Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 16 (2019) 100565

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Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/csite

Performance enhancement of a solar powered air conditioning

system using passive techniques and SWCNT /R-407c
nano refrigerant
Shek Rahman *, Salah Issa, Zafar Said, Mamdouh El Haj Assad, Rashed Zadeh,
Yazan Barani
College of Enginnering, Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Depertment, University of Sharjah, University City Road, Sharjah, United
Arab Emirates

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This work presents a novel solar powered air-conditioning system that operates under UAE
Nanoparticle climate conditions. Distinct passive techniques and refrigerant-based nanofluids, termed as ‘‘Nano
Nanorefrigerent refrigerants’’ were investigated to enhance the system performance. Results suggest that the
Solar energy
proposed design of using passive techniques such as: roofing reflective material, trees, double-
Passive technique
glazed windows, and overhang, reduces the space cooling load by 31.5%. Nano refrigerants ef­
HVAC system
COP fect on the coefficient of performance (COP) resulted in improving COP by adding of 5 vol %
single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) into R407c refrigerant at temperatures of 283–308 (K). The
results indicate that the thermal conductivity of SWCNT/R-407c nano refrigerant increased by
about 15.6% compared to the base refrigerant (R-407c) at 305 K. The usage of nano refrigerant
reduces consumption of compressor work by 4%. Furthermore, SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant
shows the notable improvement of COP of at about 17.02% for thermal conductivity and at about
10.06% for specific heat, respectively compared to R-407c refrigerant. Finally, comparisons be­
tween the proposed design and the conventional system as well as with previous literature. Re­
sults demonstrate that the proposed system reduces the compressor work by 34% and the COP is
increased by 4.59% compared to the conventional air-conditioning system.

1. Introduction

To improve the quality of living as well as to achieve indoor thermal comfort in any space, Air-conditioning (AC) and refrigeration
were developed in the 20th century. However, the drawbacks of the cooling system are energy consumption and release of
Chlorofluorocarbon.
(CFC) which has a negative impact on the environment causing global warming. The demand for energy is exponentially increasing
as well as the emissions of CO2 cause global warming by affecting the stratospheric layer of the earth due to ozone depletion because of
CFCs’ from the usage of refrigerants [1]. Therefore, the effort is underway to find a suitable alternative design for the AC system. In
recent years, significant progress on solar powered air conditioning has been attained. Utilizing solar energy to run the air conditioning
system is a practical technique to replace conventional electricity with green and abundant sources of energy. In order to reduce the

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: srahman@sharjah.ac.ae (S. Rahman).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2019.100565
Received 14 July 2019; Received in revised form 28 October 2019; Accepted 12 November 2019
Available online 13 November 2019
2214-157X/© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
S. Rahman et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 16 (2019) 100565

cooling load and hence to reduce the energy consumption, passive technique may be a suitable option. Passive techniques such as
roofing materials, trees, and shading are suitable options to reduce the cooling load [2]. Parabolic trough solar collector was proposed
as a suitable electric source using solar energy for HVAC system [3]. Air-water heat recovery concept studied to enhance the per­
formance of HVAC systems [4]. Dаniа et al. (2015) [5] studied the impact of tree-shade on energy saving in buildings and demonstrated
a reduction of 5.5% energy consumption. In addition to that, coupling the system with nanotechnology will further enhance the system
because of nanofluids’ higher thermal conductivity that would make it an ideal candidate to make air conditioning process more
efficient. Using nanoparticles based refrigerant in the refrigerator results in the following three main benefits [6]: the solubility be­
tween the refrigerant and the lubricant is enhanced [7], the thermal properties of the refrigerant are improved [8], the wear rate and
friction coefficient compared to the base fluid (refrigerant) are reduced [9]. An intensive experimental investigation carried out on
thermal performance by Haiz et al. using ZnO-water nano fluid [10], aqua based magnesium oxide nano fluid [11], water based rutile
and anatase TiO2 nanofluids [12–14] and water based graphene nanoplatelets nanofluids [15]. Notable performance enhancement
have been demonstrated from their investigation. Futhermore, promising heat transfer enhancement reported by Zafar et al., using
CuO/Water nanofluid [16] and single wall carbon nanotubes [17,18].
Therefore, using nanoparticles with conventional refrigerant will result in enhancing the heat transfer performance of the
refrigeration systems. The application of nanoparticles in refrigeration systems is becoming an important way to reduce the friction
coefficient and wear rate [19], enhance energy efficiency of refrigerators [20], improve the heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant
flow boiling inside heat exchanger tube [21].
Bаrtelt et, аl (2008) [22] carried out experimental work on а R134А-CuO nano refrigerant and found that the heat transfer coef­
ficient increased by 42–82% for the case of 1% volume fraction. Coumаressin et, аl (2014) [23] used GАMBIT software for the nano
refrigerant of R134а and CuO and demonstrated the improvement in the heat transfer coefficient.
However, according to the knowledge of the authors of this work, no literature found using SWCNT/R407c nano refrigerant which
has high potential to improve the performance of the HVAC system because of their notable thermal properties. Therefore, the
objective of this paper is to propose a new air-conditioning system that is fully operated by solar energy along with passive techniques
and SWCNT/R-407c nano refrigerant. The analytical analysis is carried out to evaluate the system performance in this work. An insight
design methodology of various components of the system is presented. The primary objective is to quantify the thermal properties on
the new SWCNT/R-407c nano refrigerant. Promising results on thermal properties of the nano refrigerant suggest proceeding for
further analysis on system performance. Proposed nanorefrigerant were compared with the previous work carried out using R134a/
Al2O3 nano refrigerant by Mahabub et al. [24]. Finally, the proposed system was compared with the conventional air-conditioning
system.

