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C K Kim 2010 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 12 012098 PDF
C K Kim 2010 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 12 012098 PDF
C K Kim 2010 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 12 012098 PDF
E-mail: kck0513@hanyang.ac.kr
Abstract. The industrial butterfly valves have been applied to transport a large of fluid with
various fields of industry. Also, these are mainly used a control of fluid flux to the water and
waste-water pipeline. Present, butterfly valves are manufacturing for multiplicity shape of
bodies and discs with many producers. However, appropriate performance evaluation was not
yet accomplished to compare about these valves through experiments. This study is performed
the experiment of flow characteristics and performance of manufactured 400A butterfly valves
for the water and waste pipeline, and compared experimental results. We performed
experiments that were controlled fixed a differential pressure condition (1 psi) and the range of
the flow rate conditions (500 m3/hr ~ 2500 m3/hr), and also opened the disc of valves to a range
of angle from 9 degree to 90 degree. We investigated and compared the valve flow coefficient
and the valve loss coefficient of results through experiments with each butterfly valve.
1. Introduction
Recent, the industry fields have been used variety the control valves for effectively control of a flow rate. The
valve is the fluid device for the control of the fluid characteristics such as flow rate, direction, pressure and
temperature, which it was basically performed four functions such that on-off, throttling, non-return and
overpressure. In generally, a variety of control valves such as the butterfly valve, the ball valve, the globe valve,
and the gate valve. A butterfly valve is used to open and close the pipeline, and to control the flow rate by
rotating a disc with relatively low pressure. According to the location of the rotating axis of the valve disc,
butterfly valves are classified into the concentric butterfly valve and the eccentric butterfly valve [1]. Especially,
the butterfly valve was mainly used in large diameter pipeline system for the transportation of petroleum, gas,
water and waste-water. Hence, it has relatively low pressure as compare with another control valve [2]. Thus, for
this reason, many researchers have been carried out the experimental and the numerical study for the
performance and characteristics of butterfly valve.
Eom (1988) [3] treated with the butterfly valve as a controlling device for flows. However, none of them
investigated three-dimensional throttled flow patterns with different valve openings. Kimura et al. (1995) [4, 5]
presented two papers about the study of butterfly valve. The first paper researches the torque characteristics, and
the second focuses on the pressure drop induced by the valve disc. Haung and Kim(1996) [6] investigated three-
dimensional analysis of partially open butterfly valve flows by using commercial code FLUENT, the
characteristics of the butterfly valves flows at different valve disc angles with a uniform incoming velocity were
investigated. Solliec and Danbon (1999) [7] analyzed the fluctuations of the instantaneous torque according to
the valve/elbow spacing, and made recommendations for the installation of that kind of flow control valve. Kang
et al. (2006) [8] investigated the effect of the attached fitting on the valve flow coefficient about four type of
fitting such as L, T, Y, and the cross types using the experiments and the numerical analysis. Yi et al. (2008) [9]
performed to design the optimization of eccentric butterfly valve using the characteristics function for the valve
geometry, and showed results that performed the characteristics of flow and the structure analysis of the
eccentric valve.
In commonly, the main components of butterfly valve are consists of a body, a shaft, and a disc. Among the
components, an important component to affect of flow is the disc of butterfly valve. Mainly, the valve flow
c 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd 1
25th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 12 (2010) 012098 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/12/1/012098
coefficient and the valve loss coefficient were essential variables for the flow characteristics and the performance
of the valve. These coefficients used to evaluate and to predict the performance of butterfly valve. Therefore, to
evaluation for the flow characteristics and performance of butterfly valve through the experiments is important.
However, previous experimental research was performed on the valve diameter 100mm and less by the limitation
of experimental environments. And numerical researcher was also performed the investigation of numerical
analysis that refer to experimental data. Accordingly, for a large diameter valve, evaluating of the flow
characteristics and performance has the limitation for a reference of the previous research data. Furthermore,
recent, for the case of the water supply pipe system, installed butterfly valve is need to validate the effective
performance of the valve. For the case of the butterfly valve of a prototype or a trial product used at the industry
field is also need to compare appropriate the experimental data for the validation of flow characteristics and
performance.
