Notes:

Therapeutic effect of drugs.

Palliative
-​relieving pain without dealing with the cause of the condition.
-​The classes of medication most commonly used in palliative care are:
● analgesics (to treat pain)
● antiemetics (to treat and also to prevent nausea and vomiting)
● laxatives / aperients (to prevent and treat constipation)
● adjuvant medications (medications that work with analgesics to improve pain or symptom
control)
● steroids (that may reduce a range of symptoms related to inflammation), and
● antidepressants (to treat depression, or sometimes pain) and other neuroleptic medications
(to treat depression, anxiety, or pain delirium) and sedatives.

Analgesics​ are medicines that are used to relieve pain. They are also known as
painkillers or pain relievers.
Aspirin​, an acetylated salicylate (​acetylsalicylic acid​), is classified among the
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory ​drugs​ (NSAIDs). These agents reduce the signs and
symptoms of inflammation and exhibit a broad range of pharmacologic activities,
including analgesic, antipyretic, and antiplatelet properties.

Curative
Penicillin​ kills bacteria through binding of the beta-lactam ring to DD-transpeptidase,
inhibiting its cross-linking ​activity​ and preventing new cell wall formation. Without a cell
wall, a bacterial cell is vulnerable to outside water and molecular pressures, and quickly
dies

Supportive
Levophed​ (​norepinephrine bitartrate​) is a vasoconstrictor, similar to adrenaline, used
to treat life-threatening low blood pressure (hypotension) that can occur with certain
medical conditions or surgical procedures. ​Levophed​ is often used during or after CPR
(cardio-pulmonary resuscitation).

Substitutive
Insulin is a chemical messenger that allows cells to absorb glucose, a sugar, 
from the blood. 
 
Chemotherapeutic 
The term "​malignancy​" refers to the presence of cancerous ​cells​ that have the ability
to spread to other sites in the body (metastasize) or to invade nearby (locally) and
destroy tissues. ​Malignant cells​ tend to have fast, uncontrolled growth and do not die
normally due to changes in their genetic makeup.
Restorative

Adverse vs side effets

Common adverse effects
GI irritation
Renal toxicity/nephrotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity-tungod siguro kay naagi ha liver labi na kun oral tas renal anman kay
didto gineexcrete.

Side harmful kay diba parehas hitun vomiting diarhea syempre magkakamayada ka hin
dehydration ngan electrolyte imbalance.
Drug toxicity api na didi an drug allergy

Liver Injury Oral drugs are absorbed and passed directly into the liver in the fi rst-pass
effect. This exposes the liver cells to the full impact of the drug before it is broken down
for circulation throughout the body. Most drugs are metabolized in the liver, so any
metabolites that are irritating or toxic will also affect liver integrity.

Renal Injury
The glomerulus in the kidney has a very small capillary
network that fi lters the blood into the renal tubule. Some
drug molecules are just the right size to get plugged into
the capillary network, causing acute infl ammation and
severe renal problems. Some drugs are excreted from the
kidney unchanged; they have the potential to directly
irritate the renal tubule and alter normal absorption and
secretion processes. Gentamicin (generic), a potent antibiotic, is frequently associated
with renal toxicity

May sinisirinf pa kit na blood dyscrasia superinfections

Anaphylactic Reaction
This allergy involves an antibody that reacts with specifi c sites in the body to cause the
release of chemicals, including histamine, that produce immediate reactions (mucous
membrane swelling and constricting bronchi) that can lead to respiratory distress and
even respiratory arrest.

Cytotoxic Reaction
This allergy involves antibodies that circulate in the blood and attack antigens (the drug)
on cell sites, causing death of that cell. This reaction is not immediate but may be seen
over a few days.

Serum Sickness Reaction

This allergy involves antibodies that circulate in the blood and cause damage to various
tissues by depositing in blood vessels. This reaction may occur up to 1 wk or more after
exposure to the drug.

Delayed Allergic Reaction

This reaction occurs several hours after exposure and involves antibodies that are
bound to specifi c white blood cells.
Drug–Drug or Drug–Alternative Therapy Interactions

For example, probenecid, which blocks the excretion of penicillin, can be given with
penicillin to increase blood levels of the penicillin for longer periods (synergistic effect).
Two analgesics, such as aspirin and codeine, are often given together because together
they provide greater pain relief (additive effect). In this example of aspirin and codeine,
using a combination of drugs often decreases the total dose of narcotics needed. In
addition, certain foods may interact adversely with a medication

At the site of absorption: One drug prevents or accelerates absorption of the other drug.
For example, the antibiotic tetracycline is not absorbed from the GI tract if calcium or
calcium products (milk) are present in the stomach.

During distribution: One drug competes for the protein-binding site of another drug, so
the second drug cannot be transported to the reactive tissue. For example, aspirin
competes with the drug methotrexate (Rheumatrex) for protein-binding sites. Because
aspirin is more competitive for the sites, the methotrexate is bumped off, resulting in
increased release of methotrexate and increased toxicity to the tissues.

• During biotransformation: One drug stimulates or blocks the metabolism of the other
drug. For example, warfarin (Coumadin), an oral anticoagulant, is biotransformed more
quickly if it is taken at the same time as barbiturates, rifampin, or many other drugs.
Because the warfarin is biotransformed to an inactive state more quickly, higher doses
will be needed to achieve the desired effect.

• During excretion: One drug competes for excretion with the other drug, leading to
accumulation and toxic effects of one of the drugs. For example, digoxin (Lanoxin) and
quinidine are both excreted from the same sites in the kidney. If they are given together,
the quinidine is more competitive for these sites and is excreted, resulting in increased
serum levels of digoxin, which cannot be excreted.

At the site of action: One drug may be an antagonist of the other drug or may cause
effects that oppose those of the other drug, leading to no therapeutic effect. This is
seen, for example, when an antihypertensive drug is taken with an antiallergy drug that
also increases blood pressure.