2. Performance analysis of the system

2.1. System design

2.1.1. Cooling load

Cooling load calculations were modeled for a test room. The test room was modeled on the rooftop room in the Central labs of the
University of Sharjah. The volume of the room was about 7 m3. The indoor and outdoor temperatures were 24 � C and 42 � C respec­
tively, as per metrological condition of Sharjah. Hourly analysis program (HAP) was used to calculate the cooling load. The estimated
cooling load of the room was about 1078 W [26,27]. To reduce the cooling load passive techniques such as roofing reflective material
by using fiberglass material, double-glazed windows, trees, and overhang were incorporated. PV system was used to provide a clean
and alternative energy source to run the system [25].

2.1.2. Photovoltaic design

Analyses for PV sizing were based on the months where the use of air conditioners is highest usually between April and October.
December was the least in solar irradiance (4.3 kWh/m2/day) in comparison with other months. The analysis lasted for 12 h using the
air conditioner daily. Table 1 shows the design calculation of PV sizing with and without passive technique.

2.2. Effect of passive techniques

Passive technique was considered in the model to reduce the cooling load using Double glazed windows. Double-glazed windows

Table 1
PV sizing.
Case Without Passive With Passive

Ratted Power (W) 299.1 213

Energy per day (Wh) 3988 2840
Ampere hour per day (Ah) 332.3 236.6
Battery Capacity (Ah) 103.84 73.95
Number of batteries 1 1
Energy output by PV array (Wh) 4691.7 3341.1
Energy output per module (Wh) 1198.8 1198.8

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S. Rahman et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 16 (2019) 100565

with 6 mm space, aluminum frame with thermal break have been considered to decrease the external and internal loads in the building.
A total of 5 windows in the model with a total area of 2.5 m2 was considered. Fiberglass was considered as a reflective roof material that
has a high reflectivity property for the incoming solar radiation to reduce the heat transfer through the roof into the room. The total
roof area was about 7 m2. Concorpaus trees were used to reduce the cooling load and provide shading to the room by the concept of
evaporative cooling to create a temperature lower than the ambient room temperature within the space. In this model, four trees
placed strategically at the site where most irradiance is encountered. Moreover, two overhangs were used on opposing sides which
reflect the most irradiance from the sun to cause the shading effect as shown in Fig. 1.

2.2.1. Analytical results of the passive technique

Table 2 summarizes the effect of passive elements on the cooling load and shows how each element creates a percentage reduction
in the system cooling load. In addition to that, the coefficient of performance of the system is also tabulated. The tabulated values were
calculated by using ASHRAE standards for the cooling load calculations. The results were verified by the Hourly Analysis Program
(HAP) by Carrier Company.
As shown in Table 2, the COP of both systems is close to each other, where the only difference is that the cooling load for space
decreased by 31.5%. This allows for the system to save electricity by rejecting less heat to the surroundings via the condenser.

2.3. Effect of SWCNT/R-407c nano refrigerant

2.3.1. Effect of thermal conductivity

Equation (1) computes the effective thermal conductivity of the system when using both R407c and SWCNT [24].
�
Keff Knp þ 2Kf 2∅ _ Kf Knp
¼ � � (1)
Kf Knp þ 2Kf þ ∅ _ Kf Knp

Where Keff is the effective thermal conductivity of the mixture, Knp is the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticle, Kf is the thermal
conductivity of the refrigerant R4 0 7c and ∅ is the volume fraction of the nanoparticle inside the mixture which is 5%.
Coefficient of the performance (COP) of the system was calculated by using the following equation:
Qc
COP ¼ (2)
Wcompressor

Where Qc is the cooling load and Wcompressor is the work done by the compressor.