This study performed the 400mm diameter of butterfly valve on the water supply pipe system using the
calibration system of large flow-meter that built in Korea Institute of Water and Environmental. However, it also
evaluated the flow characteristics and the performance to compare with the fixed differential pressure of 1 psi
and the differential pressure for the change of maximum flow rates of 5 cases.
2. Experiments
2.1 Experimental Equipment System
Fig. 1 shows a scheme of an experimental equipment system. This experimental equipment system was used
the calibration system of large flow-meter that was built in Korea Institute of Water and Environmental, Korea
Water Resource Corporation. It has the greatest diameter of 800mm and Sump tank of 50 tons. Uncertainty at the
flow rate of 2700 m3/h has the flow rate of 3.95 m3/h, this value could express that an expansion uncertainty in
the confidence interval of 95% has 0.3% [10].
The experimental equipment system was constituted by IEC60534-2-3(1997) [13], which consists of a
reservoir for preservation of returning water, a pump for lift up to a constant level head tank, the constant level
head tank for supplying of constant flow rate of water, the upstream and the downstream throttling valves,
thermometer, Electromagnetic flow meter, upstream/downstream pressure tap for measurement pressure drop
and the test valve. The pipe for test section was installed a diameter of 400mm for the test valve, and the points
of the pressure taps was located on 2D and 6D from a test valve, respectively.
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25th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 12 (2010) 012098 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/12/1/012098
For the estimation of a valve flow coefficient, experimental procedure described as follows. Fig. 2 showed test
section scheme that was installed the test valve without attached fittings by requirement of piping. Differential
pressure was then measured to a selected disc angle both the pressure taps and valve disc lift were used the
formal valve disc lift rates: 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%. However, it performed to
calculate the characteristics of a proper flow using the measured pressures at the formal the valve disc lift rates.
The experiments performed to measure with the flow rate(Q) and the differential pressure( ΔP ) between the
upstream and the downstream pressure taps, and acquired the data of the case of the fixed differential
pressure( ΔP = 1 psi) and the 5 cases of the differential pressure at the maximum flow rates(Qmax = 500, 1000,
1500, 2000, 2500 m3/hr), respectively.
2.2 Valve Flow Coefficient
The valve flow coefficient importantly presented hydrodynamic characteristics of a control valve. It also has
respect to valve type, diameter of valve, opening rate of valve and operating fluids. This valve flow coefficient is
an important characteristic to investigate a valve performance and determined by differential pressure between
upstream and downstream. When the differential pressure arises 1 psi at the specified valve disc lift rates with
temperature 5 ~ 40℃ of water, Equation (1)[11, 12] was shown the flow rate of fluid through the valve as
follows.
(1)
⎛ G ⎞
C v = 1.167Q ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ΔP ⎠
2.3 Valve Loss Coefficient
The fluid in a piping system passes through various valves, bends, elbows, inlets, exits, enlargements, and
contractions in addition to the pipes. These components interrupt the flow of the fluid and cause additional losses
because of the flow separation and mixing. A partially closed valve may cause the largest head loss in the system
by the drop in the flow rate. Flow through valves is very complex, and a theoretical analysis is generally not
plausible. However, this loss called the valve loss coefficient is determined experimentally and expressed as
another representation of relation between pressure difference, fluid density and fluid average velocity following
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25th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 12 (2010) 012098 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/12/1/012098
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25th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 12 (2010) 012098 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/12/1/012098
5
25th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 12 (2010) 012098 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/12/1/012098
limited range of the valve disc lift between 20% and 100%. However, test valve E showed smaller the valve flow
coefficient value and larger the valve loss coefficient valve than test valve A, B, C, and D.
(a) ΔP = 1 psi (b) Qmax = 500 m3/hr (c) Qmax = 1000 m3/hr
(d) Qmax = 1500 m3/hr (e) Qmax = 2000 m3/hr (f) Qmax = 2500 m3/hr
Fig. 4 Comparison of the valve flow coefficient with test valves
4. Conclusion
This study has performed experiments with the butterfly valve of 5 cases for water supply system using the
calibration system of large flow-meter that built in Korea Institute of Water and Environmental. The results
obtained the valve flow coefficients and the loss coefficients that calculating velocities and differential pressure
under 1 psi differential pressure condition and 5 cases flow rates conditions. It also compared and evaluated the
flow characteristics and performance for test valves through those results. It obtained conclusion as follows:
(1) The valve flow coefficient under the high flow rate nearly shows to similar curves of the 1 psi differential
pressure condition. It also shows to appropriate in the high flow rate condition to obtain more accurate
performance evaluation. Flow characteristics of the test valves have aspect of equality curve and relatively show
to separate the high performance valve group and the low performance valve group.
