged tissues. Increased
pressure leads to more tissue damage and cell
death.
• Blood vessels dilate → increased blood flow →
are becomes pink, warm and swollen
The Healing Process
Sub-Acute Phase (3+ days – weeks)
• Removal of debris
– macrophages and lymphatic system
• Re-Capillarisation
– Capillaries begin to regrow
• Scar tissue
– Scar tissue development begins
– Laying of new damaged tissue begins- collagen
– Building blocks of new tissue
The Healing Process
Remodelling (weeks to years…)
• The initial collagen matrix layed down is remodelled
over time.
• Collagen is initially messy and un-organised. This is
reorganised and slowly becomes original tissue again.
• Collagen develops strength through lines of stress
• Collagen that is messy, unorganised and weak is more
likely to be re-injured
• Rehabilitation important in this phase to ensure proper
healing of collagen
Primary survey
Back to
Stop Competition
Competition
Initial Assessment of Injuries
Deciding if a player can continue on...
• Talk
• Observe
• Touch
• Active
• Passive
• Skills
• What happened?
• What was the mechanism of injury?
• Where does it hurt?
• Did you hear any sounds ie cracks, snaps?
• Look for obvious deformity
• If it doesn’t look right.... It probably isn’t...
• Look for swelling
• Look for discolouration
• Compare the bad side to the good side
• Tenderness
– mild
– moderate
– severe
• Location
– soft tissue
– bony
• Heat/ Temperature
– If hot more blood
• Assess how much movement athlete can do
by themselves..
• Is it Full Range?
• When does it get painful?
• Where is it painful?
• How much movement is there passively? ie
movement YOU can make
• Compare the bad side to the good side
• If all OK so far.. then need to test the athlete
with sport specific skill..
– Running on the spot
– Hopping
– Jumping
– “Z” running
Significant Deformity
Observe
Significant Swelling
Severe tenderness
Touch
Bony tenderness
Pain
Skill
Instability
ALGORITMA PENANGANAN CEDERA OLAH RAGA
Frontera WR, Herring AS, Micheli LJ, Silver JK (2007). Clinical
Sports Medicine. Medical Management and Rehabilitation.
Saunders Elsevier. Philadelphia
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (1985).
ATLIT CEDERA
Athletic Training and Sports Medicine. 1st Ed. Chicago
PRIMARY SURVEY
Airway & Breathing Circulation Disability E
xposure or
C-Spine Control nvironment
ATLIT CEDERA
PRIMARY SURVEY
RASAKAN DENYUT NADI AJAK BICARA AMATI
Lemah Tak Teraba Tentukan status Tentukan Lakukan survey Adakah Bagaimana Pola
kesadaran lokasi nyeri menyeluruh Perdarahan Napas
Peterson L, Renstrom P (1988). Sport Injuries. Their prevention and treatment. Martin Dunitz Ltd. London
Primary Survey
Airway + C-Spine control = SUMBER OBSTRUKSI :
• Benda asing, patahan gigi, kolaps jaringan lunak dan perdarahan
Mengontrol jalan napas dan tulang akibat cedera orofacial berat
• Relaksasi jaringan lunak faring pada atlit yang tidak sadar
leher. Periksa adekuasi jalan napas
TANDA-TANDA OBSTRUKSI :
• Look : Bekas muntahan atau bekuan darah di sekitar hidung dan
Breathing = Pernapasan. Periksa mulut
Penggunaan otot-otot pernapasan tambahan secara eksesif,
spontanitas pernapasan retraksi interkostal, cuping hidung melebar, sianosis (di
mulut dan kuku)
Gerakan see-saw (paradoks dari otot dada dan perut)
Circulation = Peredaran darah. gangguan fungsi diafragma
Periksa hemodinamika bila • Listen : Suara parau, mendengkur, stridor
• Feel : Rasakan hembusan nafas
tidak stabil pasanglah infus dan
identifikasi sumber perdarahan TINDAKAN :
• Pada atlit yang sadar :
Disability = Kecacatan. Periksa Tanya namanya untuk menentukan ada tidaknya obstruksi
Hilangkan benda asing penyebab obstruksi
kemungkinan adanya cedera • Pada atlit yang tidak sadar :
sistem saraf, otot dan tulang Periksalah apakah lidah jatuh ke belakang lakukan chin lift dan
jaw thrust dengan posisi leher terimobilisasi secara lurus
Exposure and Enviromental = ( Pasanglah oropharyngeal airway yang sesuai
Faktor Paparan dan Lingkungan.
