Isaak-Alexandros Koutsoklenis

Exam Statistics
Research methods in Sports and Exercise Science
Master programme of Sport and Exercise Science – Human Performance

Halmstad University

Isaak, I would like you to focus on RQ 1-3 and leave no 4-5 for the time being.
But please redo the correlation and check Pearson’s r and r 2 again.

Please hand this in to me by e-mail at the latest by January 15 th.

/Ann

A study on “the number of knee-bendings/30s” change over time

Research questions

1. Are there any significant differences between male female respondents in the age, number of
knee bendings for the injured knee, Pain VAS baseline and BMI?

2. Is the change over a fixed period of time of the number of the knee bendings for the injured
knee in the subjects significant?

3. Is there a significant correlation between the number of the knee bendings for the injured knee
and the Pain VAS?

4. Which is the prediction formula of the dependent variable (change over five years for the
number of the knee bendings of the injured knee) based on other four independent variables (age,
sex, pain vas, BMI)?Can age, sex, pain vas and BMI predict the change in kneebendings over
time?

5. What are the odds ratios for every independent variable referring to the two groups in the
number of the knee bendings for the injured knee and is it significant? Can age, sex, pain vas and
BMI predict an improvement or a deterioration in number of kneebendings over time?

Statistics

Each one of the research question was analysed using inferential statistics according to the type
of the required outcome and the nature of the employed variables. First of all a new variable was
calculated, and named ‘knee_bend_new’. The variable represents the variance of knee bending
of injured objects from the baseline time to 5 years after that. The descriptive data of the new
variable is as follows in Table A (mean= 4.7, min=-33, max=48, mode=7) which shows that the
rehabilitation over the time had debatable impact that requires further elaboration.

Table A: Descriptive data of the new variable

 Mean Median Mode Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum
N=54
4.7 5.5 7.00 16.7 -33.00 48.00

The first research question addresses the issue of the differences between genders in age, knee
bending (baseline), pain VAS (baseline), and BMI (baseline). To explore this difference I chose
to perform the independent samples T-Test. The Independent-Samples T Test procedure
compares means for two groups of cases. Ideally the sample of cases must be randomly assigned
into groups however this is not particularly useful in a small sample like the given one.

In order to explore the second research question the paired-samples T-Test was employed. The
Paired-Samples T Test procedure compares the means of two variables for a single group. So it
can be used to explore the differences within gender groups in two different times.

In order to explore the third research question a correlation analysis was employed. Correlations
measure how variables are related. Pearson's correlation coefficient, which is a measure of linear
association, was estimated. A scatter plot was also produced in order to screen the data for
outliers that can skew the results and evidence of a linear relationship.

Research question four was explored through the development of a linear regression formula. A
linear regression formula explains the contribution of a number of independent variables to the
production of a dependent variable. Gender that was used for the estimation of the formula is a
categorical variable, thus non-continuous, therefore it was treated as a dummy variable.

Finally, research question five was explored through a Logistic Regression Analysis. LRA is
similar to linear regression but it is more suitable for the analysis of formulas that the depended
variable is dichotomous. Therefore, the dependent variable was dichotomized and for
convenience purposes???????? independent variables were dichotomized too where applicable.
Findings

RQ1: Are there any significant differences between male female respondents in the age,
number of knee bendings for the injured knee, Pain VAS baseline and BMI?

Table 1: Differences between genders.This table is really hard to read! Please look in articles to
see howthis type of table usually is constructed!

Male n=39 - Female n=15 - Total n=54   Baseline Significance

(mean ± st.dev.) p-value

Age Male 43.85 ± 10.07

Femal 42.07 ± 10.03
0.593
e
Total 43.36 ± 10.87
No of knee-bendings injured knee, baseline Male 28.85 ± 10.76
(per 30s) Femal 25.67 ± 8.17
0.635
e
Total 27.69 ± 10.14
Pain VAS baseline, 0-100 (0=no pain, Male 48.67 ± 23.55
100=worst possible pain) Femal 42.53 ± 24.61
0.401
e
Total 46.96 ± 23.77
Body Mass Index, baseline Male 27.29 ± 4.01
(kg/m x m) Femal 23.09 ± 4.45
0.002
e
Total 26.13 ± 4.51

From the employment of the Independent-Samples T Test it is shown that the only significant
difference between different genders is on the BMI baseline (kg/m x m). All the other p values
are way higher than the threshold of p=0.005???why did you choose 0.005? .
RQ2: Is the change over a fixed period of time of the number of the knee bendings for the
injured knee in the subjects significant?

