Research Midterm Examination

Module 7, 8 & 9

A Research Examination

Presented to

Mrs. Marissa Yolanda Catambay Samonte

University of Rizal System – Morong

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirement for

Purposive Communication

Dela Rosa, Rizza Anne Kristel S.

2 CE – D

Tuesday & Thursday ( 1:30 PM – 2:30 PM)

A.Y. 2020 – 2021

 MODULE 7
Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity

Part I : Summary of Discussion

As the world walks towards future. Advancement and change are its tools to aid
the survival of humankind. The growth of globalization became more prevalent. The
interconnectedness of different people and countries strive for betterment. The more
different people meets, the more they need to understand each views and beliefs.
People needs to know the different culture. For wherever a person is, he/she will
encounter people that requires an interaction whether in school, workplace or even in
the road, asking for some help. Diverse cultural background of people seems hard to
deal with for a person is oblige to know information to be able to get to his/her goal. To
successfully get to the objective a person wants, understanding culture isn't enough. For
knowing one's culture is like hearing, you hear it but not try to comprehend it. Cultural
awareness is the key as regards to people's intention of communicating.
Cultural awareness are knowing that their are different culture aside from the
culture a person is raised to. The behavior, clothes, beliefs and others greatly affect a
person. For instance, if a person is working at a multinational company. He/she is
require to interact with people of different backgrounds. It is valuable to get to know
better the person you want to come across because each actions and words counts.
Cultural awareness assist the people not to make wrong decisions. For knowing a
different culture doesn't mean a person is cultural aware. It said to be that culture is an
iceberg, person only see the visible culture a person manifest but aside from that there
is a deep customs, traditions and roles , a person aren't aware of. So cultural
awareness is very vital. But understanding other culture does not necessarily mean that
a person is putting aside his/her own culture but rather a person is opening up to
knowingly accept a culture and its different from his/her culture. Cultural awareness is a
step towards linked thoughts, for being cultural aware, makes a person adapt to the
approach or behavior of a certain person and showing. Respecting other culture results
in positive outcome. While cultural sensitivity is accepting the differences between one's
culture and a person own culture without insisting that your culture is better than other
cultures. Cultural sensitivity skills sometimes called cultural competence. It is the skill to
interact effectively with different backgrounds. Recognizing the cultural similarities and
differences between people, without assigning them the value of one's culture. The
cultural competence comprises four components , these are: awareness of one's own
cultural worldview, attitude towards

cultural differences, knowledge of different cultural practice and worldviews and cross-
cultural skills. To recognize a person's cultural competence, there are indicators of
cultural competence, these are recognizing the power and influence of culture,
understanding how each of our backgrounds affects our responses to others, not
assuming that all members of cultural groups share the same beliefs and practices,
acknowledging how past experiences affect present interactions and building on the
strengths and resources of each culture in an organization. There are also guidelines
that help exhibit cultural awareness like view human difference as positive and a cause
for celebration and be aware of the assumptions that you hold about people of culture
different from your own. These guidelines serve as way of reminding a person to be
conscious of the cultural differences with other people.
As part of being cultural sensitive, communicating gender sensitivity as culturally
defined are also discussed. Gender are divided into two categories namely man and
woman. As the parents raised them, culture became part of growing up. It is where the
distinction come into action. The gender norms influence the communication. The social
roles are prevalent that people assign how man and women should talk and how they
should act on society. These affects a person to perceive the reality . When dealing with
gender sensitivity, terms like gender sensitivity, gender sensitive language, gender
equality and gender equality in language. Gender sensitivity is the aim to understand
the societal and cultural factors involved in gender-based exclusion and discrimination.
While gender-sensitive language is the realization of gender equality in written and
spoken language. Gender equality refers to equal access to opportunities regardless of
gender. Then gender equality in language is when equal value, dignity and respect are
given nevertheless the gender. Gender- sensitive language is widely used, sexism in
language is one of the example. Sexism means the use of language that devalues one
member of one sex that results in gender inequality. The importance of gender equality
is the step towards social development. Language isn't the only thing thst will change
but rather how society will treat each gender. Nowadays, women is the victim of gender
role inequality. If the society gives significance to the gender equality. The role of
women will improve in different fields like education and healthcare. But it doesn't mean
that woman will steal the roles of man. They should be given equal rights. Just like how
feminism is misinterpreted. Feminism is not just about providing advantages of women
but rather letting women to choose what they wanted in life, be a politician even a
construction worker . Everything will workout if gender equality will be given enough
attention.

Part II : Insights

1st Insight : Cultural Awareness, Culture is an Iceberg.

Culture is the custom, norms and beliefs revolving around at a particular society
or nation. Different people comes from different nations has their own culture. How an
individual manifest their culture greatly affect other person. For instance they meet
people outside their society and the behavior seems odd for the person it may create
problem. Like in workplace who operates globally and encounter people with cultural
background. The worker will have a hard time understanding the attitude of the client
and may cause wrong decision. This is where cultural awareness will act on.
Understanding different culture is one thing but cannot be said an individual is cultural
aware.
Cultural awareness being conscious and disregarding potential biases that may
be formed based on prior experiences. It is being aware that individuals possess unique
ways of perceiving the world around them based on their cultural background and
acknowledging those beliefs to benefit all individuals inclusively ( IGI Global, n.d. ).
Cultural awareness enlightens an individual with other culture. Letting him/her
understand the difference and be able to provide a positive approach towards the
person an individual is talking to. It is important to be cultural aware because culture
isn't all about what a person see or notice with the other individual.
Culture as an iceberg, what we see of a culture is tiny in comparison to what we
cannot see. It is the unseen elements of culture such as values and beliefs, that are
usually hardest for people to understand and deal with. When we interact in cross
cultural situations, a lack of awareness can lead to bad or poor decisions ( Culture
Vulture, 2018). People should know and comprehend the culture to successfully be
cultural aware. For this a way of respecting one's culture without compromising your
own culture.

2nd Insight: Cultural Sensitivity: Culture Similarities and Differences matters.

