DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Optical communication
Lab Report

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Sachin Dhariwal Satinder Singh
Assistant Professor 2K17/EC/150
ECE Department ,DTU VII SEM, Section E(E3)
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S.no. EXPERIMENT SIGN

1. Introduction to basic optical communication using

Optisystem.

2. To identify and recognize each component of an optiwave

system.

3. Direct Modulation of LASER

4. Introduction to wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and

its simulations using Optisystem.

5. Introduction to difference between CWDM and DWDM and

its simulation using Optisystem.

6. Introduction to Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and its

simulation using Optisystem.

7. Introduction to Quadrature Pulse Amplitude Modulation

(QPAM) based transmitter and receiver and its simulation
using Optisystem.

8. Introduction to Free-Space Optics (FSO) and its

implementation using Optisystem.

9. Introduction to BPON and its implementation using

Optisystem

EXPERIMENT 1
AIM: Introduction to basic optical communication using Optisystem

SOFTWARE USED: OptiSystem 7.0

THEORY
OptiSystem is a comprehensive software design suite that enables users to plan, test, and
simulate optical links in the transmission layer of modern optical networks. It is a
designing and simulation software that offers a wide variety of electrical as well as
optical tools.
It integrates design, test and optimize all types of broadband optical network physical
layer functions such as virtual optical connection. From the long-distance
communication systems to LANS and MANS, it can be well used. It has a huge database
of active and passive components, including power, wavelength, loss and other related
parameters. Parameters allow the user to scan and optimization of device specific
technical parameters on the system performance.
OptiSystem has powerful simulation environment and real components and systems of
classification definitions. A fibre optic communication system model is based on the
actual system-level simulator. Its performance can be attached to the device user interface
library and can be completely expanded to become a widely used tool. OptiSystem meet
the booming market to a strong photon and becomes a useful tool for optical system
design. The specifications of the optical and electronic devices can be altered and used in
tandem with each other so that a practical simulation can happen. It contains tools that
analyse parameters like BER, SWR, etc.
Optical devices like optical fibre of variable lengths, optical amplifiers, Mach-Zehnder
Modulator, CW laser, Photodetector pin, etc. Digital devices like Pulse generator,
modulators, demodulators, threshold detectors, etc. Analyzer devices like BER analyser,
optical visualizer, eye diagram, etc can be found on the left of the screen. And the layout
is represented on the right.
Figure 1.1: Basic layout of OptiSystem

Fig 1.2: Frequently used components in Optisystem

 EXPERIMENT 2
AIM: To identify and recognize each component of an optiwave system.
SOFTWARE USED: OptiSystem 7.0

THEORY:
An optical attenuator is a device used to reduce the power level of an optical signal,
either in free space or in an optical fiber. The basic types of optical attenuator are fixed,
step-wise variable, and continuously variable.
An optical modulator is a device which is used to modulate a beam of light. The beam
may be carried over free space, or propagated through an optical fibre. Depending on the
parameter of a light beam which is manipulated, modulators may be categorized into
amplitude modulators, phase modulators, polarization modulators etc.
An optical filter is a device that selectively transmits light of different wavelength,
usually implemented as a glass plane or plastic device in the optical path, which are either
dyed in the bulk or have interference coatings.

SCHEMATIC DESIGN:

OUTPUTS:
I) BER Analyzer
 II) Optical
Time
Domain Visualiser

III) Optical Spectrum Analyzer

 IV) Optical Power Meter (Before and After Transmission):

RESULT: As the length of optical fiber increases attenuation in the signal increases. When the system
uses filter quality factor of signal increases and bit error rate decreases.

EXPERIMENT 3
AIM: Direct Modulation of LASER

SOFTWARE USED: OptiSystem 7.0

THEORY:
In this experiment we will formulate and simulate a simple optical communication
system consisting of attenuators, modulators, and filters using Optisystem.
Attenuator: An optical attenuator, or fiber optic attenuator, is a device used to reduce the
power level of an optical signal, either in free space or in an optical fiber. It is the
opposite function of the amplifier; from his name it attenuates the signal power but it may
be just a length of fiber.

Modulators: An optical modulator is a device which is used to modulate a beam of

light. The beam may be carried over free space, or propagated through an optical
waveguide (optical fiber). Depending on the parameter of a light beam which is
manipulated, modulators may be categorized into amplitude modulators, phase
modulators, polarization modulators etc. Often the easiest way to obtain modulation of
intensity of a light beam, is to modulate the current driving the light source, e.g. a laser
diode. This sort of modulation is called direct modulation, as opposed to the external
modulation performed by a light modulator. For this reason, light modulators are, e.g. in
fiber optic communications, called external light modulators.