(2) The valve flow coefficient shows clearly different performance with test valves of 5 cases. In the results,
test valves A, B, and C shows greater the valve coefficient value than test valves D, E. However, single/double
eccentric valves have large the coefficient value than triple eccentric and concentric slanted disc. It is the valve
axis type that significantly means to affect the flow characteristics and the valve performance.
(3) The valve loss coefficient shows to compare with 5 test valves. Test valve E that has concentric axis
inclined disc shows larger loss coefficient value between valve disc lift of 10% ~ 20% than other test valves. It
also has relatively low valve performance. Results of the test valves need to consider for applying the water
supply pipeline system.
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25th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 12 (2010) 012098 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/12/1/012098
(a) ΔP = 1 psi (b) Qmax = 500 m3/hr (c) Qmax = 1000 m3/hr
(d) Qmax = 1500 m3/hr (e) Qmax = 2000 m3/hr (f) Qmax = 2500 m3/hr
Fig. 5 Comparison of the valve loss coefficient with test valves
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Korean Water Resource Corporation, and 2nd stage BK21 Foundation grant
funded by the Korea government.
Nomenclature
Cv The valve flow coefficient Q Volumetric flow rate[m3/hr]
G Specific Gravity of Water Qmax Maximum of volumetric flow rate[m3/hr]
h Valve head loss[m] u Mean velocity in pipe[m/s]
K The valve loss coefficient g Gravity acceleration[m/s2]
ΔP Differential pressure[N/m2] ρ Density of water[kg/m3]
References
[1] Skousen P L 2004 Valve Handbook (New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc)
[2] Hutchison J W 1967 ISA handbook of control valves, 2nd edition Instrument Society of America (Pittsburg,
USA)
[3] Eom K 1988 Performance of Butterfly Valves as Flow Controller ASME J. of Fluid Eng. Vol. 110 16-19
[4] Kimura T, Tanaka T, Fujimoto K and Ogawa K 1995 Hydrodynamic Characteristics of a Butterfly -
Prediction of Pressure Loss Characteristics ISA Transactions 34 319-26
[5] Kimura T, Tanaka T, Fujimoto K and Ogawa K 1995 Hydrodynamic Characteristics of a Butterfly -
Prediction of Torque Characteristics ISA Transactions 34 327-33
[6] Huang C and Kim R H 1996 Three Dimensional Analysis of Partially Open Butterfly Valve Flows
Transactions of the (ASME) J. of Fluids Eng. 118 562-68
[7] Danbon F and Solliec C 2000 Aerodynamic Torque of a Butterfly Valve-Influence of an Elbow on the
Time-mean and Instantaneous Aerodynamic Torque (ASME) J. of Fluids Eng. 122 337-44
[8] Kang S K, Yoon J Y and Lee B H 2006 Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Backward Fitting
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25th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 12 (2010) 012098 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/12/1/012098
Effect on Valve Flow Coefficient Proc. IMech Part E: J. of Process Mechanical Eng. 220 217-20
[9] Yi S I, Shin M K, Shin M S, Yoon J Y and Park G J 2008 "Optimizing of the eccentric check butterfly
valve considering the flow characteristics and structural safety Proc. IMech, Part E: J. of Process
Mechanical Eng. 222 63-73
[10] Lee D K and Park J H 2008 Uncertainly Characteristics of Diverter for Flow meter Calibration System J. of
Fluid Machinery(in Korean) 11(3) 50-55
[11] IEC60534-2-1 1998 Industrial-process control valves: flow capacity - sizing equations for fluid flow
installed conditions, Int. Electrotechnical Commission (Geneva, Switzerland)
[12] ANSI/ISA-75.01.01 2002 Flow Equations for Sizing Control Valves ISA - The Instrumentation, Systems
and Automation Society (North Carolina, USA)
[13] IEC60534-2-3 1997 Industrial-process control valves: flow capacity - testing procedures Int.
Electrotechnical Commission (Geneva, Switzerland)