Either …or

(1)You are right. If not, Ko Ko is right. (Either…)

Either you or Ko Ko is right.

(2)The manager is at the meeting. If not, he is in his room. (The manager

is either…)
The manager is either at the meeting or in his room.

(3)He comes here. His brothers also come here. (Either…)

Either he or his brothers come here.

(4)If you don’t take the medicine, you will become seriously ill.
(Either…)
Either take the medicine or you will become seriously ill.
 Not only – but also

(1)He is intelligent and she is intelligent, too. (Not only…)

Not only he but also she is intelligent.

(2)Kyi Pyar loves him and she also trusts him. (Kyi Pyar not only…)
Kyi Pyar not only loves him but also trusts him.

(3)Both Hla Hla and her sisters were successful. (Not only…)
Not only Hla Hla but also her sisters were successful.

(4)Both she and Mi Mi are actresses. (Not only…)

Not only she but also Mi Mi is an actress.

(5)Neither Ko Soe nor Ko Myo attended the class yesterday. (Not

only…)
Not only Ko Soe but also Ko Myo did not attend the class yesterday.
 Neither – nor
Don’t use “not” in neither…nor.

(1)English as well as History is not a science subject. (Neither…)

Neither English nor History is a science subject.

(2)He doesn’t speak English and neither does Mg Mg. (Neither…)

Neither he nor Mg Mg speaks English.

(3)I can’t stand the heat. I can’t stand the cold wind, either. (I can stand
neither…)
I can stand neither the heat nor the cold wind.

(4)Both he and she were absent. (Neither…)

Neither he nor she was present.
 Neither of
Neither of + N(plural) + V(singular)
(1)Both the books are not expensive. (Neither of…)
Neither of the books is expensive.

(2)The two lovers are unlucky. (Neither of…)

Neither of the two lovers is lucky.

(3)The first question is not difficult and neither is the second. (Neither
of…)
Neither of the two questions is difficult.

(4)Both the twins dislike telling lies. (Neither of…)

Neither of the twins likes telling lies.

(5)Both girls are not punctual. (Neither of…)

Neither of the girls is punctual.

(6)I don’t like either of the birthday presents. (I like neither …)

I like neither of the birthday presents.

(7)Both my sister and I were not happy. (Neither of…)

Neither of us was happy. (Note: I + my =us, he + she =them, father +
mother = parents, grandpa + grandma = grandparents)
 Both – and
Note: Verb is always plural.
(1)Ngapali is a beautiful beach. Chaungtha is a beautiful beach, too.
(Both…)
Both Ngapali and Chaungtha are beautiful beaches.

(2)Not only Ko Ko but also Tun Tun was absent yesterday. (Both…)
Both Ko Ko and Tun Tun were absent yesterday.

(3)Neither he nor she tries hard. (Both…)

Both he and she do not try hard.

Both of
Both of + N(plural) + V(plural)

(1)Not only he but also she runs fast. (Both of…)

Both of them run fast.

(2)Neither of the sisters is beautiful. (Both of…)

Both of the sisters are not beautiful. (OR)
Both of the sisters are ugly.
 Parallel Structure(လေလေ….လေလေ)
The D2 S + V…, the D2 + S + V…
much, many, plenty of, a lot → more
little, not much → less

(1)When the sun is high, the day is hot. (The higher…)

The higher the sun, the hotter the day.

(2)If you love more, you will suffer more. (The more…)
The more you love, the more you will suffer.

(3)As she ate more and more, she grew fatter. (The more…)
The more she ate, the fatter she grew.

(4)If you read a lot, you know a lot. (The …)

The more you read, the more you know.

(5)When she is busy, she becomes more impatient. (The…)

The busier she is, the more impatient she becomes.

(6)If you want much, you get little. (The …)

The more you want, the less you get.
(7)If the wind is strong, the waves are big. (The…)
The stronger the wind, the bigger the waves.
Note: If verb to be is present after the noun, you don’t need to write
“verb to be”.

(8)If you want more money, you will have to do more work. (The…)
The more money you want, the more work you will have to do.

