Research Proposal

FUCALITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIROMENTAL

STUDIES
POST GRADUATE STUDY PROGRAM
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
ON
THE CAUSES OF RURAL TO URBAN HUMAN MIGRATION AND IT’S
IMPACT ON THE PLACE OF ORIGIN: THE CASE OF SELECTED KEBELES
OF GOZAMEN WOREDA, EAST GOJJAM ZONE, IN AMHARA RIGION
BY
BALEW ABEBE MENGESHA (ID.NO. 1206852)
ADVISOR’S NAME: MESFIN ANTENEH (PHD)
A RESAERCH PRPOSAL SUBMITTED TO BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY FUCULITY OF

SOCIAL SCIENCE, DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTERS IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
DECEMBER, 2012 E.C

BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA
0
Archives)of)Business)Research)–)Vol.6,)No.4)
Publication)Date:!Apr.!25,!2018!
DOI:!10.14738/abr.64.4407.!!
!
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!
An)overview)of)rural -urban)migration)in)South)Africa:)its)causes)
and)implications )
)
Victor)Mlambo)
University!of!Zululand,!South!Africa!
!
INTRODUCTION))
South!Africa’s!urban!population!is!reported!to!be!growing!at!alarming!rates!and!it!is!
projected!
that!by!2050,!a!staggering!80!percent!of!the!population!will!be!residing!in!urban!areas!and!
this!
will!surely!have!significant!implications!for!rural!development!and!growth.!Debatably,!one!
may!
opine!that! the! government!has! not! adequately!invested! in! the!development! of! rural!areas!
as!
many! are! still! characterised! by! the! lack! of! infrastructure,! limited! access! to! educational!
and!
health! services! and! limited! economic! opportunities! needed! for! one’s! development.!
South!
Africa! is! rapidly! urbanizing! as! more! and! more! people! are! moving! to! urban! areas!
mainly!
because!of!the!perceived!better!living!and!working!conditions!that!are!ought!to!be!present.!
!
The!United!Nations!projects!that!by!2030,!a!massive!71.3!percent!of!South!Africa's!
population!
will!be!living!in! urban! areas.! While! this!is!welcoming!as!it!portrays!the!development!of!
South!
Africa,!it!also!paints!a!worrying!picture!about!the!future!of!South!Africa’s!rural!areas,!as!
rural-
urban!migration!becomes!more!and!more!prevalent,!it!is!clear!that!these!areas!will!continue!
to!
loss! skilled! and! innovative! people,! which! will! further! prolong! the! cycle! of! poverty!
and!
underdevelopment.! Unfortunately,! it! is! only! recently! that! the! South! African! government!
has!
realised! the! severity! of! the! problem! and! has! undertaken! great! dedication! to! addressing!
the!
growing! problem! through! the! development! and! implementation! of! policies! that! would!
spur!
development!and!growth!in!rural!areas.!!
!
i
These! policies! are! a! combination! of! education,! entrepreneurship! and! capacity!
development.!
The! massive! migration! of! people! from! rural! areas! has! also! exerted! tremendous!
pressure! on!
cities! around! the! country! and! as! a! result,! cities! have! witnessed! an! increase! in! traffic!
congestions,! housing! infrastructure! backlogs! and! to! some! extent! an! increase! in! the!
crime!
levels.! This! implies! that! rural-urban! migration! in! South! Africa! has! been! a! great!
challenge! to!
rural!and!urban!areas.!This!study,!therefore,!analyses!that!factors!responsible! for! rural-urban!
migration! in! South! Africa! and! most! importantly! looks! at! the! negative! implications! this!
phenomenon!has!for!both!rural!and!urban!areas!in!the!country.!!
!
METHODOLOGY)
The!study!relied!on!extensively! secondary!data!as!a!means!of!collecting!relevant!and!
required!
information.! It! employed! strict! textual! analysis! of! the! available! literature! relating! to!
rural-
urban!migration!in!South!Africa.!The! qualitative! research! approach! was! utilized! in! the!
course!
of!this! study.! The!purpose! of! this!approach! was! to!put! into! the!context!of! understanding!
the!
underlying! concepts! and! assumptions! behind! rural-urban! migration! in! South! Africa,! to!
understand! the! causes! and! implication! of! those! growing! problem.! Forrester! (2010:! 61-
73)!
asserts!that!qualitative!research!uses!methods!such!as!participant!observation!or!case!studies!
which!result!in! a! narrative!descriptive!account!of! a! setting! or!practice.!various!scholars!
have!
tried!to!understand!the!concept!of!rural-urban!migration!in!South!Africa!and!therefore!there!is!
plentiful! information! regarding! the! subject,! while! though! some! of! this! information! may!
not!
comprehensively! speak! directly! to! the! provision! of! rural-urban! migration! in! South!
Africa! a,!
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!
!
!
URL:)http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.64.4407.!
64!
they!nonetheless!offer!views!on!the!subject!matter!which! will!be!utilized!to!further!enrich!
the!
study.!
!
THEORETICAL)SETTING))
The! theoretical! framework! is! the! structure! that! can! hold! or! support! a! theory! of! a!
research!
study.! People! move! from! region! to! region! for! different! reasons,! many! scholars! and!
authors!
from! various! disciplines! have! developed! many! theories! to! try! and! explain! the!
migration!
ii
process! and! its! determinants.! These! theories! are! a! combination! of! social! sciences! and!
economics! and! they! outline! many! reasons! as! to! what! really! motivates! people! to!
engage! in!
migration.!!
!
Theories! such! as! dual! market! theory,! which! see! migration! as! a! result! of! pull! factors!
in!
developed!countries! and!not!by!push! factors!in!sending!countries!(Kogan,!2010:!14).!The!
new!
economics! of! labour! migration! theory! which! states! that! the! differences! in! wages!
between!
regions!is!the! main! reason!for!labor!migration!(Porumbescu,!2015:!55),! !and!finally!the!
social!
capital! theory! which! assumes! that! networks! created! by! migrants! outside! the! place! of!
destination!are! responsible! and!play! a! huge!role!in! the! migration!process!(Garip,! 2008:!
591-
617).!
!
However!for!the!purpose!of!this!study,!Lees!Push/pull!theory!of!migration!will!be!used,!
Everest!
Lee,!in!his! analysis! of!global!migration!trends,!alluded!that!for!people! to! migrate,!there!has!
to!
be!push!and!pull!factors!(Digby,!2001:!167).!Push!factors!are!responsible!for!pushing!one!out!
of!
his! place! of! origin,! they! include,! political! uncertainty,! limited! economic! opportunity,!
poor!
health! and! educational! facilities! and! poor! security! etc.,! and! pull! factors! that! those! that!
pull!
people! to! the! place! of! destination,! they! include! better! employment! opportunities,! better!
political!climate!and! better!health!facilities!etc.!(Kivisto! &!Faist,!2009:!37-39).!In! South!
Africa,!
undoubtedly,!many!people!have!left!rural!areas!in!search!of!employment,!better!healthcare!
and!
educational!facilities,!they!have!cited!the!lack!of!development!in!rural!areas!as!that!main!
driver!
of! rural-urban! migration,! and! therefore,! Lee’s! push/pull! theory! is! sufficient! in! guiding!
the!
study.!!
!
REVIEWS)OF)LITERATURE))
BrandSouthAfrica!(2014)! opines!that! large! towns!and! cities!in! South! Africa!produce! over!
80!
percent!of!the!country’s! Gross! Domestic! Product!and!metropolitan!areas!were! growing!
twice!
as! fast! as! other! cities.! ! Andries! Nel,! the! deputy! minister! for! the! Department! of!
Cooperative!
Governance!and!Traditional!Affairs!mentioned!that!while!cities!and!rural!areas!in!South!
Africa!
are!advocating!for!closer!integration,!there!is!still!a!huge!outflow!of!people!from!rural!areas!
to!
urban,!further!pressuring!the!government!to!address!this!problem!through!policy!intervention!
iii
(Mears,! 1997:! 275).!Between! 1996! and!2012,! 75!percent! of! all!jobs! created!were!
created! by!
metropolitan!areas!(SA!Property!News,!2015).!Rees! et!al!(2017:!23)!mention!that!rural-urban!
migration! is! not! only! a! South! African! problem! because! developed! countries! also!
experience!
huge!volumes!of!people!moving!to!places!perceived!to!be!better!in!terms!of!living!and!
working.!
Carmel! &! Cerami! (2011:! 30)! state! that! in! Europe,! eastern! European! countries! have!
seen! an!
increase!in!cross-border!migration,!where!citizens!prefer!living!in!western!European!
countries,!
and!in! Nigeria,! a!huge!concentration! of! people!are! found! in!Lagos!and! Abuja! while!in!
Ghana,!
Accra! attracts! numerous! people,! mainly! those! seeking! employment.! Therefore,! rural-
urban!
migration!can!be!viewed!in!the!context!of!international!migration,!where!people!migrate!from!
underdeveloped!to!developed!regions,!mainly!in!search!of!economic!opportunities!and!better!
standards!of!living.!!
!
!
Archives!of!Business!Research!(ABR)!
Vol.6,!Issue!4,!Apr-2018!
Copyright!©!Society!for!Science!and!Education,!United!Kingdom!
65!
Melo!&!Ames!(2016:!2-9)!alludes!that!just!like!international!migration,!rural-urban!migration!
in!most!cases!is!motivated!by!the!prevalence!of! better! salaries! and! working! conditions! at!
the!
place!of! destination.!Continentally,! Africa! is!characterised! by! huge!rates! of! migration,!
mainly!
with!migrants!seeking!economic!opportunities!in!neighbouring!countries.!!In!South!Africa,!
over!
the!years!the!country!has!seen!a!huge!increase!in!teachers!and!medical!professionals!prefer!to!
work!in!urban!areas!and!regrettably,!the!government!has!been!slow!in!addressing!this!
growing!
problem!(South!African!Council!for!Educators,!2011:!15).!!!
!
Kok,!2006:!8-12)!mentions!that!it!was!the!1886!discovery!of!gold!in!Johannesburg!that!
ushered!
in!a!new!wave!of!internal!migration.!In!South!Africa!today,!Predominately,!rural!provinces!
such!
as! Mpumalanga,! KwaZulu-Natal,! Eastern! Cape! and! Limpopo! have! become! huge!
senders! of!
people!to! work! in! these!mines!and! ever! since! the!discovery!of! gold! in! Johannesburg,!the!
city!
has! become! a! huge! attraction! for! migrants! from! all! over! Africa! as! it! is! seen! as! a!
city! with!
enormous!potential!and!possibilities.!Martine,!2012:!10-12)!states!that!the!legacy!of!apartheid!
in! South! Africa! has! also! contributed! to! the! increase! in! rural-urban! migration! because!
previously,!certain!race!groups!were!prevented!from!travelling!to!certain! areas! and! since!
the!
iv
abolishment! of! apartheid,! this! has! meant! people! are! free! to! travel! freely! and! hence!
we! have!
seen!an!increase!in!internal!migration!in!the!country.!! South! Africa! is! characterised! by! a!
high!
rate! of! temporary! migration,! where! migrants! travel! to! cities! to! seek! employment! and!
then!
remit!money!back!home.!Temporary!migration!represents!a!large!proportion!of!the!movement!
among!the!black!population!(Zuma,!2018:!3-6).!!
!
Shezi!(2013:!110-112)!mentions!that!contrary!to!popular! believe,!not!all!those!who! engage!
in!
rural-urban! migration! are! unskilled! people,! over! the! years,! skilled! professionals! working!
in!
rural!areas!have!also!started!to!favour!working!in!predominantly!urban!places!mainly!because!
of! working! and! living! conditions! and! this! has! increasingly! concerned! authorities! as! it!
has!
severe!implications!for!rural! areas,! especially! in!terms!of!the!provision!of! skills! and!
ensuring!
the! effective! ! rendering! of! services! by! the! government.! Migration! is! a! response! to! the!
disequilibrium! within! a! country’s! economic! setting.! Increasing! inequality! and! economic!
disparity! within! South! Africa,! poverty! and! economic! hardships! further! fuel! rural-urban!
migration!in!the!country.!Between!2001!and!2011,!South!Africa’s!urban!population!increased!
from!57!to!63!percent,!and!cities!such!as!Cape!Town,!Durban!and!Johannesburg!have!
witnessed!
a! significant! increase! inflow! of! people! from! across! the! country! (Angelopulo,! 2017:! 65-
69),!
furthermore,!because!rural!areas!lack!the!critical!infrastructure!needed!for!rapid!development,!
they!are!too!a!great!extent!disconnected!from!development!that!happens!in!urban!areas,!hence!
with!limited!development,!people!opt!to!go!in!search!of!opportunities.!!
!
With!the!government!recently!prioritising!rural!development!and!empowerment,!it!remains!to!
be! seen! whether! policies! and! mechanisms! developed! by! the! government! would! be! able!
to!
reduce!the!increasing!rates!of!rural-urban!migration!in!South!Africa.!Gauteng’s!transport!
MEC,!
Dr!Ismail!Vadi,! stated! that! there!are!approximatively!12.9!million! people! in! the!province!
and!
that! every! month! more! than! 20! 000! people! come! to! the! province! to! seek! better! life!
opportunities!and!mainly!for!employment!purposes!(Wakefield,!2015).!!Cross!(2009)!
mentions!
that!rural-urban!migration!in!South!Africa!is!characterised!by!four!main!corridors,!mainly!
from!
Limpopo,! Free-State,! northern! KwaZulu-Natal! and! Mpumalanga! provinces! all! flowing!
into!
Gauteng! province! and! form! southern! KwaZulu-Natal! and! Eastern! Cape! all! flowing! into!
the!
Western!Cape.!Gauteng!by!2001,!had!the!biggest!influx!of!more!than!1!million!people!while!
the!
Western!Cape!had!more!than!300!000!(Donnelly,!2012).!Financially!embattled!provinces!such!
as!Eastern!Cape!and!Limpopo!experience!huge!outflows!of!people!while!Gauteng!and!
Western!
v
Cape!experience!a!huge! inflow!of!people,!effectively!contributing!to!the! growing!
development!
of!these!provinces.!The!Average!household!income!in!Gauteng!is!more!than!R156! 000! a!
year,!
!"#$%&'()*(+,-./0*(12(&3453647(&8(595#":95%#2($6;5#<6&2(62(=&9<>(1856?#@(6<A(?
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!
!
!
66!
whereas!in! the! Western!Cape! it! is!R143! 000.! Limpopo!remains!the! lowest!with! R56! 000!
per!
year!(Donnelly,!2012).! Therefore! with! provinces!such!as!Western! Cape! and! Gauteng!
growing!
rapidly,!people!will!surely!continue!to!engage!in!migration,!mainly!in!search!of!better!
economic!
opportunities!in! these! provinces!and! regrettably,! if!the! government! fails!to! rapidly!
prioritise!
rural! development,! South! Africa! will! continue! witnessing! huge! volumes! of! people!
migrating!
from!rural!areas!to!urban!areas,!therefore!leaving! the!developmental!aspects!of!rural!areas! in!
tatters.!!
!
Causes)of)rural-urban)migration)in)South)Africa))
Migration!in!most!cases!is!always!motivated!by!ones!desire!to!economically!grow!and!
develop!
through! the! search! of! economic! opportunities,! hence! this! is! always! the! major! factor!
encouraging! people! to! engage! in! migration.! However,! these! factors! differ! from! country!
to!
country! and! from! region! to! region,! below! are! the! major! factors! responsible! for! rural-
urban!
migration!in!South!Africa.!!
!
Employment)opportunities))
The! Organisation! for! Economic! Co-operation! and! Development! (2011:! 80)! mentions!
that!
rapidly!developing!provinces! like!Gauteng!and!Western!Cape,!witness!a!huge!inflow!of!
people!
from! across! South! Africa! who! are! in! search! of! employment! opportunities.! Gauteng!
and! the!
Western! Cape! are! characterised! by! fast-growing! economies! and! mass! industrialization,!
and!
there! are! prime! targets! for! people! who! seek! employment.! Rural-urban! migration! in!
South!
Africa! is! largely! motivated! by! economic! reasons! as! rural! areas! cannot! provide!
sufficient!
employment,! people! opt! to! venture! into! cities! in! search! of! opportunities.! Undoubtedly,!
the!
number! one! factor! responsible! rural-urban! migration! in! South! Africa! is! employment!
opportunities.!!
vi
!