2.3.2. Effect of specific heat

For a given particle volume fraction, the specific heat of a nanorefrigerant was calculated using the following correlation [24]:
Cp¼ΦCp np þð1 ΦÞCpf (3)

Where Cp is the specific heat for the nanorefrigerant, Cpnp is the specific heat for the nanoparticle, φ is the volume fraction, Cpf is the
specific heat of the refrigerant.
The relationship between COP and specific heat for the refrigerant and nanorefrigerant can be obtained from the following
equation [24]:

Fig. 1. (a) Photograph and (b) Model of experimental test room using various passive techniques.

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S. Rahman et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 16 (2019) 100565

Table 2
Cooling load reduction.
Passive element Cooling load (1078 W) % Reduction

Trees 143.913 15
Double glazed window 132 12
Reflective roofing material 29.62 2.7
Overhang 27.8 2.5
Total 339.57 31.5
COP without passive 3.48
COP with passive 3.49

� � � � � �0:207 � �0:674 � � ��
�0:4 0:581 �0:533
E 0:023
D
�k0:6 �Re0:8 � Cp �μ þ S 207
bd
� 1k qðbdÞ
TS
� ρρv � Cp �μ AΔT
COP ¼ (4)
Win

Where,Win is the compressor work input, Re is the Reynolds number, E is the enhancement factor, K is the thermal conductivity, S is the
suppression factor, Cp is the specific heat of the refrigerant and μ is the dynamic viscosity of the refrigerant and D is the tube diameter,
bd is the bubble departure diameter, A is the heat transfer area.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity of the nanorefrigerants and the refrigerant (R407c) is illustrated in Fig. 2 for the temperature range from
283 K to 308 K. The figure shows a linear increase in the thermal conductivity of SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant with the increase in
temperature, whereas the thermal conductivity of the pure refrigerant decreases with the increase in temperature for the same
temperature range. This enhancement in the thermal conductivity of the SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant is observed due to the higher
thermal conductivity of the SWCNT nanoparticles ranging from ~3000 to 6000(W/mK) [8]. The higher thermal conductivity of the
SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant is also due to the Brownian motion of the nanoparticles which intensifies due to the increase in
temperature and therefore increasing the contribution of the micro convection of the heat transport [24]. However, for the pure
refrigerant, the thermal conductivity decreases with the increase in temperature, as the higher temperature results in evaporating the
liquid, causing the atoms to be charged positively and vibrate with a higher amplitude. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of R407c is
higher at the liquid state compared to the vapor state. In this study, enhancement of 5.02% was reported at 283 K and enhancement of
30.08% was reported at 308 K. Furthermore, Fig. 2 shows a promising improvement of about 3.86%–5.88% at 283 K and 308 K,
respectively in the thermal conductivity of the SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant compared to Al203/R134a nano refrigerant presented
by Mahabub et al. It is likely that effective thermal conductivity of nanoparticle SWNCT (6000 W/mK) and R407c (0.0919 W/m.K)
solution is higher than that of Al2O3 (35 W/mK) and the R134a (0.0142 W/m.K) at the same temperature 308 K.
Effect of thermal conductivity on COP for the refrigeration systems is presented in Fig. 3 for temperature range from 283 K to 308 K,
for both refrigerant and the SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant. Equations (3) and (4) are used for calculating the COP, which showed
enhancement with the rising temperature. An enhancement of 15.2%–17.075% at 283 K and 308 K, respectively, in the COP, was
obtained for the SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant compared to the base fluid (pure refrigerant). At the same Nusselt number the

Fig. 2. Variation of nanofluids’ thermal conductivity with temperature.

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S. Rahman et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 16 (2019) 100565

Fig. 3. Effect of the thermal conductivity of nanorefrigerant on COP at different temperatures.

thermal conductivity of the SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant is higher compared to the base fluid.
(pure refrigerant) as the thermal conductivity is proportional to the heat transfer coefficient [24]. Therefore, it can be stated that
the addition of SWCNTs to the refrigerant results in improving the thermal conductivity giving a better overall performance. Fig. 3 also
shows an improvement of COP by using SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant of about 4.4% and 11.6% at 283 (K) and 308 (K), respectively,
compared to the work of Mahabub et al. using Al203/R134a nano refrigerant [24].