Filters: A variety of electrical and optical filters are provided for sub-system and system
design simulation including standard filter functions (Bessel, Gaussian, RC, Raised
Cosine, etc.), digital IIR/FIR filters, periodic filters, reflective/FBG filters, measured
filters, S-parameters filter, and acousto-optic.
SCHEMATIC DESIGN:

OUTPUTS:
i) BER Analyzer

ii) Optical Spectrum Analyzer

iii) Optical Time Domain Visualizer
 EXPERIMENT-4

AIM: Introduction to wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and its simulation using Opti system.

SOFTWARE USED: Optiwave software

THEORY: Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is a technique of multiplexing multiple optical

carrier signals through a single optical fibre channel by varying the wavelengths of laser lights. WDM
allows communication in both the directions in the fibre cable.

In WDM, the optical signals from different sources or (transponders) are combined by a multiplexer,
which is essentially an optical combiner. They are combined so that their wavelengths are different.
The combined signal is transmitted via a single optical fibre strand. At the receiving end, a
demultiplexer splits the incoming beam into its components and each of the beams is send to the
corresponding receivers.

CIRCUIT:
OUTPUT:
i) BER Analyser

ii) Optical spectrum analyzer and WDM Analyzer

 EXPERIMENT-5

AIM: Introduction to difference between CWDM and DWDM and its simulation using Opti system.

SOFTWARE USED: Optiwave software

THEORY: Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) and dense wavelength division
multiplexing (DWDM) are the two primary technologies developed based on wavelength division
multiplexing (WDM), but with different wavelength patterns and applications.
1. A CWDM system commonly supports 32 wavelengths per fiber and is designed for short-range
communications, using wide-range frequencies with wavelengths spread far apart. 
2. In DWDM systems, the number of multiplexed channels is much denser than CWDM because
DWDM uses tighter wavelength spacing to fit more channels onto a single fiber. DWDM
systems typically support 96 channels.

CIRCUIT:
a.) DWDM
b.) CWDM

OUTPUT:
a.) BER of DWDM

b.) BER of CWDM

 EXPERIMENT-6

AIM: Introduction to Pulse amplitude modulation and its simulation using OptiSystem.

SOFTWARE USED: Optiwave software

THEORY:
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), is a form of signal modulation where the message information is
encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.
It is an analog pulse modulation scheme in which the amplitudes of a train of carrier pulses are varied
according to the sample value of the message signal. Demodulation is performed by detecting the
amplitude level of the carrier at every single period.

CIRCUIT:

OUTPUT:
i) Optical Visualizer
ii) Oscilloscope Visualizer
 EXPERIMENT-7

AIM: Introduction to Quadratic Pulse Amplitude Modulation {QPAM} based transmitter and receiver
and its simulation using Opti system.

SOFTWARE USED: Opti wave software

THEORY:
QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) is a method of combining two amplitude-modulated (AM)
signals into a single channel, thereby doubling the effective bandwidth. It conveys two analog message
signals, or two digital bit streams, by changing (modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves, using
the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital modulation scheme or amplitude modulation (AM) analog
modulation scheme. The two carrier waves of the same frequency are out of phase with each other by
90°, a condition known as orthogonality or quadrature. The transmitted signal is created by adding the
two carrier waves together. QAM is used with pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in digital systems,
especially in wireless applications.

CIRCUIT:
OUTPUT:
i) BER Analyzer

ii) Oscilloscope Visualizers

 EXPERIMENT-8

AIM: Introduction to free space optics (FSO) and its implementation using Opti system.

SOFTWARE USED: Opti wave software

THEORY:
Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light
propagating in free space to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking.
Free space means air, outer space, vacuum, or something similar.
The technology is useful where the physical connections are impractical due to high costs or other
considerations. Free-space point-to-point optical links can be implemented using infrared laser light,
although low-data-rate communication over short distances is possible using LEDs. Infrared Data
Association (IrDA) technology is a very simple form of free-space optical communications. On the
communications side the FSO technology is considered as a part of the optical wireless
communications applications. Free-space optics can be used for communications between spacecraft

CIRCUIT:
OUTPUT:
i) Optical Power Meter and Optical Time Domain Visualizer and BER Analyzer
 EXPERIMENT-9

AIM: Designing of BPON using Opti system software.

SOFTWARE USED: Opti wave software

THEORY: BPON is a standard based on APON. It adds support for WDM (Wavelength Division
Multiplexing), dynamic and higher upstream bandwidth allocation, and survivability. It also created a
standard management interface, called OMCI, between the OLT and ONU/ONT, enabling mixed-vendor
networks.
It consists of an Optical Line Termination (OLT) at the service provider's central office and
multiple Optical Network Units (ONUs) near end users.

CIRCUIT:
OUTPUT:
i) BER Analyzers

ii) Optical time domain Visualizer iii) Optical spectrum Analyzer