(9)It is better for you if you don’t know much about this matter. (The…)
The less you know about this matter, the better it is for you.
 Too ..to ↔ So … that
S တူ → too adj/adv + to V1
S မတူ → too adj/adv + for Obj + to V1
S တူ → so adj/adv that + S (can, cannot, could, could not) + V1
S မတူ → so adj/adv that + S (can, cannot, could, could not) + V1 + Obj

(1)He got up too late to catch the bus. (He got up so…)
He got up so late that he could not catch the bus.

(2)She has changed too much for me to recognize.(She has changed so..)
She has changed so much that I cannot recognize her.

(3)She was so tired that she could not go on playing. (She was too…)
She was too tired to go on playing.

(4)The sums are so difficult that we cannot solve them. (The sums are
too…)
The sums are too difficult for us to solve.

So that ↔ enough to
S တူ → so adj/adv that + S (can, cannot, could, could not) + V1
S မတူ → so adj/adv that + S (can, cannot, could, could not) + V1 + Obj
S တူ → adj/adv + enough to V1
S မတူ → adj/adv + enough + for Obj + to V1

(1)This book is so short that it can be read in a few hours.(This book is..)
This book is short enough to be read in a few hours.(OR)
This book is not long enough to be read in a few hours.

(2)The story is so interesting that I can read it twice. (The story is…)
The story is interesting enough for me to read it twice.(OR)
The story is not boring enough for me to read it twice.

(3)The cat is clever enough to open the door. (The cat is so…)
The cat is so clever that it can open the door.

(4)The book-shelf was low enough for her to touch. (The book-shelf was
so…)
The book-shelf was so low that she can touch it.

Too … to ↔ not … enough to

S တူ → too adj/adv + to V1
S မတူ → too adj/adv + for Obj + to V1
S တူ →not adj/adv + enough to V1
S မတူ → not adj/adv + enough + for Obj + to V1

(1)He is too young to drive. (He is not…)

He is not old enough to drive.

(2)The book is too difficult for me to read. The book is not…)

The book is not easy enough for me to read.

(3)She is not thin enough to be a model. (She is too…)

She is too fat to be a model.

(4)The fruit is not good enough for you to eat. (The fruit is too…)
The fruit is too bad for you to eat.

So … that ↔ such … that

so adj/adv that + S + V …
N (singular) →such a/an + adj + N that + S + V …
N (plural) →such + adj + N(s/es) that + S + V …
(1)The teacher is so kind that all the students love him. (He is such…)
He is such a kind teacher that all the students love him.

(2)Her mother is so prim that all of us like her. (Her mother is such…)
Her mother is such a prim woman that all of us like her.

(3)He drives so skillfully that the passengers feel safe and secure. (He is
such…)
He is such a skillful driver that the passengers feel safe and secure.

(4)It was such a fine day that we decided to go on a picnic. (The day was
so…)
The day was so fine that we decided to go on a picnic.

Active Voice and Passive Voice

Active Voice Passive Voice

V1 am, is, are + V3

V2 was, were + V3
am, is, are + Ving am, is, are + being + V3
was, were + Ving was, were + being + V3
has, have + V3 has, have + been + V3
had + V3 had + been + V3
modal verb + V1 modal verb + be + V3
to + V1 to + be + V3
do not V1 am,is,are not V3
did not V1 was,were not V3

modal verb → can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must
No one, Nobody → “not”
(1)The cat kills the mouse. (The mouse…)
The mouse is killed by the cat.

(2)I do not practice the lessons. (The lessons…)

The lessons are not practiced.

(3)Nobody can cheat you if you are clever. (You…)

You cannot be cheated if you are clever.

(4)No one has ever asked me the question before. (I …)

I have never been asked the question before.
Note: not + anybody = nobody
 not + anyone = no one
not + anything=nothing

(5)They did not punish anybody yesterday. (Nobody…)

Nobody was punished yesterday.

Note: Manner, V3, Place, by, Time, Reason

(M 3 P by T R)
(6)Jim invited his parents to his new house when his dream came true.
(His parents…)
His parents were invited to his new house by Jim when his dream came
true. Place Time

(7)Teenagers will sing a song happily next day. (A song…)

A song will be sung happily by teenagers next day.
manner time
(8)The teacher punished Ko Zaw for not doing homework. (Ko Zaw…)
Ko Zaw was punished by the teacher for not doing homework.
reason
(9)Uncle saw off the visitors at the airport. (The visitors…)
The visitors were seen off at the airport by uncle.