Educational)and)health)services.))
Rural!areas! in! South! Africa!are!characterised! by! the!insufficient!provision!of! educational!
and!
health! institutions.! Page! (2013)! alludes! that! rural! services! are! in! disarray! and! are!
characterised! by! corruption,! nepotism! and! poor! accountability! and! service! delivery,!
such!
problems!entice!people!seek!places!which!are!characterised!by!better!services,!while!they!
may!
not! migrate! to! cities,! people! will! ultimately! seek! places! such! as! developing! towns!
which! are!
characterised! by! the! efficient! provision! of! services,! which! further! compounds!
governments!
fight!against!rural-urban!migration.!
!
Wage)difference))
Working!in!an!urban!area!increases!the!likelihood!that!one!may!earn!more!than!a!person!who!
is!working!in!a!rural!area!and!therefore!this!becomes!a!motivating!factor!for!one!to!migrate!
to!
an! urban! area.! Kok! &! Collinson! (2006)! mention! that! many! people! from! northern!
KwaZulu-
Natal! travel! to! Gauteng! to! seek! better! remuneration! as! northern! KwaZulu-Natal! is!
characterised! as! a! rural! setting! and! hence! cannot! compare! with! urban! areas! in!
Gauteng! in!
terms! of! salaries.! Eastern! Cape,! KwaZulu-Natal! and! Limpopo! are! predominately! rural!
provinces!and!the!huge!difference!in!salaries!between!urban!and!rural!areas!influences!people!
to!migrate!to!urban!areas.!!
!
Implications)for)rural-urban)migration)in)South)Africa)
Undoubtedly,! the! outflow! of! people! from! rural! to! urban! areas! will! have! far-reaching!
implications! for! both! rural! and! urban! areas! and! with! government! slow! in! reacting! to!
the!
growing! problem,! rapidly! developing! provinces! will! surely! continue! witnessing! a!
significant!
increase!in!the!inflow!of!people!seeking!a!better!life.!!
!
!
67!
Implications)for)rural)areas))
Loss$of$skill$and$innovation$$
The! migration! of! people! deprives! rural! areas! of! skilled! people! who! can! work!
effectively! to!
contribute! to! rural! development.! Rural! areas! lose! critical! thinkers,! innovative! people!
and!
future! business! leaders! and! this! regrettably! prolongs! the! underdevelopment! and! poverty!
in!
rural! areas! because! there! are! no! people! with! adequate! skills! and! knowledge! to!
contribute!
vii
towards!development! and!growth! (Shezi,! 2013:!112).! The! loss!of! skilled! people! is! by!
far! the!
negative!impact!that!rural-urban!migration!for!rural!areas.!!
!
Reduced$availability$of$labour$and$resource$underutilization.$$
In!South!Africa,!most!people!prefer!working!in!urban!areas!which!are!seen!as!better!in!terms!
of!
living! and! economic! opportunities,! hence! many! skilled! professionals! leave! rural! areas.!
This,!
therefore,!reduces!the! availability! of! skilled!professionals!to!work! on! developmental!
projects!
aimed! at! developing! rural! areas,! furthermore,! the! notion! that! better! working! conditions!
are!
only!found!in!major!cities,!entices!unskilled!people!to!leave!rural!areas,!hence!prominent!
rural!
sector! industries! such! as! agriculture! and! extraction! may! find! it! cumbersome! to! attract!
the!
required! labour,! especially! with! the! notion! that! rural! salaries! are! not! in! line! with!
those! of!
urban!areas!(Amrevurayire!&!Ojeh!2016:!8-12).!!The!increase!of!rural!migration!also!results!
in!
the! underutilization! of! resources,! if! rural! people! remain! behind! and! work! together! to!
contribute! towards! development,! rural! areas! would! develop! and! grow,! however! when!
they!
migrate,! they! migrate! with! their! knowledge! and! technical! know-how! hence! the!
resources!
meant!for! rural! development!may! be! under-utilized!as! there! are!no! people! to!effectively!
use!
them.!(Ghatak,!1995:!54-55).!!
!
Implications)for)urban)areas)
Over$population$and$government$services$$
Todes! et! al! (2010:! 331-348)! states! that! Gauteng! province! is! the! smallest! province! in!
South!
Africa! in! terms! of! size! and! yet,! it! is! the! most! populated! in! the! country,! it! has! the!
highest!
number!of! people! from!all!over! the! country!because!they! perceive! that!it!is! characterised!
by!
economic!opportunity!and!personal! growth.! However,! while!the!development!of!Gauteng!
has!
been!welcomed,!its!rapid!development!has!resulted!in!a!significant!population!increase,!which!
has! led! to! an! increase! in! crime! and! placed! significant! pressure! on! government!
resources.!
Kollamparambil,! (2017:! 12)! states! that! the! economic! inequality! between! provinces! in!
South!
Africa!will! continue! to!contribute! to! the!inflow!on! people! to!Gauteng.! The! increase!in!
people!
will! strain! government! resources! as! the! provisional! government! will! have! to! cater! for!
an!
increased! population,! which! will! to! some! extent! impact! of! the! effectiveness! of!
serviced!
viii
delivery.!
!
Housing)provision)and)traffic)congestion))
The!increase!in!rural-urban!migration!has!already!strained!the!provision!of!housing!services!
in!
cities! like! Johannesburg,! and! Cape! Town! and! surely! the! continuous! influx! of! people!
will! put!
cities! under! severe! pressure! to! accommodate! the! increase! in! population! (Wakefield,!
2015).!
Traffic! congestion! will! also! be! problematic! to! manage,! as! more! and! more! people!
migrate! to!
cities,!there!is!a!high!probability!of!vehicle!congestions!as!people!will!purchase!automobiles.!
!
Crime)and)unemployment))
The!influx!of!more!and!more!people!into!cities!may!contribute!to!the!increase!in!crime!level.!
As!
people! migrate,! not! all! of! them! find! employment! and! in! order! to! make! a! living,!
some! may!
venture! into! crime,! and! surely,! increased! crime! rates! have! been! prevalent! in! cities! like!
Johannesburg!and! Cape! Town!(Singh,!2016),! while! this!is!not!to! conclude! that!an!
increase! in!
rural-urban! migration! results! in! increased! crime! in! cities,! there! is,! however,! a! strong!
!"#$%&'()*(+,-./0*(12(&3453647(&8(595#":95%#2($6;5#<6&2(62(=&9<>(1856?#@(6<A(?
#9A4A(#2B(6$C"6?#<6&2A*(!"#$%&'()*+),-(%.'(()/'('0"#$1(D2341(DE:F-*(
!
!
!
68!
correlation.!!
!
While!people! migrants! may! contribute!effectively!in! the! place!of!destination,!rural! areas!
also!
benefit!because!migrants!send!remittances!that!contribute!to!the!migrant’s!family!and!upkeep.!
The! government,! from! a! policy! point! of! view,! has! committed! itself! in! allocating!
adequate!
resources! to! develop! rural! areas,! these! include! upgrading! health! and! educational!
infrastructure,! enabling! access! to! education! and! development! of! rural! people! through!
workshops.! However,! these! are! less! likely! to! succeed! as! the! root! causes! of! rural-
urban!
migration!have!not!been!addressed.!!
!
CONCLUSIONS)AND)SUGGESTIONS)
Without!sufficient!and! adequate! investments!in!rural!development,! South! Africa! continues!
to!
witness! an! increase! in! rural-urban! migration.! Unfortunately,! because! of! economic!
inequality!
within! the! country,! provinces! like! Gauteng! and! Western! Cape! will! undoubtedly!
continue! to!
witness! an! increase! in! the! inflow! of! people,! mainly! seeking! employment! opportunities.!
The!
ix
study! acknowledges! the! importance! of! addressing! rural-urban! migration! as! it! possesses!
a!
significant!threat!to!the!development!of!rural!areas,!and!therefore,!the!study!suggests:!
Incentivise)skilled)professionals)who)opt)to)work)in)rural)areas)
The! government! should! ensure! that! rural! areas! are! characterised! by! robust! and! well-
functioning!public! services! which!are! manned! by!skilled! and! competent!personnel,!
however,!
with! most! skilled! professionals! preferring! urban! areas,! the! government! should! perhaps!
incentivise! people! who! work! in! rural! areas.! This! will! encourage! people! to! stay! and!
work! in!
rural!areas!and!at!the!same!time,!it!would!improve!the!services!rendered!to!rural!
communities.!
Rural! communities! in! South! Africa! are! too! great! extent! disadvantaged! when! it! comes!
to! the!
accessing! services,! therefore,! this! approach! will! ensure! competent! people! are! employed!
and!
services!are!being! rolled! out! effectively.!It!will!also! entice! those! in!urban!areas!to!
relocate! to!
rural!areas.!!
!
Coordinate)policies)with)local/traditional)leaders))
At!times,!there!is!a!policy!misalignment!between! government!and!community!leaders!in!
rural!
areas.! As! representatives! of! communities,! local! leaders! understand! the! challenges! faced!
by!
their! communities,! hence! there! should! be! open! and! clear! channels! of! communication!
which!
will! ensure! that! policy! development! an! implementation! is! happening! within! the! context!
of!
challenges! identified! by! local! leaders,! hence! this! calls! for! increased! communication!
and!
consultation!between!leaders!and!government.!!
!
Promote)agricultural)development)through)skill)development)
Rural!provinces!in! South! Africa!possess!large!hectares!or!arable!land! which! could!be!used!
for!
agricultural!development,! but! because!of!the! lack! of!skills!and! technical! understanding,!
rural!
communities! only! engage! in! subsistence! farming! rather! than! commercial! farming,!
therefore,!
for! self-development! and! empowerment,! the! government! should! try! and! invest! in!
capacity!
building! workshops! that! would! train! people! in! the! areas! of! framing! and! furthermore!
government!should! increase!in!financial!support! to!established!rural!farmers! as!they!can!
help!
in!creating!employment.!
!
Infrastructure)development)and)eradicate)poverty)
Communication,! health,! education! and! transportation! infrastructure! needs! to! be! upgraded!
significantly! in! rural! areas.! Because! of! their! economies! scale,! the! government!
prioritises!
x
development!of!infrastructure!in! urban! areas! and!because!of!the!geographical!setting!of!
rural!
areas,!upgrading!Infrastructure!may! take! time! and! may!prove!to!be!expensive.!However,!it!
is!
!
!
69!
observable! that! rural! areas! lack! the! required! Infrastructure! to! develop! themselves! and!
government! should! prioritise! infrastructure! development! for! rural! areas! in! order! to!
fight!
rural-urban!migration.!Poverty!results! in! the! migration!of!people!as!they!go!on!the!search!
for!
economic!opportunities,! the!government! in! its!quest! to!develop! rural! areas!should!
prioritise!
policies! that! would! contribute! to! the! eradication! of! poverty! while! this! may! take! time,!
it! is!
however!imperative!that!poverty!is!eradicated.!!
!
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receiving!areas:!A!district!level!
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xii
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. i
List of Tables …………………………………………………........………………………………………………….……… iii
List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv
Acronyms …………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………..…… v
Operational Definition of Terms …………………………..………………………………………………….……… vi
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background of the study 1
1.2. Statement of the study ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
1.3. Objectives of the study ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
1.4. Research questions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.5. Significance of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
1.6. The scope of the study ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
1.7. Limitation of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
1.8. Organization of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 6
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.1 Defining migration ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
2.2 Causes of rural-urban migration ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
2.2.1 Push factors …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 10
2.2.2 Pull factors …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
2.3 Consequences of rural urban migrations ………………………………………………………………………………... 11
2.4 Theories of migration ………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………. 13
xiii
2.5 Conceptual frame work 15
CHAPTER THREE
3. STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY ………………………………………………………… 17
3.1. Description of the study area …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
3.1.1 Location and size …………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 17
3.1.2 Relief, climate and drainage …………………………………………………………………………………….… 18
3.1.3 Vegetation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.1.4 Soil and land use land cover ………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.1.5 Socio-economic characteristics ………………………………..………………………………………………... 18
3.2 Research methodology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
3.2.1. Research design …….……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
3.2.2. Sampling techniques ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
3.2.3 Data sources and collection techniques ………………………………………………………………………… 22
3.2.4. Tools /instruments of data collection ………. ………………………………………………………………… 22
3.2.5. Data analysis methods …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
3.2.6. Reliability and validity ……………………………………….………………………………………………………… 24
3.3. Conclusion …….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
4. Work plane …………………………………………………………………..…..……………………………………………. 25
5. Budget breakdown ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 27
xiv
List of Tables
Table 4.1. Time scadule table ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25
Table 5.1. Estimated cost analysis table…………………………………………………………………………………. 26
xv
List of figures
Figure 2.1 …………………………………………………………………16
Figure 3.1………………………………………………………………….17
xvi
ACRONYMS
ANRS Amhara National Regional State
CSA Central Statistical Authority
DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GWAO Gozamen Woreda Administratretion office
GWRDAO Gozamen Woreda Rural Development and Agricultural Office
RKA Rural Kebele Administration
MOLSA Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs
NGO Non-Governmental Organizations
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science
SNNPRS Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UN United Nations
xvii
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Area of Destination:- The area to which a migrant moves (in this case different cities and
town).
Area of Origin:- The area from which a migrant moves (in this case selected kebeles in
Gozamen woreda ).
Household: one or more person /family/ living in one house
Kebele:- It is the lowest administrative unit in the country.
Migrant:- Is a person whose area of residence is different from his origin during the field
survey.
Non-Migrant :- (In this case) is a person who is born in Gozamen and not migrated to other
place yet.
Rural-urban Migrant:- Is a person who changes his usual place of residence from a rural
to an urban area.
Urban area: Is the human settlement with concentration of inhabitants mainly engaged in
secondary and tertiary activities.
Wereda : is the administrative unit next higher to kebele.
Pull factor: Something that attracts a migrant to a new location
Push factor: Some thing in the home area that forces a migrant to move away.
xviii
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study