 Cultural sensitivity is being aware that cultural differences and similarities
between people exist without assigning them a value – positive or negative, better or
worse, right or wrong (Dabbah, n.d.). It is about being aware that apart from an
individual own culture there are also other culture that is existing. With knowing other
culture, sensitivity means that an individual culture is no better than the other culture.
Similarities and differences

matters in comprehending the culture of others. For adapting the culture is a way to
understand it thoroughly.
Similarities and differences serves as a key in understanding that no culture is
superior and inferior. But in reality people see culture that is dominant to be superior.
According to Dabbah (n.d.), in life and work environments we frequently face situations
where there is a dominant and a secondary culture. For instance, in the U.S. the
European American is the dominant culture whereas Hispanic, African American and
Chinese cultures are all secondary. Dominant culture is the expected culture to adapt
to. It seems easy to talk about it but hard to execute. So knowing the similarities and
differences help an individual to adapt in a manner with respect and no judgement.

3rd Insight: Developing Cultural Competence is the key to effectively exhibit

Cultural Sensitivity.

Cultural sensitivity skills are also known as cultural competence , it is the ability to
understand, communicate with and effectively interact with people across cultures (Make it our
business, 2017). Cultural competence is the action an individual shows to his/her fellow
workmates or friends. He/she should manifest his/her understanding and respect towards
different culture perspective.

Cultural competence is consist of four components. First, awareness of one's

culture worldview. Being aware of culture doesn't only mean to know the culture rather
to understand it and adapt it, not in negative way like forgetting the own culture but in a
positive way. Where an individual should recognize the his/her culture is not better than
other culture. Next, attitude towards cultural differences. Knowing one's culture may be
easy but taking it into action is really a difficult one because for a person who is new to
a culture, it may look awkward and made it into wrong impression towards the people
he/she is intending to give respect. So attitude must be observed in order to carefully
assess the decision to make in making interaction with other people. Then, knowledge
of different cultural practices and worldviews. It is almost the same as others but it is
clearly says that information to other culture is really vital because it is the starting point
of an individual to recognize the culture and be able to differentiate it with his/her own
culture. Lastly, cross-cultural skill, where it is the ability to know, understand and put into
action the cultural differences he/she encounter.

4th Insight: Be able to recognize my own cultural competence.

Cultural competence are skills to effectively execute the action with right decision
towards other culture. Recognizing one's strength and weakness is a good way of
making own decision without harming other individual. So in the module, indicators of
cultural competence is shown. Recognizing the power and influence of culture. Culture
is the norms , beliefs and views of an individual. It is basically the identity of a person,
where it holds how he/she behave and interact with others. It is part of being an
individual. So recognizing the power the culture holds. The individual can carefully
assess the action he/she will take. Understanding how each of our backgrounds affects
our responses to others. Interaction with others seems so easy, a person will just need
to approach the individual but doing so may impact the impression of the person. For all
the people have their own perspective and beliefs. For instance , the person you wanted
to interact doesn't like physical contact yet you try to touch that person. Then wrong
impression will be the result. So understanding the background of other people will help
a person to think every action he/she will do and will result into a positive outcome.
Next, not assuming that all members of cultural groups share the same beliefs and
practices. The individual should fully accept his/her culture is different from others. They
may have similarities as well as differences. Not putting into mind that a person have
same culture and beliefs is very helpful. For a person will understand and be open
minded that there are other culture aside from his/her culture. By not assuming, the
action of an individual are reflected. He/she will be more careful and respectful towards
the other person. Then, acknowledging how past experiences affect present
interactions. A past experience is the lesson , a person should take to be able to grow.
So it will affect the present interaction. For example, in a workplace, the client you
wanted to meet, have different nationality, so you need to learn some of his/her
language for greetings, the gesture the client makes while talking. But confident enough
you didn't study all those so it ended up into a mess. Scenario like that can be a lesson
for an individual , for he/she will learned that understanding an individual is a must to
interact with them in positive way without offending the other person. Lastly, building on
the strengths and resources of each culture in an organization. It is very evident in a
workplace, especially in a multinational or global company. The employees and clients
are with different backgrounds and relationship with workmates are very important to
build the teamwork and be able to work properly without the awkwardness in diversity.
Knowing the strength and weaknesses is a bridge to a more deep relationship, where a
person can be able to learn the invisible part of the culture a person have that can be
useful in working. For knowing the culture can be the key to understand each other and
share ideas and information not minding the differences for the individual already accept
and understand that people have different culture that should be understand and
respected.

5th Insight: Be an optimistic with cultural differences for guidelines are made to help you
in words and in deeds.

According to Sherman (2018) observes that communicating in a diverse,

multicultural environment can be awkward. For instance the appropriate thing for an
individual is inappropriate for others. So the awkwardness is really between the two
different people with different culture. To minimize the effect of misleading result of an
interaction. Guideline were made based from http://www.coloradoedinitiative.org. To
view human difference as positive and a cause for celebration. This is very refreshing
guidelines, for when we are little, we are always taught that each of every individual are
distinct, different with others. Unique in their own way. Accepting that people are
different are cause for celebration. For everyone has their own strengths to show and
share with others. Have a clear sense of your own ethnic, cultural, and racial identity.
This is about making your own stance in life, what you believe and what you wanted to
be. When you know where you stand, you can easily understand the differences with
your own culture and others. Knowing it is the way to approach an situation in a proper
manner without harming or making a bad impression to others. Be aware that in order to
learn about others, you need to understand and be prepared to share your own culture.
It something like about give and take relationship, when the other person show and
share his/her culture it is also necessary to manifest yours too, for it shows respect and
recognition to the individual. Take any opportunity to put yourself in places where you
can learn about differences and create relationships. It clearly present that taking the
positive way to learn things is as good as building relationships. For learning is best
when you understand it on the person of that particular culture. It gives the credibility
and authenticity of the information, where at the sametime you slowly trust each other
by sharing knowledge and that is the start of connection towards a good relationship.
Understand that you will likely be perceived as a person with power and racial privilege
(or the opposite), and that you may not be seen as unbiased or as an ally. It very crucial
for it only take one look to have a first impression where a person decide whether it is a
friend or not. An individual should understand that people's perception about him/her
are not the same. For they have different perspective and beliefs that is different from
the individual.
 For me, the best way to carry out these guidelines is by being optimistic. Where
we see the positive aspect of a situation. Being able to think clearly is a good thing to
deliver decision. Without being biased and cloud judgement, guidelines are surely a
light towards understanding and respect with cultural differences and the people
themselves.

