† Buoyancy : Every liquid exerts an upwards force on objects immersed in it.

This upward force

is called Buoyant force and this phenomenon is called Buoyancy.

† Archimedes’ Principle states that the buoyant force is equal to the weight of this displaced
liquid. The buoyant force exerted by a liquid, therefore, depends on the volume of the object
immersed on it.

† When a body is wholly or partially immersed in a liquid, there is apparent loss in weight of
the body, which is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid by the body.

† The rise or depression of liquids in small diameter tubes is called capillarity.

† The faster the air, the lower the pressure.

† Different Temperature Scales :

S.No. Name of the scale Symbol for each degree Lower fixed point (LFP) Upper fixed point
(UFP) Number of divisions on

the scale

1 Celsius °C 0°C 100°C 100

2 Fahrenheit °F 32°F 212°F 180

3 Kelvin K 273.15 K 373.15 K 100

† Specific Heat Capacity : The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy (in
joule) that is needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C. Sp. heat of water = 1
cal /gm °C = 4200 J/kg °C.

Sp. heat of ice = 0.5 cal /gm °C.

= 2100 J/kg °C.

where l and V denote the change in length l and volume V for a change of temperature T. The
relation between

them is : v = 3 l ; 2 l

† Newton’s Law of Cooling says that the rate of cooling of a body is proportional to the excess
temperature of the body over the surrounding.

SOUND

† Sound : Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears.

Frequency : The frequency of an oscillating particle is the total number of oscillations made by the
pendulum/particle in one second.

Amplitude : The maximum distance travelled by a pendulum towards any one side is from its initial
position.