Migration is considered as the movement of people from one geographical region to another,
which may be on temporary or permanent basis (Adewale, 2005). It is an age-old experience of
human beings. Since Homo erectus left over Africa over a million years ago, the constant
transfer of people between different regions were not halted (Wosen, 2015:1). But some others
argue that migration has been there since Adam and Eve were removed from haven. Therefore,
one can state that migration is not a recent phenomenon in the history of mankind. People
migrate based on the prevailing conditions and the reasons for it vary from one person to another
depending on the situation that brought about the decision. According to Lee, migration is a
selective process affecting individuals or families with certain economic, social, educational and
demographic characteristics. Global migration ﬂows form a complex system inﬂuenced by a mix
of socioeconomic, political, and demographic factors. In many developed countries, international
migration is an important driver of demographic growth, often accounting for over half of the
population change (Lee, 2011).
Through history human beings have moved from one place to another for several reasons.
Similarly, the pattern of the movement and the distance covered in the movement might have
been varied upon time and place. According to De Haas (2008), this variation has been
determined by the pull and push factors that caused the movement. On-going migration to urban
areas is placing pressure on limited appropriate housing, resulting in increases in the numbers of
urban residents now found to reside in informal housing. Informal settlements present a range of
health and development challenges to governments, including access to water, sanitation,
housing, and adequate health services, including HIV services (Ambert, 2006; Ambert, Jassey, &
Thomas, 2007; Thomas, 2006). Apart from smoothing income flows by providing employment
during the agricultural lean season, temporary migration to urban centers is undertaken for
increasing disposable income which is then invested in a variety of production and consumption
uses.
Migration and mobility continue to attract much interest, but also growing concern. The 2013
World Policies report states that, ”among 185 countries with available data in 2013, 80 per cent
of governments had policies to lower rural to urban migration, an increase from 38 per cent in
1996” (UN DESA, 2013). This proportion is highest in low- and middle-income nations in
Africa and Asia – the regions that are currently undergoing urban transitions. Rural-urban
migration has been historically connected with industrialization, urbanization and economic
growth (Bhattacharya, 1993). Rural-urban migration eases inter-sectoral factor mobility and
plays a vital role for structural changes. Moreover, migration has also been a key livelihood and
1
survival strategy for many poor groups across the developing world, particularly in Africa. In
Africa, migration has been considered as a way of life where the people migrate from place to
place due to political, socio-economic and demographic reasons.
Kinuthia (2003), indicates that it has been established that African migrations especially rural to
urban have not demonstrated the same effect for industrialization and economic development as
migration has done elsewhere especially in Europe and North America. The classic “push
factors” from the rural areas, for example, lack of jobs; famine especially in pastoralist areas;
drought; various kinds of poverty and landlessness, have been known to “push” people out of
their rural homes in search of better opportunities elsewhere, particularly in the urban areas. The
“pull” factors in the urban areas have been the hope to find a job; increase one’s income;
educational opportunities; in search of better services and generally to improve one’s economic
welfare.
According to Baskerville (1994), some rural communities have been experiencing drift of its
population into neighboring cities and this migrating population comprises mainly people of ages
between 15 and 35 years. These people make up the largest proportion of the required manpower
of these areas. This movement obviously led to the reduction of the workforce and consequently
decrease in the agricultural output of the area, because farming was left in the hands of aged men
and women. Furthermore, the reduction in output has brought about less income and gradual
increase in poverty level. Although, these problems are of larger dimension, pervasive and are
continuing unabated, not many governments have launched any regular research programs to
monitor the trend of the movement of their subjects on the sustainable basis.
Migration has been seen as a response of individuals to better their economic and non-economic
opportunities as well as an expectation of increased economic welfare in the urban areas
(Mazumdar, 1987). According to Mazumdar, factors that “push” individuals from rural areas into
cities include the expectation that the pressure of population in rural areas has nearly exhausted
all margins of cultivation, thus pushing hopeless people towards a new life in the cities with a
mere expectation of subsistence living. On the other hand, the “pull” hypothesis emphasizes the
attractiveness of the urban life and the rural-urban wage gap. In particular, Todaro (1969) and
Harris and Todaro (1970) developed probabilistic models, wherein they describe migrants are
attracted to the cities with the expectation of a higher wage than they receive in agriculture, and
are willing to accept the probability of urban unemployment, or lower wages and
“underemployment” in the urban informal (traditional) sector.
The movement of people from rural to urban areas is a common occurrence in Ethiopia. The
movement poses some problems in the rural as well as in the urban center even though; there are
benefits derivable from it. In most rural areas, the impact of rural-urban migration was a rapid
deterioration of the rural economy leading to chronic poverty and food insecurity (Mini, 2000).
Researchers have shown how the character, direction, and the volume of migration in Ethiopia
during the last two to three decades have been shaped by political instability decline in the
agricultural sector and government resettlement policies of the 1980s. The latter had as an
official objective to prevent further famine and to attain food security (Gebre, 2001; Ezra, 2001).
Under these circumstances, migration in Ethiopia was not only an individual and/or family
2
response to adverse socio economic, physical and political environment, but also as a result of
official government policy.
In Ethiopia, many factors are responsible for rural-urban migration. Birhanu and Kavitha (2017)
stated that over population, famine, poverty, agricultural land shortage and lack of agricultural
resources can be taken as the push factors. While urban development and opportunities
associated with these developments can be considered as pull factors which attract rural people
to move into large cities Rural-urban migration is the result of poverty and a lack of economic
opportunities in the rural areas (Habtamu, 2015:19). It is evident that many people in the rural
areas of Ethiopia are lived under serious poverty. There are little economic opportunities except
the very subsistence and traditional agricultural activities in these areas. The rural areas of
Ethiopia are also characterized by the absence of basic infrastructural facilities like roads,
schools, hospitals, and etc. It is why large number of people from the rural areas of Ethiopia have
migrated into the urban areas mainly to find jobs irrespective of the employment situation in the
cities. Therefore, migration is a mechanism to escape rural poverty for most of the young people
who migrated to the urban areas (Habtamu, 2015: 19).
1.2 Statement of the Problem