6th Insight: Gender sensitivity is a powerful tool that influence communication.

Gender is the socially constructed enactment of what it means to be a man or a

woman (lumenlearning, n.d.). In a society, socials norms and beliefs are always align
with gender. We grew up learning who we are and how should someone like us act.
Parents

taught the children the difference between a man or woman. What man should do and
what woman should do. Like how man do the heavy works and the one who earn
money while woman should be the one at home taking care of children and doing
household chores. It is basically about masculinity and femininity. Gender manifest how
should a person express his/her self.

Gender then affect communication. It influence communication for masculinity

and femininity creates a barrier between two gender. How a man speak and how people
perceive it is very different from women way of talking due to what manner of raising the
parents do. Have you ever been told that you “throw like a girl,” “run like a girl,” or “fight
like a girl”? Was it an insult? A compliment? We have been taught that throwing like a
girl is the equivalent of throwing poorly. We use a variety of channels of communication
(language, books, television, clothing, etc.) to teach children what it means to be a “girl”
or a “boy” (lumenlearning, n.d.). The limitation in identity of a man and women are
widened that it also manifest in communication. Gender are social constructions, the
meanings of the gendered terms masculine and feminine are dynamic or fluid. Why?
Because their meanings are open to interpretation (lumenlearning, n.d.). Gender said to
be symbolic, for we learn how to act based on our genders through our parents.
Through the express languange and behavior an individual learn to act with masculinity
and femininity. The gender communication is cultural for the beliefs and behaviors of
each gender are determined based from their own culture. Gender sensitivity makes an
individual aware of the cultural and societal factors that involves gender-based
exclusion. The knowledge of similarities and differences of culture will make an
individual seek understanding and show empathy towards others. Less discrimination
and less stereotypes, hence it is a powerful tool to influence communication. For gender
sensitivity can change the perspective of each individual in gender biased through
changing the way they talk and the words they use in talking.
7th Insight: People should be aware of Sexism in Language for it creates
discrimination.

Sexism in language exists when language devalues members of a certain

gender. Sexist language is language which excludes one sex or the other, or which
suggests that one sex is superior to the other (dictionary.cambridge.org, n.d.).Verbal
communication is one of the most powerful means through which sexism and gender
discrimination are perpetrated and reproduced. Why is that so? The answer is twofold.
First, the content of gender stereotypes, according to which women should display
communal/warmth traits , and men should display agentic/competence traits are
reproduced in the lexical choices of everyday communication (Maass & Arcuri, 1996).

Language then creates biased in gender which is hard to deal with. For people
used language in common manner in everyday lives. For example, the phrase " All men
are equal" which is biased. People are not aware that they use language that they think
have the same meaning but in reality differs. Resources that results into less favorable
way of representing a woman. Creating it into discrimination and stereotype that is
actually , women are one who is affected. For language are use in terms of masculinity
superior from femininity. People should have gender sensitivity, they should be aware
that cultural factors are the results of gender-bias and should be avoided. For people
suffers mentally in discrimination that reduced one's self esteem.

8th Insight: Gender Equality in Language should be promoted.

People are not very conscious of the language they’re using. But a body of
evidence suggests that how people use gendered words, including personal pronouns,
not only expresses their beliefs around gender but also shapes the way they see the
social world and their place in it as a woman or a man. When people hear these word
order choices, they read them as cues indicating the relevance of the people described
by them. Word order can both convey and reinforce gender beliefs (Kesebir, n.d.).

Gender equality is said to be attained when both men and women do not
conform to the binary gender system and use language with equal dignity, value and
respect. Promoting gender equality in language is something to be done for people
have different perspective that they tend to forget that language contains those biases.
Gender equality breaks those stereotypes by showing that men and women have equal
opportunity to use the language that is right for everyone without regards in both
masculinity and femininity. Encouraging people to use the biased free language is very
empowering. For language has the power to change people's viewpoint about gender.
9th Insight: Gender roles shouldn't be assigned.

Gender roles in society means how we’re expected to act, speak, dress, groom,
and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. For example, girls and women
are generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite,
accommodating, and nurturing. Men are generally expected to be strong, aggressive,
and bold (Planned Parenthood, n.d.).

Gender roles shouldn't be assigned to people, whether they should act as man
and act as a woman. It creates stereotypes, a widely accepted bias, that should be
break. It discriminate an individual, the freedom of expression is compromise. People
should

learn that gender role aren't about being a man and a woman, but to let people decide
what role they should take, after all freedom of expression is what people seeks for.

10th Insight: Gender Equality is the key to social development of the country.

Gender equality is a human right. Women are entitled to live with dignity and with
freedom from want and from fear. Gender equality is also a precondition for advancing
development and reducing poverty: Empowered women contribute to the health and
productivity of whole families and communities, and they improve prospects for the next
generation (unfpa.org, n.d.).

Providing woman equal rights in different fields like education, business world,
sports, politics and many more creates a more diverse world. Woman have their own
strengths and knowledge that can contribute to society. Giving woman the opportunity
doesn't mean that man should be set aside , for it is all about equality, where man and
woman should have the equal chance of doing what they want to di without the
judgment of society. Uniting both man and women will result into social development for
things aren't only limited for man but women have a place to share knowledge and be
the best version of theirselves that can contribute to the progression of the country.

Discrimination to women, lead them to promote feminism. Feminism is the belief

in full social, economic, and political equality for women (Brunell, 2020). It arose due to
limited woman rights. But then promoting feminism result into a confusion. For people
think that feminism is about giving advantage to women. But according to the meaning ,
its about women seeking for equality, not to put them into superiority but provide them
opportunity the society gives to man. Gender equality should be taken into a positive
way, no superior no inferior. People should promote it for the progress of society is the
progress of its people.