3.2. Specific heat

Fig. 4shows the specific heat of both SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant and R-407c refrigerant with respect of varying temperature
from 283 (K) to 308 (K). It is observed from the fig. that the specific heat of the SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant decreased with the
addition of the SWCNT nanoparticles. This decrease in the specific heat of the SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant is due to the lower
specific heat of the SWCNT nanoparticles (0.72 J/g.K) at 300 K. results show that specific heat of R-407c refrigerant is higher than that
of the SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant. The reduction in the specific heat are 4.1% and 4.93% at 283 K and 308 K, respectively of the
SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant compared to the R-407c nanorefrigerant. The internal energy of the system increases with higher
specific heat values. Increasing the temperature results in causing fluctuations in the liquid to a higher extent compared to its equi­
librium value, therefore more energy levels will be filled up due to the increase in heat capacity of the system. Most of the nanoparticles
used in literature with various base fluids result in lower specific heat values due to the lower specific heat values of the nanoparticles
[28]. A comparison of variation of specific heat between the SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant and Al2O3/R134a nano refrigerant
carried out by Mahabub et al. [28] is also shown in Fig. 4. It can be observed form the figure that SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant
shows higher specific heat are from 10% and 16.50% at 283 (K) and 308 (K), respectively.
COP of the refrigeration system with respect to specific heat at varying temperatures is presented in Fig. 5. With the increase in

Fig. 4. Variation of specific heat as a function of temperature.

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S. Rahman et al. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 16 (2019) 100565

temperature, a linear increment is observed for COP of both the studied refrigerants. An enhancement of 6.8% and 10.06% at 283 K
and 308 K, respectively, in the COP was observed for SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant compared to the R-407c nanorefrigerant. Due to
the higher output temperature, SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant results in a higher efficiency compared to R-407c nanorefrigerant.
Higher output temperature is a result of well suspended SWCNT nanoparticles in the R-407c nanorefrigerant. This is further supported
by the lower specific heat, which states that any substance having a lower specific heat results in higher output temperature for the
same amount of heat flow. An improvement of COP by using SWCNT/R-407c nanorefrigerant is about 4.45% and 8.23% at 283 K and
308 K, respectively, compared to the work of Mahabub et al. [21] using Al2O3/R134a nano refrigerant.

4. Comparison between the proposed and conventional HVAC system

Table 3 shows the comparison of the system performance between the conventional case; system including only passive techniques;
system using SWCNT/R407c nano refrigerant and system using both passive elements and SWCNT/R407c nano refrigerant in an HVAC
system.
Table 3 confirms that the use of various passive techniques reduces the cooling load which in turn reduces the work of the
compressor as compared without the passive element. In addition, with the usage of SWCNT only, the work of the compressor is
reduced almost by 4% in comparison with no passive element case. However, in order to further enhance the overall performance of
the system by 5%, using both passive elements and nanotechnology is the most optimum case to have an efficient system.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, performance analysis of a novel passive solar powered air-conditioning system coupled with SWCNT/R-407c
nanorefrigerant was carried out. Analytical results illustrated that the contributions of passive techniques such as trees, double-
glazed windows, roofing reflective material and overhang reduced the cooling load by 31.5%. The implementation of nanoparticles
decreased the consumption work input to the compressor at about 202.56 (W). Results revealed that the SWCNT/R-407c nano­
refrigerant showed promising improvement in terms of thermophysical properties and overall performance of the system compared to
the base regrigerent R-407c as well as Al203/R134a nano refrigerant. Finally, the overall system performance was increased by about
5%.We believe that this study will create motivation for using nanorefrigerants associated with passive technique of the solar
refrigeration systems and encourage further investigations in this area.

Nomenclature

Cp Specific heat [J/Kg.� K]

Re Reynolds number [Re ¼ ρ�v�dμ , dimensionless parameter]
E Enhancement factor [ dimensionless parameter]
S Suppression factor [dimensionless parameter]
μ Dynamic viscosity [Pa.s]
D Tube diameter [m]
Bd Bubble departure diameter [m]
A Heat transfer area [m2]
COP Coefficient of performance [ dimensionless parameter]
V Velocity [m/s]
d Tube diameter [m]
g Gravitational constant [m/s2]
h Heat transfer coefficient [W/m2� K]
Nu Nusselt number [ Nu ¼ h�dk , dimensionless parameter]
Pr Prandtl number [ dimensionless parameter]
QC Cooling load [W]
T Temperature [oC]
ΔT Temperature difference between hot and cold side
Ta Ambient temperature [� C]
Win Work done by compressor power [W]

Greek Symbols
∅ Volume fraction
ρ Density of Nano-refrigerant [kg/m3]

Subscripts
np Nanoparticle
f Refrigerant
eff Effective

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Fig. 5. Effect of the specific heat of Nano refrigerant on COP at different temperatures.

Table 3
Cooling load, Compressor work and COP for different cases.
Case Conventional System with passive System with nano- System with both passive element and nano-
system elements refrigerant refrigerant

Cooling load 1078 738.43 1078 738.43

(W)
Work Input (W) 309.086 211 296.72 202.56
COP 3.48 3.49 3.63 3.64

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2019.100565.

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