Migration occurs as a response to economic development as well as social, cultural,
environmental and political factors and effects on areas of origin as well as destination
(Adewale, 2005). People tend to move away from a place due to need to escape violence,
political instability, drought, congestion in various dimensions and suspected or real persecution.
Also, adverse physical conditions such as flood, landslide (erosion and earthquake), insects and
pests, soil infertility contribute largely to the reasons why people leave one environment for
another.
Currently large number of the young members of rural population, both men and women, are
migrated to the urban centers for several reasons. Omonigho and Olanian (2013) identified
different factors as the causes of rural-urban migration. The scholars categorized the causes of
migration into “push” and ‟pull ‟factors. Accordingly, a pull factor is a condition that attract
migrants to move in to cities like better job opportunities and public services. On the other hand,
a push factor is a condition that force people to leave the rural areas such as agricultural
productivity. Therefore, either attracted by the favorable conditions which cities offer or forced
to leave their home villages due to the unfavorable situation at home, many rural youngsters are
migrated in to the urban areas.
In Ethiopia, many factors have been responsible for rural-urban migration. Rapid population shift
from the rural region into the urban centers is a response to socio-economic problems. In this
respect, demographic researchers have argued that migration is an attempt to secure better life,
whether in terms of economic or social opportunities, simply to escape poverty. According to
National Geographic Society Study (2005), migration is a strategy for moving out of poverty that
is accessible to the poor in rural Ethiopia.
3
Mobility between places thus implies different consequences for the individual human being,
depending the socio-economic character of both places and the socio-economic status of the
individual him/herself (Ralph,2012:6). Thus, migration affects population patterns and processes,
economies, and physical environments.
The Ethiopian rural areas have been experienced a lot of problems which push their inhabitants
towards migration. The rural areas of Gozamen Woreda are also affected by different socio-
economic problems that force the inhabitants to migrate into urban areas. Consequently, large
number of the most productive and younger members of the woreda population have been
migrated daily into towns and cities. Therefore, the decision to migrate into the urban areas has
initiated by a combination of one or more factors.
Rural-urban migration has also caused breaking of family and cultural bond in rural areas. When
migrants enter into a more globalized urban world their values and structures may be weakened.
Integration with urban life and urban culture became one of the major challenge for a newly
arrived migrant in a city. Therefore, rural-urban migration has also an adverse socio-cultural
effect on migrants.
The purpose of the study is, therefore, to investigate the flow pattern of migrants, and causes and
consequences of rural urban migration by taking the selected kebeles at Gozamen woreda as a
study area. GozamenWoreda is one of the woredas in East Gojjam Zone in the Amhara region
that has been experiencing a large magnitude of migrant peoples from their origin place to towns
and cities. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the body of limited and insufficient
migration literature and provide some information which could be of help in the efforts of
management and formulation and implementation of rural development policies and programs.
Generally, in different parts of the world including Ethiopia, previous research works are carried
out on cause and consequences of rural-urban human migration. For example, In Ethiopia like,
Dereje (2002), Solomon (2011), Melese(2014), Belay(2011) and others conducted their research
in different places of the country on the causes and consequences of rural-urban human
migration. However, those works are mainly concerned on the causes and its impact on urban
environment. So that the researcher cannot found previous research works that has been
conducted in the study area on the issue of the causes of rural-urban human migration and it’s
impact on the place of origin. This reason has motivated the researcher and make the topic very
crucial in this regard. Thus, the motivation of the researcher is to fill this knowledge gap and to
study the issue. The study will answer the question regarding to the causes and consequences of
rural urban migration of peoples in the study area and will assess the main factors behind the
movement of the rural people frome their place of origin to cities and towns.
1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study will be to examine the causes of rural-urban human migration
and it’s impact in the study area.
The specific objectives: Based on the general objective set in the above the researcher will
prepare the following specific objectives.
4
1. To identify the major causes of rural-urban human migration which enforces peoples to
leave their place of origin and move to the town and cities.
2. To assess the dominant migratory groups on the basis of age, sex, educational standards,
marital status and other socio-economic characteristics of migrants of the study area.
3. To determine the impacts of rural urban human migration in the study area.
1.4 Research questions