MODULE 8
Nation and Culture

Part I : Summary of Discussion

Philippines have more than seven thousand islands. Each have their one culture
and tradition distinct from one another. It is not strange that Philippines is a diverse
country with own values, beliefs and behaviors manifested throughout the history of it.
Values shaped Filipinos to who we are today. It is not new to generalize the values
imprinted in each of every Filipino for our culture were traced in the early era of the
Philippines. Through communication or what we call "salin dila" , the culture are
adapted from our ancestor teaching us the practices they are accustomed to.
Influencing how Filipinos interact people, even the fellow Filipino for we are from
different region with different beliefs that may differ from others.
Filipinos cultural practice that affect communication are verbal communication,
non-verbal communication, basic etiquette, greetings, naming and family. Verbal
communication are made up of four categorized. First, indirect communication, where
they do it not to loss face and embarrass themselves. They avoided interrupting others
and in term of speech, Filipinos speak in passive voice to avoid misinterpretation. Next,
communication style that focuses on expressing ideas with humility to elude from the
impression of arrogance. The tone used by Filipinos are traced from the region they
were raised. Elders and higher position are given with respect through saying "po" for
formal and "ho" for informal. Then, refusals, since Filipinos wanted not to lose face, they
seldom say "no" for it is deemed to be impolite. So Filipinos focus on hints of hesitation.
When Filipinos are responding to a favor, they struggle to say "no", so they tend to
answer "maybe" out of respect. Lastly, respect where manifested when Filipinos are
talkinf to elders and higher people, they use polite form of speech. At the end of
sentence or phrase, Filipinos add the word "po" due to respect to hierarchy.
Non-verbal communication aren't new to Filipinos for it is part of talking with
peers and workmates. It is composed of physical contact, personal space, laughter,
gesture, pointing and beckoning. Physical contact are very common for relatives and
close friends where Filipinos show their affection by walking hand in hand or arm in arm.
In terms of significant others, Filipinos are conservative, public display of affection is
uncommon here in the Philippines. Personal space among Filipinos are minimal when
interacting with family and friends, arm's length from one another. But in public space
especially transportation, personal space are disregarded. Laughter meanings in
Filipino depends on situation, sometimes its for happiness or pleasure but sometimes it
is done to relieve

tension or removed embarrassment. Gestures are very common in Filipinos like hand
gesture, pursing of lips and raising of eyebrow. Hand gesture, where you put it in the
side of hips is a sign of anger. While smile is not always about being happy but
sometimes it is because of embarrassment, nervousness and even insecurity. Pointing
in Filipinos are in the form of puckering the lips or moving to the direction , they
intended. Beckoning are shown using hand facing downwards and moving fingers
towards oneself.
Basic etiquette are the accustomed behavior in polite manner. Filipinos show it
through clothes that is more reserved or formal clothing, elders and higher societal
people are treated with respect , large family living together doesn't have privacy,
cursing is uncommon for Filipinos may embarrass and relax approach in punctuality.
When visiting in someone house, Filipinos observed proper etiquette. The women of the
house shouldn't be address as hostess for it has an uncommon meaning for Filipinos.
Removing of one's shoes before entering is part of basic etiquette. Another is to accept
refreshment to show respect. The last serving of food are reluctant to take by the
Filipino who have visitors. When someone is eating and a person pass by, they tend to
offer to eat out of respect. Eating have also etiquette that are practiced. Meals without
rice are considered not main course of food. Filipinos used hands, spoon and fork to
eat. When visitors arrived , Filipinos used their best cutlery to served the food. Foods
are allowed to be cold before eating for the etiquette of dishes should be present before
serving. It is common to leave food at the table for someone will arrived and will eat the
food. Gift giving are also important matters in Filipinos, gifts are well wrapped to present
it good. Gifts are given because of sentimental value or practical reasons. Gifts aren't
open after receiving, they tend to put it aside. Pag-Mano is the most common etiquette
of a Filipinos. "Mano" is the common gesture to greet which means "bless" in English. It
is a sign of respect towards elders. It is done when children visit their grandparents
house, they ask "mano po" to greet them.
Greetings are shown by Filipinos with hospitality and friendly gestures. Smile is
the common greeting before the conversation star. A handshake is given to stranger
when the one who greets are men while a hand wave and smile is a way of greeting of
Filipinas. Close friend and families are greeted through a handshake and pat on the
back when the men are greeting while women gives hugs and kisses. The conversation
of Filipinos often start when they say "Kumusta kayo". When the person is older than
you , Filipinos refers them as "kuya" and "ate".
Naming in Filipinos may be said to have long history. Spaniards have occupied
and led the Philippines for 333 years. So it is not strange that culture and tradition of
Filipinos are influenced by Spanish. The format of name which the mother's maiden
name are put as middle name while the father's surname are adopted. Sometimes , the
Spanish format of adding "y" in name are used in formal events. The name of some
Filipinos are

based from Catholic saints. It is common for son to adopt his father's name, thus
acquiring the suffix of Junior. Nicknames are used both in family and workplace.
Family holds dear for Filipinos, that is why they love to talk about relatives, what
province they came from and others. Personal life are one of the topic when talking with
Filipino families. Family is considered to be the foundation of social life for most of
Filipinos. The nuclear family are the core unit but then Filipinos have their own extended
families which go beyond bloodlines. Filial piety is common to Filipinos for it showed the
love , devotion and care, they show towards the family and to maintain the collective
face of the family. Filipinos hold the beliefs that each member of the family have the
responsibilities to uphold. Household structure and transnational families are part of the
culture of the Filipinos. It is only natural that the three generation of a family are living
together. The family structure changes are adapted by Filipino families this is due to
paid labor abroad, parents leave their children to seek money in order to support the
family. Filipino abroad just send remittances and "balikbayan box" to their families.
Gender roles are often assigned to man and woman. Philippines are said to be
patriarchal for masculinity are more prevalent in the country but then matriarchal shows
some development because women shows superiority in some fields like political,
business and education. Dating and marriage are part of the culture of the Filipinos.
Dating starts with courtship and continue if the individual love his/her partner. In terms
of marriage, Filipinos have the freedom to choose their spouse but then some are
influence by the preference of the family. Expectation and practice in marriage are
influenced by Catholic church. Divorce are illegal and stigmatized due to the affiliation in
Catholic beliefs and practices.
Cultural Stereotypes in Filipinos are common for it is part of the social norm that
is over-generalized. Filipino have fair share of stereotypes. Filipino don’t speak English,
other nationality tend to think that Filipino don’t speak English that is why they are
surprised when they heard Filipino using English in communicating. Filipinos speak
Spanish, this is because of the time the Philippines are led by Spaniards. People think
that Filipinos speak Spanish, it is not true since English retained in Filipinos but
somehow, some Spanish words are adapted by Filipinos. Dog meat is normally eaten,
this basically a taboo in the Philippines for Filipinos adore pups. All Filipinos share same
culture and tradition, this is partially true for when Spaniards came, Filipinos unites to
fight the oppression but then Philippines are composed of many islands that have their
own beliefs, so traditions and culture still varies. If you've seen one island, you've seen
them all, this is because people aren't familiar with the cultural and traditional
differences of regions in Philippines. Filipinos abroad are only capable of low-income
jobs, this was perceive because they degrade the job of Filipinos. The Philippines is a
dangerous country, it is because of the news that terrorist lurking around. Filipinos are
always late,