Pastikan atlit berada dalam
lingkungan yang aman dengan Transfer dengan cara log rolling
dan pasang neck collar yang rigid
suhu yang terkontrol
Primary Survey
Airway + C-Spine control=
Mengontrol jalan napas dan tulang Ventilasi yang optimal membutuhkan kondisi yang baik dari :
• Jalan napas atas dan bawah,
leher. Periksa adekuasi jalan napas • Fungsi yang baik dari dinding dada, paru dan diafragma
Berespon terhadap suara
Berespon terhadap nyeri
3
2
jalan napas Tidak berespon 1
Verbal Response
Breathing = Pernapasan. Periksa
Orientasi baik
Bingung
5
4
spontanitas pernapasan Mengeluarkan kata-kata
yang tidak beraturan3
Mengeluarkan suara-suara
Melokalisir nyeri
Menghindari nyeri
5
4
Fleksi 3
Ekstensi
Tidak berespon
2
1
Frontera WR, Herring AS, Micheli LJ, Silver JK (2007). Clinical Sports Medicine. Medical Management and Rehabilitation.
Saunders Elsevier. Philadelphia
Peterson L, Renstrom P (1988). Sport Injuries. Their prevention and treatment. Martin Dunitz Ltd. London
MOBILISASI PENDERITA
CEDERA ORGAN DALAM
CEDERA ORGAN DALAM
EVALUASI LAPANGAN PADA ATLET CEDERA
Frontera WR, Herring AS, Micheli LJ, Silver JK (2007). Clinical Sports Medicine. Medical Management and Rehabilitation. Saunders Elsevier. Philadelphia
Peterson L, Renstrom P (1988). Sport Injuries. Their prevention and treatment. Martin Dunitz Ltd. London
Pengambilan keputusan apakah atlit dapat kembali
bertanding
3 pilihan yang harus didiskusikan dengan atlit dan
pelatih :
1. Kembali bertanding syarat :
bila bebas nyeri, tidak bengkak, luas gerak sendi
penuh, kekuatan otot 90%> dibanding sisi yang tidak
cidera, anggota gerak atas dapat melakukan full weight
bearing pada sisi cidera pada panggul, lutut dan ankle
tanpa jalan pincang, anggota gerak atas dapat
melakukan gerakan melempar dengan baik dan tanpa
nyeri,
2. Melarang atlit kembali bertanding bila persyaratan di
atas tidak terpenuhi
3. Melakukan observasi potensi atlit untuk kembali
bertanding
• Rest
• Ice
• Compression
• Elevation
Aim
• Reduce further damage to tissue
• Prevent excessive scar formation
• Remove player from field
• Rest injured area
• Immobilise area
• Why?
– Reduces further tissue damage
– Reduces blood flow
– Allows for full assessment of injury
• Icing
– Ice bags- gel packs, frozen peas
– Instant ice packs
– Ice water baths
– 20 mins on/ 2 hours off
• Why?
– Cools the area → constricts blood vessels →
reduces blood flow and fluid leakage → less
swelling, pressure and pain
• Compress injured area
• Elastic Bandage
• Cohesive bandage
• Strapping
• Move distal to proximal
• Why?
– External pressure reduces fluid leakage and bleeding
into tissues
– Provides support the area
– Immobilises the area ie REST
• Elevate area above heart
• On chair
• Medical kit
• Why?
– Reduces bleeding as blood has to flow up hill
– Gravity helps swelling to move towards lymph
nodes
Most important in the first 24-72 hours
• Heat
• Massage
• Running
• Alcohol
• Includes
– Hot packs
– Saunas
– Spas
• Why?
• Increases blood flow to area therefore
increases swelling
• Includes
– Most things adults enjoy after a game of sport!
• Why?
– Thins blood increases swelling
– In excess brings on silly behaviour
– Less pain felt therefore more damage caused
– Adds to toxins already in injured area
• Includes
– Running
– Any exercise that is painful
• Why?
– Increase in tissue damage
– Overload to other areas as compensation
• Includes
– Rub downs
– Massages
– Mobilisations
• Why?
– May increase tissue damage
– Increases blood circulation to the injured area