The basic research questions that will be answered in the study are:
1. What are the main causes for rural urban human migration in the study area?
2. What are the dominant rural urban migrant groups from the origin area to towns and
cities?
3. What are the consequences of rural-urban migration of people in the study area?
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1.5 Significance of the Study

The outcome of the study will generate information for different stakeholders, researchers, policy
makers, governmental and non-governmental organizations to design and develop effective and
sustainable integrated practices, policies and strategies. It will provide necessary information
about the existing conditions and the main driving causes for the high rate of rural-urban
migration of peoples in the study area. The findings from this study will be used for peoples
living in the study area and peoples living in other areas having the same problem. It will also
serve as a reference material for future research in the different field of studies that will be
conducted.
1.6 The Scope of the Study

The scope of this study will be restricted to Gozamen worda, specifically to the selected two
Rural Kebele Administrations (RKAs). It focuses on the rural-urban migration of peoples of
these kebeles and identifying the causes for excessive displacement of peoples from their origin
area to different cities and towns and it’s impact on the study area.
13
1.7 Limitation of the study
Though Rural –Urban migration is common in many parts Ethiopia, particularly to another
woredas and kebeles’, due to lack of money, insufficient time, transport and the like factors the
study will be restricted/limited only to the two selected sample kebeles. Unable to get sufficient
or access of reference materials regarding to the problem and as the sample selected respondents
are living remote and scattered areas it will be difficult to get the data on time. So the researcher
will consider and attempt to overcome these limitations by taking prior preparation.
1.8 Organization of the Paper

This study will be organized into five chapters. Chapter one will contain the
introduction/background of the problem, problem statement, objectives, significance, limitation
and scope of the study. Chapter two will present review of the related literature about the causes
of rural-urban migration. Chapter three will provide the description of the study area and the
methodology employed to conduct the research. Chapter four will describe the results and
discussions of the study and finally chapter five will provide conclusions and recommendation.
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2. 1. Defining Migration
According to the Dictionary of Human Geography (2009), the concept of migration is

generally seen as sub-category of „mobility‟- referring to both movements across
territory and change in residential location. Besides the spatial mobility, it is at the same
14
time also the matter of a change in social status of the moving individual (Massey, 1998:
431-466). Therefore, migration is the temporary or permanent move of individuals or
groups of people from one geographical location to another for various reasons ranging
from better employment possibilities to persecution (Massey, 1998: 431-466).
Migration can be defined in terms of spatial boundaries as internal and international

(Birhanu and Kavitha, 2017:). Internal migration is the movement of individuals with in a
country where as international migration involves the flow of individuals between
countries where national boundaries are crossed (Birhanu and Kavitha, 2017: 1). One of
the most significant migration pattern has been rural to urban migration, i.e. The
movement of people from the countryside to cities in search of opportunities (Ralph,
2012: 17).
Rural-urban migration can be takes place by voluntary or involuntary forces (Mc Catty,
2004: 11). Involuntary forces or forced migration is migration that takes place when the
migrant has no chose whether or not to move (Mc Catty, 2004: 11). Examples of
involuntary migration include political instability, family disagreement, fighting with
neighbors and wars. According to this author, voluntary migration is based on one’s free
will and initiative.
In this case the strongest factors influencing people to voluntary move are the desire to
live in better home and employment opportunities. Generally, rural-urban migration
refers to movement of people between rural and urban areas, either communities on a
regular basis, or migrating temporarily or permanently (Getenet and Mehrab, 2010: 3).
Thus, movement of people from the countryside towards the city is a phenomenon we
can observe in many economically developed or less developed parts of the world (Ralph,
2012: 12).
Therefore, international migration is only inherently different from domestic migration is

so far as the former is politically by virtue of crossing state boundaries of territories and
citizenship (Cohn and Gunvor, 2009: 36). In short, migrants are people who have
moved / are moving from one place to another (Ralph, 2012: 18). Migration can be
international or intra-national; temporary or permanent; forced or voluntary and legal or
illegal (Cohn and Gunvor, 2009: 36). Rural-urban migrants or internal migrants can be
categorized as labor migrants. According to Ralph (2012), economic forces alone cannot
completely explain the nature of migration patterns.
15
2. 2. Causes of Rural-urban Migration
Migration have been a key human response to environmental, social, political and economic
changes (Wosen, 2015: 1). According to Wosen, (2015) in different parts of Africa migration is
considered as means to escape economic, social, political problem and challenges, it is a survival
strategy. As a result, migration is an attempt to secure better life, whether in terms of economic
or educational opportunities, or simply to escape poverty (Wosen, 2015: 9). According to the
World Bank Report (2012) the following factors can be the major driving force or causes of
internal migration in Ethiopia. Economic driving factors of migration in rural areas according to
the report include: lack of employment and business opportunities, low wage, lack of access to
education, lack of access to other public service, and small agricultural plots and low
productivity.
The report also describe social and cultural drives of rural-urban migration as follow: inheritance
practice, forced and early marriage, family disputes, and desire for independence and agency. As
stated in the World Bank Report (2012) the practice of inheritance of livestock or land where
households divided their land between marriageable sons decrease the land holding of
subsequent generation in addition to allowing women minimal access to land resource. In this
case some women and girls cited escaping driver for their migration. The rural-urban migration
trained in Ethiopia can be explained by a number of so-called push and pull factors (Ezra and
Kiros, 2001: 749-771). The push factors are those situations that push or force migrants to move.
While the pull factors are situations which attract migrants to the new locations. In Ethiopia
many factors have been responsible for rural-urban migration. Belay, (2011) states that over
population, famine, poverty, agricultural land shortage and lack of agricultural resources are the
main push factors. While urban development and opportunities associated with them are the
major pull factors which attract rural people to move into cities (Fransen, 2009: 33). Thus, rapid
geographic shift of people from rural region in different countries has been the result of both
rural push and urban pull factors (Fransen, 2009: 33). More and more Ethiopians seek better
opportunities in Ethiopian‟s largest cities like for instance Addis Ababa (Fransen, 2009: 33).
Addis Ababa is the most important urban destination for Ethiopians moving rural areas (Ezra and
Kiros, 2001: 749-771).
16
In addition, Fransen (2009) stated that, the high rate of poverty levels Ethiopia currently faces
will drive people to look for better opportunities elsewhere. However, the World Migration
Report (2015) has argued against the above explanation about internal migration. The report
stated that rural-urban migration is the result of economic transformation, and a critical
component of urbanization. But, in low income settings in particular, rapid rural-urban migration
can in principle contribute infrastructure, housing and service shortage, and create financial and
delivery problems for the responsible local governments and national agencies as described in
the report.
Birhanu and Kavitha (2017) also stated that war and political violence, ecological degradation,
famine, and poverty are historically among the major causes of migration in Ethiopia. Similarly
factors such as population pressures, demographic pressure, or environmental degradation have
been considered as the root causes of migration (Mberu, 2006).
In this case, economic and demographic factors alone cannot explain why people move or
migration decision (Mberu, 2006: 509-540). Rural-urban migration in Ethiopia is referred to as
“labor migration”, or the movement of able-bodied individuals from their village origin in to
cities where they to earn a labor-wage (Adamnesh, Linda, and Benjamin, 2012).
Fransen (2009) stated that more than the pull factors, rural push factors have been strong forces
for movement of people from rural to urban areas of Ethiopia. Consequently, one of the major
push factors that is rural poverty forces parents to send their children to cities to look for work.
But according to World Migration Report (2015), not all migrants are poor and some of the rural
migrants are from the wealthiest group and they are moving either for employment or education
purpose. Based on this argument one can conclude that migrants are not a homogenous group.
Finally, having the above discussion on the causes of migration in mind one can answer the
question ‘’who migrates to cities?‟. Migration literatures reveals that the young and the strongest
group of the society are the major group to migrate from the rural to urban centers. Usually these
people are unmarried, wield little power in local affairs (Ralph, 2012: 13). Generally, one can
expect that these young adults are likely to be more adaptable to the urban environment and,
moreover, the potential earnings are higher than when they would have stayed in the rural village
(Ralph, 2012: 13).
17
The migration of labor out of their residences is a primary feature of the economic development
process. Both historically, and in the present, the share of labor working in informal sector within
a country as a result increases the demands of the certain group of the society (Dorosh, 2011).
Many of the researches on migration and the urban informal sector date back the industrialization
era where cities were growing rapidly and attracting rural labor. A rural surplus labor with a zero
marginal productivity tends to migrate to a city to look for a better employment and to make a
better living (Harris and Todaro, 1970).
In fact, if mostly agricultural economies are to take full advantage of the geographically
concentrated increasing returns to scale in industrial production, people must migrate to provide
the industrial sector with labor (Belay, 2012).
Generally, people migrate from rural to urban areas for different reasons. one of the cause of
rural to urban migration or the movement of people from rural to urban areas can be explained
by looking at push and pull factors.
2. 2.1. Push factors