this is partially true due to what Filipinos called "Filipino time" but then when it comes to
formal meetings, Filipinos value time. Filipino are uneducated, this is assumed for other
nationality think that Filipinos are lesser than them. Filipinos are not familiar with foreign
brands, foreigners didn't know that Filipinos have their own branches of foreign brands
in the Philippines.

Part II : Insights

1st Insight : "Po and Opo" a communication style that Filipino should be proud
of.

The culture and practice of Filipinos are rich with respect. Communication style
shows how Filipinos interact with other people. Filipinos talk with humility to present that
they are not arrogant. They use passive tone of voice and not harsh tone to avoid
misunderstanding with the intended meaning of the word spoken. One distinct Filipino
way of showing respect is using ‘po’ and ‘opo’. When addressing someone older or of
higher rank, we affix “po” to the end of phrase or sentence. The word “po” alone does
not have a meaning. But when added to a phrase, it shows formality and used as a sign
of respect (emzlee, 2016).

The "po and opo" words that develop into communication style of every Filipino
should be something to be proud of. Because these words are the root of our deepest
respect and gratitude towards the elders and our families. It is very distinct that Filipinos
should be proud of, very "pinoy" as they say.

2nd Insight: Non-verbal communication are as important as the communication in

the culture and practice of Filipinos.

Nonverbal communication refers to gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice,

eye contact (or lack thereof), body language, posture, and other ways people
can communicate without using language ( Doyle, 2020). Verbal communication tend to
think to be more meaningful than the action because words came out from the person
you are talking unlike actions they deemed to be unclear especially if you are not well
acquainted with the individual your are conversing to. But then culture and tradition of

Filipinos shows that non-verbal communication is equally important with verbal

communication.

Physical contact, personal space, laughter, pointing, gesture and beckoning are
parts of the non-verbal communication in Filipino culture. The shown affection through
physical contact, laughter doesn't exactly means the Filipinos are happy, sometimes
they use it to relieve tension and to hide embarrassment. Gestures like hand shake,
pursing of lips and raising of eyebrows are some other way to communicate. Non-verbal
communication is same as verbal communication for when Filipinos are interacting, they
wait for the movement of the other person. For them to decide what to say next. As
someone said "action is better than words". The movement is use to confirm whether
the conversation is leading into a positive path.

3rd Insight: Pag-Mano reflects the culture of Filipinos.

Filipino are taught to be respectful to elders. This is probably the most common
manifestation of the culture of Filipinos. The tradition Filipinos were taught is the gesture
of "pagmamano". The Tagalog word pagmamano comes from the root word mano,
which means “hand” in Spanish. It is an act of paying respect to an older person by
touching the back of the elder’s hand against a younger one’s forehead. Generally, this
courtesy is done with the right hand and is performed upon meeting the person. The
phrase “mano po” meaning “may I have your hand” is spoken by the younger individual
asking for the hand while the response “kaawaan ka ng Diyos” or “God bless you” is
uttered by the elderly (Ethnic Group Philippines, 2020).

"Pagmamano" starts during the Spanish occupied the Philippines. When they
introduced Christianity, the gesture of kissing the hand if the priest signifies the respect.
Until such time that Filipinos adapted it towards their family elders. Even though it was
originated with the stain of Spanish. It still owned by the Filipinos, the gesture is practice
throughout the Philippines despite that Filipinos are separated by islands.
"Pagmamano" is still the tradition that reflects the culture of Filipinos.

4th Insight: Family has a close ties to Filipinos.

"Blood is thicker than water" , this saying applies to Filipinos loved for their
families. Filipinos like to talk about families life, their occupation, love life and everything
that can talk about. Filipinos also have their own extended family. It is not strange for
family is the basic unit of social life of the Filipinos. The close family relationship extend
that Filipinos let their family call the distant relatives as "tita" and "tito".

Filial piety , one of the culture of Filipinos that proves how Filipinos have close
ties with their families. The love , care and devotion are shown with each family
members. They have duties and responsibilities to uphold in order to respect the wishes
and harmony of the family. It is also shown on the house structure and transnational
culture of Filipinos. Where three generation are living together, starting from their
grandparents until to the grandchildren of the families. They work abroad to fulfill the
responsibilities of giving a bright future for their children , where the concept of
"balikbayan box" is created. Family really matters to Filipinos.

5th Insight: Gender Roles in the culture of Filipino should come to an end.
 Gender roles in the Philippines has become part of the culture of Filipinos. The
society of Filipinos were tagged as patriarchal for masculinity attitude governs the
standard of Filipino men. They tend to think that men are superior in women. This is
manifested in the family where the father is dubbed as "haligi ng tahanan" ,the head of
the family where the income comes from and the decision within the family are
determined by the father. While the mother is called "ilaw ng tahanan", who is
responsible for taking care of the children and do the household chores. This kind of
reasoning has affected the younger generation, they were taught that women should be
under the men. Since , Christianity has a large influence in the ideals of the Filipinos,
that men are superior.