Table 2: Gender differences in knee bending over time.

Baseline 5 years follow-up Change over 5 years Significance

(mean ± (mean ± st.dev.) (mean ± st.dev.)
st.dev.)
Male (n=39) 28.85 ± 10.76 32.87 ± 11.62 4.03 ± 16.92 0.152
Female 25.67 ± 8.17 32.13 ± 13.79 6.47 ± 16.55 0.146
(n=15)
Total (n=54) 27.69 ± 10.14 32.67 ± 12.13 4.70 ± 16.70 0.43

There is no statistical significant difference in the knee bending over 5 years for the total sample
and the separate genders. The p values are all much higher than p=0.05 which is the threshold to
justify statistical significance.

RQ3: Is there a significant correlation between the number of the knee bending for the
injured knee and the Pain VAS?
 R2 = 0.31

Figure 1: Relationship between the change on knee bending and pain VAS

There is a moderate relationship between the two variables as the R2 is equal to 0.31. This may
be a result of the outliers as shown in figure 1 (see dotted cycles). A further analysis of the
dataset may give further insight on the relationship of the variables. Pearson correlation
coefficient? In my calculations r is 0.033 and r2 is 0.001
RQ4. Which is the prediction formula of the dependent variable (change over five years for
the number of the knee bending of the injured knee) based on other four independent
variables (age, sex, pain vas, BMI)?

Table 3: Predictive formula of the impact of age, sex, pain vas, and BMI to the change over five
years for the number of the knee bending of the injured knee.

B. Sig R2
(Constant) 45.500 .001
Sex (female=0, male=1) 1.539 .713
Age -.267 .094
0.60
Body Mass Index, baseline (kg/m x m) -.020 .962
Pain VAS baseline, 0-100 (0=no pain, 100=worst -.039 .593
possible pain)

The stronger predictor of the dependant variable proves to be the baseline BMI. The overall
model has a predictive power of 60% (R2=0.60) which is quite substantial. Gender was treated as
a dummy variable where female was used as the reference variable. Male are 0.7 times more
likely to influence the dependent variable. The Regression formula is as follows

Change over five years for the number of the knee bending of the injured knee = 45.5 +
(1.539*Sex) +(-0.267*Age)+ (-0.20* Body Mass Index, baseline (kg/m x m)) + (-0.039* Pain
VAS baseline, 0-100 (0=no pain, 100=worst possible pain))
RQ5: What are the odds ratios for every independent variable referring to the two groups
in the number of the knee bendings for the injured knee and is it significant?

Table 4: Logistic regression analysis of the impact of the independent variables to the
dichotomised number of the knee bending for the injured knee.Ok to dichotomize also the
independent variables but the table is very hard to follow! But you do not tell me how you
dichotomized the dependent variable, not even which variable you use as yor dependent v!

sex      
    Frequency Odds 95% CI p= Sig
ratio
Valid female 15 1.0 .2 3.0 .246
54 male 39 0.5
Age_dic      
    Frequency      
Valid Below 30 1.0 .2 1.6 .455
54 43
Above 24 1.6
43
pain_dic      
    Frequency      
Valid Below 26 1.0 .5 5.0 .088
54 47
Above 28 3.1
47
bmi_dic      
    Frequency      
Valid Below 30 1.0 .8 11.2 .735
54 26
Above 24 0.6
26

Firstly, the predictive power of the model needs to be estimated. The Nagelkerke's R squared
shows the power of explanation of the logistic regression model. In this case the Nagelkerke R
Square=0,124 which is low and show that the depended variables are not a reliable set of
predictors. Pain VAS has the relatively more interesting results as the odds ratio for the sig.
0.088 show that higher pain tolerance (over 47 in the VAS Pain scale) can potentially lead to
more knee bending up to 3 times.