Push factors are factors that relate to the place where the person migrates. Some of the factors
are unemployment, poverty, social exclusion, lack of access to public services, political disorder,
inability to practice one’s own religion and environmental catastrophes (Oberg, 1996). In most
cases, families or members of the family leave the tedious agricultural working condition and
rural poverty for cities to search better economic activities.
Recurrent drought and famine, the problem of food security, fragmentation of farming land due
to high population growth, and environmental degradation are some of the major causes that
accelerate the rural- urban migration (CSA, 2001). In Ethiopia, land fragmentation due to large
family size and the subsequent decrease in production exacerbates the abject poverty situation
that in turn leads to family’s inability to fulfill basic needs of children particularity in rural areas.
Moreover, children’s limited opportunity for schooling, death of parents/guardians and the
subsequent lack of care and support, the issue and child trafficking are factors that contribute to
migration of children to urban areas especially to Addis Ababa (MPCDP, 2004).
2. 2.2. Pull factors
18
People migrate to cities and towns because they are attracted by the livelihood opportunities of
these areas. Studies on migration have identified positive correlation between level of
infrastructure development of a given place and the magnitude of out migration especially as far
as rural- urban migration is concerned. Irrespective of their skill, the migrant populations expect
the cities and towns as a place where they can relatively find diversified livelihood opportunities
(Degefa, 2005). One of the reasons which have been raised since a long time in the study of
migration is that migrants often move to gain access to a higher income stream. If one has to
understand the broader reasons why rural-urban migration takes places in developing countries,
it is important to see it as the function of the opportunity differentials between urban and rural
sectors of the economy together with the consciousness of the disadvantage group about the
existence of such inequality.
Many developing countries have serious income poverty which it is incidence is more visible in
remote areas and regions than urban. Because of this, migrants find urban centers as a solution to
break away from the poverty situation in the rural areas and move towards better income
opportunities (Deaton, 2001). Moreover, urban areas also offer a chance to enjoy better life style.
The availability of services such as electricity, piped water supply and other public services
make urban areas more attractive than rural areas which lack access to these services. Other
factors include the possibility to get job opportunities in urban areas. Contrary to the
conventional wisdom on urbanization and migration, high rate of migration in to urbanized areas
has continued despite the rising level of formal and persistent urban poverty.
Urban areas offer many economic opportunities to rural people for changing jobs rapidly and
become upwardly movable with a very low asset-base and skills. Even if urban wages are not
high, work is available more regularly than in the subsistence agriculture (Girma, 2008).
2.3. The Consequences of Rural-urban Migration.

Rural-urban migration in developing countries is accompanied by positive and negative
consequences for the area of origin and destination (Belay, 2011). Thus, the researcher has tried
to analyze both the positive and negative consequences in the following manner.
The rapid growth of urban population in Ethiopia and many other developing countries has been
largely due to rural-urban migration contributing almost half of their urban population growth
(Habtamu, 2015: 17).
19
In developing countries like Ethiopia rural-urban migration affects socio-economic aspects in
both urban and rural areas. Pacione cited in Ashenafi (2013) indicated that the increasing level
of urbanization and urban growth are the results of a combination of natural increase of urban
population and net migration to urban areas.
In this case migration has a direct effect on the geographic distribution of population (Wosen,
2015:1). Currently in Ethiopia large number of peoples are migrating from the rural areas into
cities and such a movement has resulted in the growth of population number in urban areas.
United Nations Habitat 2013 in Marthin and Inda (2013) stated that all around the world,
urbanization is increasing and more than half of the earth‟s population now lives in the urban
areas. Similarly, the rural population will decline from the year 2012 as suggested by UN
population study of 2011. According to the United Nations estimates (cited in Seyd Ali 2010),
50% the projected increase in the world’s urban population will come from rural to urban
migration so that by 2025, over 1.1 billion urban people in less Developing Regions will be rural
migrants. Thus, from 2000 to 2010 slightly less than half of the world’s urban population growth
can be ascribed to migration (World Migration Report,2015:7).
There is no doubt that a rapidly growing urban population can present serious challenges to
national and local government (World Migration Report, 2015:2). Economically rural-urban
migration has increased unemployment rate in the urban areas. The growth of the rate of
unemployment in the urban areas is the other major impact of rural-urban migration. Ralph
(2012) stated that movement of people from rural areas to cities has reached extremely high and
job opportunities has been insufficient to absorb the arrival of a large number of people.
Similarly, Ethiopian is also faced different migration patterns and dynamics which have
significant economic consequence for the country. According to British Journal of Arts and
Social Sciences (2013), decision taken by people to migrate from the rural to urban areas is
influenced by socioeconomic issues.
The relative wages and perceived probability of finding a job were indeed important
determinants of a decision to move (British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 2013).
20
While some rural-urban migrants find employment and attain better standards of living than they
had in their rural homeland, a large proportion of them remain unemployed or underemployed
mainly due to their lack of appropriate skills or the absence of jobs (Hein, 2010: 227-264).
Therefore, one of the economic challenges that migrants faced in the city is searching for a job
and getting employed (Adamnesh and Linda and Benjamin, 2012: 11).
Sometimes rural-urban migration results in higher population pressure on cities and caused urban
poverty. In this case the high unemployment rate in urban areas has led to shift in rural poverty
to urban poverty when large number of people from the rural areas flow into the cities (Fransen,
2009: 15).
Scholars on the issue are commonly argued that rural-urban migration has a negative
consequence for both the migrants and the host communities. Increase in slums is one of the
major problem encountered by these group. Beside sanitation, crime, sexual abuse and etc… are
the other problems that followed the increase in slums (Mberu, 2006: 509-540). In extreme
cases, persistent unemployment can contribute to civil unrest.
3. 4. Theories of migration
An investigation of environmental effects on migration naturally begins with theories of
migration. Theorists from a wide range of disciplines have developed analytic models to explain
human migration with specialized perspectives and knowledge. Early empirical research on
migration decisions focused on the individual level of migration behavior. The neoclassical
microeconomic model of individual migration choice views migration behavior as an outcome of
a rational calculation of the costs and benefits associated with the movement (Sjaastad, 1962;
Todaro, 1969). This theory emphasizes the roles of wage differentials and expected employment
opportunities in the migration decision-making process, and conceptualizes migration as an
investment in human productivity.
The neoclassical microeconomic model was complemented by the new economics of labor
migration (Stark, 1984; Stark and Bloom, 1985), which stresses the role of relative deprivation in
migration decision making.
21
According to this approach, a prospective rural labor migrant compares his current income not
to the expected earnings in the urban area, but instead to those of other persons in the origin area.
Based on choice theory in economics, sociology and psychology, and key behavioral migration
concepts, De Jong (1999) proposed a broad micro-level model of migration decisions. The most
proximate determinant of migration behavior, along with migrant networks, family norms and
gender roles, residential satisfactions, behavioral constraints and facilitator factors, and the
social, economic, and demographic structures. This model also asserts that values and
expectations combine to produce the motivation to move, which in turn is a direct determinant of
migration intentions.
At the macro level, a well-known explanation of migration is Lewis’ dual economy model,
which is composed of a stagnated rural subsistence sector and a dynamic urban sector, thus
leading to the flow of surplus labor from the former to the latter (Lewis, 1954).
Ranis and Fei (1961) extended the Lewis model and considered migration as an equilibration
force which results in equality between the urban and the rural sectors in terms of labor
distribution and wage levels. With a mostly aggregate level perspective, Lee (1966) categorized
factors that affect migration as “push” factors in the areas of origin and “pull” factors in the areas
of destination in his oft-cited article “A Theory of Migration”, which echoes the classic work
“The Laws of Migration” by Ravenstein (1885).
Based on the “push-pull” model, the decision to migrate does not simply depend on the
evaluation of push and pull factors, as there are usually intervening obstacles such as distance,
money to move, and immigration laws which complicate or block migration paths. Personal
characteristics (age, sex, education, etc.) may also have selective effect on the migration flow.
Combining theories at different levels of analysis is needed for a thorough understanding of the
human migration process. An interactive contextual model of migration was presented by
Findley (1987) in an agrarian developing country setting of the Philippines. Findley argued that
there are three processes by which community-level features influence individual and household
migration decisions.
Community context can also change the pattern of relationships between individual or household
characteristics and migration decisions through an interactive mechanism. Interactive effects
play a fundamental role in this multi-level contextual model of migration.
22
They include both inter-level interactions (e.g., between community socioeconomic development
and family class) and intra-level interactions (e.g., between community socioeconomic
development and community accessibility). Instead of building a specific model of migration,
Massey (1990) provided a comprehensive framework for migration studies based on a synthesis
of multiple migration literatures. Using the concept of “circular and cumulative causation”,
Massey analyzed the migration process in the interconnections among individual behavior,
household strategies, community structures, and national political economics.
This suggests that to provide a complete accounting of migration process, theories of migration
must combine individual and family decisions with social structures, encompass micro and
macro levels of analysis, and connect causes and consequences over space and time. Like
Findley, Massey also put a special emphasis on the interactive effects between community
variables and individual or household characteristics on migration decisions, and considered
these inter-level interactions as a basic connection between micro and macro migration models.
In summary, although migration decisions are usually made by individuals within households as
strategies of income earning and risk diversification, this process is undoubtedly influenced by
local community contexts, which in turn are structured by regional, national, and even global
situations. Therefore, neither the individual nor the aggregate level theory alone could offer a
scientific explanation of the migration decision-making process. Also, migration decisions vary
from setting to setting due to interactions among factors both within and across different levels.
It is thus essential to incorporate interactive effects in a multilevel framework of migration.
2. 5. Conceptual Framework
Migration can be considered as a significant feature of livelihoods in developing countries to
pursuit better living standards. Central to the understanding of rural- urban migration flow is the
traditional push-pull factors. “Push factor” refers to circumstances at home that repel; examples
include famine, drought, low agricultural productivity, unemployment etc. while “pull factor
refers to those conditions found elsewhere (abroad) that attract migrants.
There are many factors that cause voluntary rural-urban migration, such as urban job
opportunities, housing conditions, better income opportunities etc. There is no doubt that, apart
from these factors, urban areas also offer a chance to enjoy a better lifestyle.
23
The provision of services such as electricity, piped water supply and public services make urban
areas attractive. While the motives for rural movement are important in themselves, the means
of movement are also of important. Improvements in transport systems and increasingly
awareness of the urban areas through media, helped by improved educational standards are
equally important factors to be taken into account when dealing with rural to urban migration.
Rural inhabitants see and hear success stories about people that leave their community and move
to cities, which also act as incentives for out-migration.
Incentives for out migration may be distorted, thereby creating excessive urbanization.
Therefore, rather than targeting the migration itself, it is preferable to focus on the causative
factors and its consequences.
Historically, pull factors have predominated- urban environment provides better employment and
income opportunities. But recently, it seems that push factors seem to be increasingly powerful.
Push factors
Pull factors
Famine, drought, Rural-Urban
Migration Employment opportunity, Higher
Poor living conditions such as incomes, Better health care and
housing, education and Health Education, recreation, better
care ,homelessness livelihood, Urban facilities and Way
of life(water,electricsity etc).
Low Agricultural productivity,
landlessness
consequences of Rural-Urban Migration on the rural