But then stubbornness is natural to the Filipinos. The idea that men is superior
than women have been slowly changing. This is because of the strong belief of the
Filipinas that men aren't only blessed with talents but rather women have their own
strength to share with. Today, Philippines is close in exhibiting matriarchal society. A lot

of women are bringing themselves in front. Leading the different field of healthcare,
education and many more. Gender role should be put into stop. In that way, Filipinos
have their freedom to choose how to act and how to perceive themselves. For a person
achieve success when he/she is himself/herself.

6th Insight: Dating and Marriage have colorful culture in the Philippines.

Dating and marriage have stages in Filipino culture. It starts in courtship, where
man is coaxing the woman, to get her to say yes. When the relationship go well, the
man will introduced the woman to his family.

Filipinas are dubbed as "dalagang pilipina" for they are shy and discreet towards
her feelings. During the old times and in the rural areas of the Philippines, Filipino men
would make harana (serenade) the women at night and sing songs of love and
affection. This is basically a Spanish influence. The man is usually accompanied by his
close friends who provide moral support for the guy, apart from singing with him.
[Source: Center for Southeast Asian Studies Northern Illinois University,
seasite.niu.edu]

Love marriages with parental approval—as opposed to arranged marriages—are

the norm although parents often play a role in choosing marriage partners for their
children. Marriages have traditionally been monogamous although in some places,
particularly Muslim and tribal areas, men have had more than one wife. Virginity has
traditionally been valued, particularly in the countryside. If a young man decides he
wants to marry a particular girl, he or his parents visit the young woman’s house and
offer a gift. After this initial visit the parents of the couple meet (Hays, 2008).

When you learn about how Filipinos traverse in the stages of dating and
marriage, you will realize how colorful the culture of the Filipinos. It is because
Philippines is fasten together of more than 7000 islands with different culture and
tradition shared with one another.

7th Insight: Filipino speak English so well.

The culture stereotype that Filipino don't speak English is already an old
characteristics that doesn't apply anymore. Even though not all Filipinos can
communicate with each other using their own national language, the wide majority of
the

population speaks great English (maybe with the exception of the older generation
working on the farms). If you listen to Filipinos when they are talking to each other,
they would use at least 20-30% English words and the rest is a mix of Filipino and their
own dialect. Even the hugely popular soap operas on TV are almost half in English
(Philippines RedCat, n.d.).

As evidence are provided, Filipino today are more fluent in speaking in English,
even before since Philippines are occupied by Americans that introduced free education
system that let Filipino aspiring teacher were taught to speak English. The language use
in television shows, commercials, billboard, magazine and even textbooks of students
were written in the language of English. The curriculum in education in the Philippines
teaches English language in Grade 1, which by far pupils are around 5-7 yrs. old. That's
why it is not strange that Filipinos are good at speaking English.

8th Insight: The Philippines is not a dangerous country.

The Philippines is a dangerous country kind of stereotype isn't true. In fact

according to the Washington-based Gallup Global Law and Order 2020 index, the
Philippines tied with Australia, New Zealand, Poland and Serbia with an index score of
84. The five countries were actually in the 37th-41st places in the listing, but their index
score of 84 was 12th in the overall index score ranking.

The survey looked at 144 countries across the world. Singapore and
Turkmenistan ranked highest with 97 percent, followed by China (93 percent), and
Iceland and Kuwait (93 percent). War-torn Afghanistan ranked last with 43 percent.

Overall, the study said that nearly seven in 10 people worldwide said they felt
safe and had confidence in the local police (Subingsubing, 2020).

At first, it wasn't easy to take that Philippines are part of the safest country in the
world but then Filipinos have doubt because extrajudicial killing aren't clear yet then the
issue about New People's Army at Mindanao. But as a Filipino living in the Philippines,
is not a dangerous country as they think.

9th Insight: Filipino Time is not always the right time.

For Filipinos, being late and starting things late have always been part of our
culture. Many Filipinos seems to either practice it or accept it, so much that we’ve been
given a term for it — Filipino Time (Tan, 2016).

However, what many Filipinos don’t realize is how crippling on our total
productivity Filipino Time can be, and how it says a lot about the character of Filipinos.
With the deep-rootedness of tardiness in Philippine culture and literature, the horrible
Manila traffic and public transportation system, and our lack of ability to discipline
ourselves, Filipino Time will always be a glaring facet of Filipino culture, and its strong
network effects speaks volumes about the kind of people Filipinos are (Tan, 2016).

Filipino time is not always the right time for it reflects the attitude we wanted to
portray towards the person who wait us. Filipino shouldn't be proud of Filipino time
because it is not could to put our tardiness in workplace, office and other important
matters that value time. As the old saying goes " Time is gold".
10th Insight: Filipinos are educated.

Education in the Philippines is prioritized. Parents believe that education is

indispensable, a national legacy which should be passed from one generation to the
next. It's no wonder that Filipinos speak good English, read English books and
newspapers and send letters to these columns to voice their views, whereas maids of
other nationalities do not. Even maids fresh from the barrio have a good education.
There are a lot of schools in the Philippines. Government elementary and high schools
are free (SCMP Reporter, 1996).

The Philippines came in first in a survey of Asian countries on literacy conducted

by Asiaweek in 1996. In a similar survey of 46 countries, Filipino skilled workers ranked
first while Filipino managers were ranked second among their counterparts. Analysts
maintain that it will take other emerging countries of Southeast Asia, a generation to
reach the educational advantage of the Filipinos especially for the production of high
quality technological products. There are an estimated 4.5 million Filipinos working
overseas (Philippines, History and Background, n.d.).

Evidences clearly shows that Filipinos are educated. A lot of Filipinos are taking
risk to work abroad for their families. They wouldn't go their if they are not prepared and
well educated. Another is that parents values education as inheritance to their children.
As the saying of Filipino parent goes " Edukasyon lamang ang mapapamana namin sa
inyo". That is Filipino values education, for they believe that education will bring them to
the path they wanted to take.
                   MODULE 9
Global and Culture

Part I : Summary of Discussion

Globalization has become part of the advancement of the world alongside

technology. It created global environment, connection between different people are
widened, penetrating every country. But then hindrances are still up, different ethnic and
culture can send drawbacks and may result in misunderstanding even with the used of
same language.
Business sector, try to keep up with the change in environment in workplace.
Poor communication lead to poor organizational performance. That is why, business
sector should keep up and understand the globalization and cross-cultural
communication, as society is deep linked with globalization, the ability to communicate
across cultural differences become a necessity. According to Genevieve Hilton, cultural
proficiency doesn't mean memorizing every cultural nuance of every market. It's
knowing, when to listen, when to ask for help and when to finally speak.
Diversity is composed of different people, culture and varieties that involves
inclusion. According to Parapak (1996), the world is a world of diversity. People are
separated by mountain and sea. The separation made people to developed their own
way of living, communication and beliefs.
Although people live in one world. The identity, physical, spiritual and cultural
uniqueness are diverse. People shouldn't be frightened but rather use it as a source of
strength and enrichment. As a result, technology invention and development
continuously improving the way of living, communication and how to respond to
environment.
Ancient years of human civilization, the way of communicating is verbal, tongue
to tongue. The influence are very limited. Simple technology are used based from
physical environment. But then new communities were established because of access
through technology. New invention are made like radio and telephone that created a
way to reinforce global interaction by long distance media. It is the start of inter-
influence, interdependence and interrelationship (Parapak, 1996).
Technology united the world. Philippines is composed of 7,641 islands which
about 2000 are inhabited. More than a hundred have linguistic groups and distinct
regional cultures. Communicating locally are influenced by globalization. Since
composed of thousands of islands, the country is diverse itself. Information are pass like
a speed of

lightning, enhancing the competitiveness, accelerating the national development and

integrate the economy.
Undeniably, cultural diversity is important whether in workplace, school and
peers. For it consist of different racial, ethnic and cultural differences. By understanding
each other, cooperation and collaboration can be achieved.
The global community is the people or nation closely connected by
telecommunications. Macluhan anticipated the global village where everyone can be a
citizen of a planet.
Technology development continuously accelerating through satellite, radio and
cables. People can access information through computers. Leaders talks about
superhighways of information, a global intelligent information creating a global intelligent
community, a global brain (Parapak, 1996).
Superhighways of information allow people to globally share information,
communicate instantly that can result in the growth of economy. Global high-tech
communication facilities help the nation to work together, breaking the barrier of
differences. The global community is represent via internet.
 The global culture is culture which transcends national borders and exits in many
different places in the world. It is a set of shared experiences, norms, symbols and
ideas that unites people at global level. Common examples are in the field of business,
sport, holidays and pastime, fashion, diplomacy, profession, language, travel, belief,
arts and music, food, education, consumer cultures, subcultures, gamers, cosmopolitan.

Part II : Insights

1st Insight: The world has became a globally connected environment.

The rapid growth of global social relations is one of the principal developments of
the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Society of our times has acquired
more pronounced global proportions: human beings are connected with one another on
a planetary scale to degrees not previously known. Even deep in Amazonia, people are
aware that “globalization affects us deeply, touching on all the big questions” (Vieira
2005).

The world is constantly changing, therefore the world have come into
advancement. People of different nation have their own way of living and own language
used. The barrier is bigger than the world knows. But then through the advancement,
technology have taken the role, inventions were made like radio and telephone. The
diverse world then entered the long-distance media to communicate. The information
shared have become interlinked with different people in every parts of the world.
Interaction locally and internationally widened that lead to the progression of nations. As
the nations progresses, the world continue to become technologically driven, the more
the world became a global environment.

2nd Insight : Diversity is the source of strength and enrichment.

Diversity is a practice of including people of different ethnic and cultural

background. Interacting with different people have a barrier already, culture, behavior,
and language. Looking at the barrier, it seem so hard to dealt with differences that
people think that diversity is a weakness. They think that it cannot unites people and will
lead to a mess.
Numerous studies are available on this. One Forbes study identified workforce
diversity and inclusion as a key driver of internal innovations and business growth.
A McKinsey study found that companies with diverse executive boards enjoy
significantly higher earnings and returns on equity.
A Harvard Business School study revealed that multicultural networks promote
creativity. Another study of 177 national banks in the United States revealed that
increases in racial diversity were clearly related to enhanced financial performance.
A Credit Suisse Research Institute report which examined 2,360 companies
globally from 2005-2011 found that companies with one or more women on the board
delivered higher average returns on equity, lower gearing of debt to equity and better
average growth (Anwar, 2016).
With this example, we can say that diversity is not a weakness rather it is a
strength. People of different background can interact, it is just about understanding and
acceptance. People are unique each have own talent that can be shared. Interacting
with others makes it a strength for work will certainly done. Enrichment of different fields
can be ensured whether in business, school or economics.

3rd Insight : Philippines can progress through globalization.

In the Philippines, trade globalization and migration have been more prominent
than financial globalization. While empirical estimates show that globalization has
positively affected the country’s economic growth and employment, substantial
evidence for its impact on inequality and poverty has yet to be found, as preliminary
estimates show mixed results (Guinigundo, 2018).
Philippines is currently signed in an agreement in World Trade Organization
(WTO). That is why trade globalization and migration have been well known. For this
fact, globalization can help the Philippines progress. For globalization breaks the barrier
of difference in terms of trading goods and services. It will help in economic growth. If
the Philippines continues to walk with globalization, the adaptation to a more advance
world can be easy and prosperous to the country.

4th Insight : Cultural diversity have benefits in workplace.