environment
educational dropout, poor land management and soil lose,
Reduced agricultural production,
inadequate supply of consumer goods, Inadequate social

services etc.
Figure 2.1. The conceptual framework for the analysis of rural-urban migration
24
CHAPTER-THREE
3. STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Descriptions of the Study Area
3.1.1 Location and Size

Gozamin Woreda is one of the 21 Woredas of East Gojjam Zone in Amhara National Rigional
State (ANRS). The woreda lies between 100 1’ 46″ and 10035’ 12″ N latitudes and 370 23′45″
and 370 55′52″ E longitudes. It is found at a road distance of about 265 km from Bahir Dar (the
capital city of ANRS) and 299km from Addis Ababa which is the capital city of the country
Ethiopia. The Woreda, having an area of 1217.8 km2 (GWARDO, 2010), is bordered by Aneded
and Debay Tilatgin Woredas in the east, Machakel and Debre Elias Woredas in the west, Sinan
Woreda in the north and Baso Liben Woreda and Oromia Regional State (Abay River) in the
south (GWFEDO, 2019).
Figure 3.1. Location of the study area
25
3.1.2. Relief, Climate and Drainage
The elevation of the Woreda ranges between 1200 and 3510-m. The altitude gradually declines
from the north east to the south west. The major relief features include Highly mountainous
>3500m (10%), Mountainous 2500-3500 m(16%) Plain 1500-2500m (67%) and Valley <1500
(7%) (GWARDO, 2019). Due to the effect of altitudinal variations, Gozamin is divided in to
three traditional agro-climatic zones (i.e., Dega, Woyna Dega and Kola). The southern part is
predominantly characterized by Kola climate. Most of the northern and central parts of the
woreda are dominated by Woyna Dega agro-climatic zones, whereas the northern tips have Dega
agro climatic zone (GWARDO,2019).
The average annual rainfall ranges between 1448-mm and 1808-mm with the mean annual
evapotranspiration of 1500-mm . The maximum and the minimum annual average temperatures
are 25oC and 11oC respectively (GWARDO, 2019).The wet season is 6 months with fairly
distributed rains. However, the heavy rainfall is concentrated in the Meher season of June to
September, and the amount of rainfall increases from south to north, and is sufficient for all types
of crops growing in the woreda (GWARDO, 2019).
3.1.3. Vegetation
The vegetation cover of the woreda is mainly the result of the climatic distribution and human
activities. Since it is one of the areas where agricultural activities have been practiced for a long
period of time and since it is one of the densely populated areas of East Gojjam, forest cover has
been minimized (Kiflemriam, 2008). The plant types are typically the result of climatic
variations and include mainly ficusalicitolia (warka), ecluea sehinmperi (dedho), acacia and
acacia Abyssinia (girar) in the kola areas. The plateau surface area is also dominated by
stereospermum kunihialum (zana), croten macrota-chy (bisana) and cordial Abyssinia (wanza)
and the higher surfaces with pedocarpus gracilor (zigba) and juniperus procera (tid). But, today
the indigenous trees are being replaced by other secondary growth and eucalyptus tree is getting
dominant mainly around residence areas and along river valleys and marshy areas (Tadesse,
1989). Acacialahail (cheba) is found in both Kola and Woyna Dega agro-climatic zones.
Soils and Land Use /Land Cover

The most dominant soil types of Gozamen woreda are Nitosols, Vertisols and Cambisols while,
Pheazomes, Acrisols and Leptosols are associate soil types in different parts of the woreda
(GWARDO, 2019).
3.1.4. Socio-Economic Characteristics

Gozamen woreda has a total population of 159,347 from which 81000 are females and 78,347
are males(49.2% male and 50.8% female) population. From this total population, 98.7% and
1.3% are rural and urban dwellers, respectively. The population density is 130.84 persons per
km2 (GWADO, 2019).
3.2. Research Methodology
26
3.2 .1. Research design
In order to achieve the objectives of this research, the researcher will apply cro-sectional
research design method. This is because, that the researcher will use/or collect the sample data .
Hence, it helps to describe the status of situation.
The methodology that will be applied in this study will be a mixed methods of design where the
researcher will used both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative data that will
be used is a survey method which involves the administration of questionnaires to sample groups
of research participants. Qualitative data from interviews will enable the researcher to triangulate
data received in the questionnaire.
Quantitative approach will be used to measure quantitative data. It is better to present the
primary data in the form of table, and graph. While qualitative approach will be employed to
describe attitudes and perceptions of respondents about the main causes and consequences of
high rate of rural to urban migration of peoples in the study area.
Based on these qualitative and quantitative design, in addition to questionnaires and interviews,
it will also suitable to use other data collection tools such as, focus group discussions (FGDs),
and document analyses.
3.2.2. Sampling technique

The researcher will use both probability and non-probability sampling technique to obtain the
samples of households and others. Thus, it will help to get necessary information from those
households and other concerned bodies.
Purposive sampling and random sampling methods will be employed to identify the sample
study area and the sample research participants respectively. In the first stage, the study will
purposively identify Gozamen woreda as the main target area which has the high rate of rural to
urban migration of peoples. At the second stage, from the total of 25 kebeles in the worda two
kebeles (Kebi and Yebokla) will be selected as final study area by using purposive sampling
method, with the total number of households, 528 and 1174 respectively. The reason for
purposive sampling will be used is, because the researcher assume that their is high magnitude of
rural-urban human migration in these two kebeles comparing to other kebeles in the woreda,
even if the case is manifested in all other kebekes in the woreda. As aresult, the researcher
assumed that the selected kebeles will enough to represent the rest of the kebeles in the woreda.
At the third stage, sampling frame (a list comprising the name of the dweller/ households in each
RKA) will be prepared by the RKAs. In each study community(RKA), a list of all households
27
will compiled based on registration records. As the study will be conducted in the household
level, with the assistance of village leaders and kebele managers, these households will then
subdivided into two strata/ groups/ according to their migration status. Households with at least
one member working in an urban area for most of the time during the recent two years will
classified as migrant households, while those with all members present for the period and no
migrant member/s yet, will classified as non-migrant households. After that from these sample
frame/registered list of dwellers/ in each the two kebeles, sample size from the total number of
population(non-migrant and migrant) in the two study area will be selected by using simple
random sampling method. This also allows all the households in the two kebeles to have equal
chance of being selected in the sample. In order to keep representativeness of the sample in the
population the researcher will use the (Kothari, 2004) sampling formula of the following:
Where N =Size of population

n = size of sample
e = acceptable error (0.03)
z =standard variant a given confidence level (1.96) 95% confidence
p = (0.05) population proportion
q = 1-p
Therefore two sample kebeles that will be selected purposively are, Kebi, with 528 total
households and Yebokla, with 1174 total households, with the total number of households that
will be studied in the two kebeles are 1702 (615 migrant households and 1087 non-migrant
households). From total 615 migrant households 200 of them are in Kebi and 415 of them are in
Yebokla Kebele, and from1087 none- migrant households 328 and 759 are in Kebi and Yebokla
kebele respectively. By considering these the researcher will calculate the sample size of the total
households of the two kebeles, the sample size of each kebele households, the sample size of
migrant households and non-migrant households as follows.
1,962 x 0.05 x 0.95 x 1702

n= =202
0.032 ( 1702−1 ) +1,96 2 0.05 x 0.95
615
migrant household sample ¿ x 202=73
1702
28
1087
Non-migrant household sample = x 202=¿ 129
1702
Proportional sampling technique will be used to develop the overall sample size. Accordingly,
129 and 73 sizes were calculated for migrant household and non-migrant households,
respectively.
The required sample households of each RKA (n) then can be calculated using the Formula:
(n)
n1= size of sample each RKA
N1= Size of population/households for each RKA
N =Size of total population
n = size of total sample