 Economic globalization is one of the driving forces of cultural diversity in the
workplace. The modern workforce is made up of people of different genders, ages,
ethnicity, religions, and nationalities. Employers have realized that workforce diversity
provides both material and intangible benefits. In order for employers to reap the
benefits of cultural diversity in the workplace, they must communicate their commitment
to addressing the challenges of a diverse workforce. Employers must be seen to be
celebrating their employees’ diversity to avoid workplace issues, like awkwardness and
hostility (Sawyer, 2020).
Cultural diversity brings leadership into a less biased. Since people come from
different background. Talent is the asset, diverse talent can be a powerful tool to
mobilize leadership into productivity. Also, people of diverse workplace can come up of
multiples of new ideas. The Forbes Global Diversity and Inclusion Fostering Innovation
Through a Diverse Workforce report found that 77% of companies used productivity as
a measure to gauge the success of diversity programs. Evidence shows that
productivity is increase. Then respect are build up for people of different cultural
background understand and accept the differences.

5th Insight : Superhighway of Information is a bridge towards growth.

Information superhighway is a telecommunications infrastructure or system (as of

television, telephony, or computer networks) used for widespread and usually rapid
access to information (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). The world became a
technologicallydriven world, it is not strange that superhighway of information became
advance to. The internet is the new superhighway of information.
With the internet connection from different parts of the world. People can access
information in a speed of light. This will result in growth in people, business and
economics. For people with knowledge share it through internet where people who seek
it can access. By that , they take in knowledge that will help them formulate new ideas.
That can contribute to the growth of country. Internet serves as a bridge towards a path
of growth.

6th Insight : Global culture in diplomacy results into unification of countries.

 Cultural Diplomacy may best be described as a course of actions, which are
based on and utilize the exchange of ideas, values, traditions and other aspects of
culture or identity, whether to strengthen relationships, enhance socio-cultural
cooperation, promote national interests and beyond; Cultural diplomacy can be
practiced by either the public sector, private sector or civil society (Institute for Cultural
Diplomacy, n.d.).
Global culture in diplomacy unites countries. For the norms in diplomacy helps
provide order in global society. Countries conduct relation by peaceful means. By the
understanding and awareness of countries about cultural differences. They can
overcome it in a peaceful manner. Accepting the differences result in unification.

7th Insight : Global Diversity empowered education.

Diversity is the inclusion of different people with different ethnic and cultural
background. Global diversity widened the gap in differences of people. But then through
cultural awareness, people can understand and accept the cultural differences. From it,
a new leaves will grow, one of it is the leaf of education.
People seek for knowledge, hunger for the information they wanted learned. The
global diversity build a bridge between the gap of differences. By interacting to people,
the connectedness expanded reaching varieties of minds. Creating a global knowledge
that can be shared through superhighways of information which is the internet.
Information are easily accessible. Education then is broaden, the information that
doesn't exist before in a particular nation, can be add up to education. Developing the
student their communication skills, leadership skills and their critical thinking. The book
of education thicken through global diversity.
8th Insight : Global culture is build to overcome differences.

Global culture is define as a group of human beings whose members identify with
each other, on the basis of distinctiveness measured by combinations of cultural,
linguistic, religious, behavioral and/or biological traits (UNESCO, 2005). Since global
culture is a shared experience and norms, it can be easily adapt by people. Through
global culture, new doors open that extend the linked between culture.
Global culture is built to overcome differences, for it unites people in every part of
the world. Global culture is the evidence that many nations have already understand
and accept that their are other culture that is different to them. One way that nation
proves that they overcome it is by adapting the culture. For example, western food like
pizza and hamburgers are adapted by different countries like Asian countries. Music
genre like k-pop are adapted by western people. These phenomena brought the world
to encourage every nation not to isolate the culture but rather share it with different
people. To be known and to overcome the differences together.

9th Insight : People should know what information to take for global information
affects people's way of thinking.

Information are continuously flowing in the internet. A lot people seek for
knowledge. Since internet is a free platform to share information, their are still people
who share wrong information. It will affect the people who genuinely wanted to learn
and acquire knowledge. Nowadays, fake news have been circulating in the social media
platforms. Fake news are wrong information that shouldn't be taken.

The problem if fake news continue to grow as long as their are people who wish
to do so. That is why people who seek for knowledge should be careful on taking in new
information. As the saying goes "think before you click", a reminder to every people that
before sharing and acquiring information. They should check the credibility of the
information, whether the author is transparent. Also compare the information with similar
information written by others, so discrepancy can be found out. It is very critical to know
the right information, for all of it affects people's way of thinking. If wrong information
have been taken by an individual it will cause confusion for those who was shared by
the information. They will think that the knowledge they acquired were correct but in
reality those are false information.

10th Insight : Culture is dynamic as well as people.

All cultures are dynamic and constantly changing as individuals navigate and negotiate
the beliefs, values, ideas, ideals, norms, and meaning systems that make up the cultural
environment in which they live. The dynamics between liberals and conservatives that
constantly shape and re-shape politics is just one example. Our realities are ultimately shaped
not only in the realm of politics and policy-making, but in the most mundane moments of
everyday life ( Wesche, n.d.).

Culture shouldn't be is stagnant as well the as the people who have this culture. Isolating
culture wouldn't do anything good, it will only prevent people from growing. Culture should be
shared and understand by other people. This the identity of a person sharing it will help that
identity to prosper. People will understand and accept the culture letting the people of this
culture be known and should not be deprived of any opportunities. Just like the Aeta, their
culture are different from others creating a gap that lead them not to get opportunity to enhance
the way they live. But then understanding and accepting comes with positive outcome.

References:

MODULE 7 : Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity

(Culture Vulture, 2018) Retrieved from commisceo-global.com

(IGI Global, n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/cultural-

awareness/6366

(Dabbah, n.d.) Retrieved from https://redshoemovement.com/what-is-cultural-sensitivity/

(Make it our business, 2017) Retrieved from http://makeitourbusiness.ca/blog/what-

does-it-mean-be-culturally-competent
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summary/

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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introductiontocommunication/chapter/chapter-13-
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(Maass & Arcuri, 1996) Retrieved from

https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/a
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neutral-language/

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https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity/sex-gender-identity/what-are-
gender-roles-and-stereotypes

(Brunell, 2020) Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism

MODULE 8 : Nation and Culture

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https://www.google.com/amp/s/eddiemaesungahid.wordpress.com/2016/08/05/po-and-
opo-greeting-just-filipino-100/amp/

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filipinos-speak-english-so-well/

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MODULE 9 : Global and Culture

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global-world/amp/

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