528 1174
n 1= x 202=63( Kebi RKA ) n 2= x 202=139 (Yebokla RKA)
1702 1702
In the selection, proportional sampling will be considered for both kebeles and for migrant and
non-migrant households.
3.2.3. Data sources and collection techniques

In the study primary and secondary sources of data will be used. The primary data will be
collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews, and FGDs. Primary data provides a
first-hand account; so enable the researcher to observe the phenomena as it occurs in place.
When the researcher collects the data, all precautions to ensure their reliability will be taken.
First hand data will be collected from selected officers, woreda rural and agricultural
development office, woreda administrative offices, kebele administrative offices and from
selected sample individuals in the two sample RKAs of the study area. Available second hand
data will be collected from woreda administrative offices and kebele administrative office
through document analysis.
29
3.2.4. Tools /Instruments of data collection
Questionnaire: The first instrument that will be used in the study is method of survey through
questionnaires as the researcher believed that in order to measure perceptions quantitatively, this
approach is the most appropriate research instrument to get the pertinent data. Both open and
close ended questions will be prepared and filled in by the selected household head respondents.
Clarifications and directions will be given by the researcher. The questions will be prepared in
English language and translated into the local language (Amharic) to create clear communication
with the respondents. The questionnaire will be designed with multiple choice questions and also
different Likert-type scales. As most of the respondents are farmers, it is difficult to understand
the questionnaires and give valid information. So to create clarity and to collect valid data from
the respondents, the researcher will select 6 data collector individuals who are above grade 12
living in the kebeles. Training will be given for the selected individuals for two days. After that
they will make face to face questionnaire with respondents who are unable to read and
understand the questionnaires prepared.
Interview: This is another important qualitative data collection tool that will be employed by the
researcher. The participants of the interview will be purposively selected based on careful
judgment of the researcher. Key interviews will be prepared and asked to the interviewee who
will be selected purposively. Here ,the interviewee to be selected will be the head of Gozamen
Woreda Administrative Office, the heads of the three kebele administrative offices and the three
kebele managers. Because they will have pertinent information about the causes of rural-urban
migration of the dwellers in kebeles. The interviews will be conducted among key informants
that allowed the researcher to collect data on relevant and well-informed sources about the
problem.
Focus group discussions (FGDs): FGDs will be conducted with purposively selected members of
the community. Accordingly, three focus groups each consisted of 7-8 members will be
organized. The participants will be individuals who represent different wealth groups, elders and
female headed households (to maintain gender balance) within various village and they freely
(willingly) express their ideas, perceptions and experiences regarding the issues under study.
Issues that are addressed in the focus group discussion will identify the causes and
quensequenses of high rate of displacement of peoples from their origin area to the towns and
cities. The groups discussions will be carried out in local language (Amharic) to create more
clear communicate.
30
The secondary data will be generated from different documents in order to access accurate and
reliable data. Documents comprised of personal profiles, guidelines and directives (regarding
rural-urban migration), thesis, books and journals (used as literatures) and performance reports
obtained from the kebele officers and at woreda sector office will be assessed.
3.2.5 Data analysis method

The data collected from different sources by different data collection tools will be analyzed
properly in tabular form. Cross tabulation and custom tabulation will be used to analyze the data.
Since this research is quantitative in nature; SPSS will be used in analyzing the data which will
be gathered. As a result, the data generated through questionnaires, key informant interviews,
and focus group discussions will be analyzed and interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively.
The quantitative data will be first recorded and organized in the Statistical Package of the Social
Sciences (SPSS) and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Then descriptive
statistical tool such as mean, averages annual income, percentages, minimum, maximum,
standard deviations and frequency distributions will be used to analyze data of annual income of
respondents and continues variables. And also using inferential statistical methods (independent
t-test, chi-square and logistic regression model) will be used. Therefore, independent t-test to
compare the average mean income difference between individuals; chi-square test to analyze
association or difference between individuals and also will be used to examine the association of
the categorical variables like sex, marital status, of sample individuals. In addition, binary
logistic regression model will be employed to measure of difference variables (factors of
migration). The reason to use binary logistic regression, because it is suitable to analyze dummy
variables which is not performed using linear regression. Like socio demographic factors (age,
sex, marital status, educational level, and family size), economic factor (income, and farm size,)
and institutional factor (access to credit, input supply, extension service, and infrastructure).
The qualitative data that is generated from key informant interviews, FGDs and secondary data
found in text will be expressed in narrations, descriptions qualitatively.
3.2.6. Reliability and Validity

In order to ensure validity and reliability of the questionnaires for the research, the researcher
will conduct a pilot study. 20 participants/10 from migrant household sand 10 from none-migrant
households/ will be selected to answer the questionnaires. Amendments will be made based on
the ten questionnaires distributed. If necessary, some items will be changed to ensure the validity
of the questionnaires.
31
3.2. 7. Conclusion
In chapter three, the research design and methodology that will be used has been clearly
explained in the way of how to collect the data, the target population, and how to analyse the
data. The selected research design and methodology is suitable with the researcher’s study.
As for the moment this research ends at chapter three. There will be a follow up research to
fulfill the need for chapter four and five. It is hope that the research will be continued to enable
us to see the outcomes of this research.
4. WORK PLAN
Table 4.1 Time scadjule table
N0. Activities Octobe Novembe December Januar Februar March April May June
r r y y
1 Topic selection
2 Draft proposal
development
3 Final proposal
development
4 Proposal
defense
&editing
5 Material
collection
6 Sample
collection
7 Draft analysis of
result
8 Finale paper
32
write up &mock
defense
9 Final defense
&editing
comment
10 Disseminations
of finding
11 Monitoring
and follow up
5. BUDGET BREAKDOWN
Table5.1 shows the estimated cost analysis needed to complete the study.
S. Description Items Unit Quantity Unit price Total cost

No.
1 Stationary Paper Pack 4 150 600
Flash No 2 350 700
Sharpener No 2 5 10
Pen Pack 1 250 250
Pencil No 4 2.5 10
Eraser No 1 10 10
Proposal printing no of page 200 2 400
Final paper printing No of page 400 2 800
2 Personal Transportation No of trip 6 400 2400
Per dim No of days 30 3oo 9000
Mobile card 13 100 1300
Sample collector No of days 7 300 2100
Total 18580
33
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FUCALITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIROMENTAL

A RESAERCH PRPOSAL SUBMITTED TO BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY FUCULITY OF

DECEMBER, 2012 E.C

4. Work plane …………………………………………………………………..…..……………………………………………. 25

5. Budget breakdown ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26

Table 4.1. Time scadule table ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25

Table 5.1. Estimated cost analysis table…………………………………………………………………………………. 26

ANRS Amhara National Regional State

CSA Central Statistical Authority

DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs

ECA Economic Commission for Africa

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GWAO Gozamen Woreda Administratretion office

GWRDAO Gozamen Woreda Rural Development and Agricultural Office

RKA Rural Kebele Administration

MOLSA Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs

NGO Non-Governmental Organizations

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

SNNPRS Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State

UNDP United Nations Development Program

Household: one or more person /family/ living in one house

Kebele:- It is the lowest administrative unit in the country.

Wereda : is the administrative unit next higher to kebele.

Pull factor: Something that attracts a migrant to a new location

1.1. Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.4 Research questions

w,! however! when! they!

1.5 Significance of the Study

1.6 The Scope of the Study

1.8 Organization of the Paper

According to the Dictionary of Human Geography (2009), the concept of migration is

Migration can be defined in terms of spatial boundaries as internal and international

Therefore, international migration is only inherently different from domestic migration is

2. 2.1. Push factors

2. 2.2. Pull factors

2.3. The Consequences of Rural-urban Migration.

consequences of Rural-Urban Migration on the rural

educational dropout, poor land management and soil lose,

Reduced agricultural production,

inadequate supply of consumer goods, Inadequate social

3. STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Descriptions of the Study Area

3.1.1 Location and Size

Figure 3.1. Location of the study area

Soils and Land Use /Land Cover

3.1.4. Socio-Economic Characteristics

3.2. Research Methodology

3.2.2. Sampling technique

Where N =Size of population

p = (0.05) population proportion

1,962 x 0.05 x 0.95 x 1702

n1= size of sample each RKA

N1= Size of population/households for each RKA

N =Size of total population

n = size of total sample

3.2.3. Data sources and collection techniques