(10)We have to study our lessons for the exam. (Our…)

Our lessons have to be studied for the exam.
(11)U Aye teaches us English.
(We…)
We are taught English by U Aye.
(English…)
English is taught to us by U Aye.
Note: teach, give, show, bring, lend,… + to
build, buy, leave, get,… + for

(12)I saw the snakes at the zoo. (The snakes…)

The snakes at the zoo are seen.

(13)I make him repair my bicycle. (He…)

He is made to repair my bicycle.

(14)He let her go out. (She…)

She was let go out.

Note: Let + Obj + be V3

(15)Study the lessons. (Let …)
Let the lessons be studied.

Note: Don’t V1 → Obj + must not be + V3

(16)Don’t play with fire. (Fire….)
Fire must not be played.

(17) Please lend me some money. (You are requested…)

You are requested to lend me some money

(18)Smoke filled the room. (The room …)

The room was filled with smoke.
Note: filled with, pleased with, impressed with, satisfied with,
interested in,…
made of + things
made by + person
made in + country
invented in + country
invented by + person

(19)China invented paper. (Paper…)

Paper was invented in China.
Note: If object is “that clause”, start with “It”.
(20) People say that unity is strength. (It is said …)
that clause
It is said that unity is strength.
Note: Helping Verb + S + Main Verb ….?
(21) Will you take me to your village? (Will I…)
Will I be taken to your village?

(22) Do you know how to fill this form? (Is…)

Is how to fill this form known?

(23)Have you studied this unit? (Has…)

Has this unit been studied?

(24)Did someone use my computer in my absence? (Was…)

Was my computer used in my absence?

Note: Question word + Helping verb + S + Main verb ….?

Question word → what, who, where, when, whom, whose, why, how,
how many, how much, how old, how far
(25)When does the girl study her lessons? (When are…)
When are her lessons studied by the girl?

(26)Why didn’t you arrange the flowers in the vase beautifully?

(Why…)
Why weren’t the flowers beautifully arranged in the vase?

(27)Who wrote this poem? (By whom…)

By whom was this poem written?

(28)Whose mother do you know? (Whose mother…)

Whose mother is known?

(29)Why did you scold and beat your sister? (Why was…)
Why was your sister scolded and beaten?

(30)Why have they moved my table? (Why ….)

Why has my table been moved?

Passive Voice → Active Voice

(1)A new engine is being replaced in my car by the mechanic. (The
mechanic…)
The mechanic is replacing a new engine in my car.
(2)After glass blowing had been invented, the hourglass came into use.
(After people…)
After people had invented glass blowing, the hourglass came into use.

(3)Was the window pane broken by the children? (Did…)

Did the children break the window pane?

(4)Why was that boy scolded by his teacher? (Why did…)

Why did his teacher scold that boy?

(5)Nothing expensive was bought at Junction 8. (Nobody….)

Nobody bought anything expensive at Junction 8.

(6)The buried treasure has never been found. (Nobody…)

Nobody has ever found the buried treasure.

People → No one
(Passive to Passive)
(1)People are not allowed to cut down the trees. (No one …)
No one is allowed to cut down the trees.

(2)Strangers were not permitted to live here. (No stranger …)

No stranger was permitted to live here.

Active to Active
(3)People do not know that case. (No one…)
No one knows that case.

Relative Pronoun
N/N group + who/which/that
(1)We all like Daw Mu Mu. She is a good teacher. (We all like…)
We all like Daw Mu Mu who is a good teacher.

(2)Her daughter was injured in a car accident. She is now in hospital.

(Her daughter…)
Her daughter who was injured in a car accident is now in hospital.

(3)I have lost my watch. I got it from my father as a birthday present. (I

have lost…)
I have lost my watch my watch which I got from my father as a birthday
present.

(4)Thura bought a watch from Ga Mone Pwint Store. It is for his only
sister. (The watch…)
The watch which Thura bought from Ga Mone Pwint Store is for his
only sister.

(5) Mango is liked by almost all people in Myanmar. It is a tropical fruit.

(Mango which…)
Mango which is a tropical fruit is liked by almost all people in
Myanmar.

It takes/It took

It (take) + S + time phrase to V1↔S + (take) + time phrase to V1

(1)Nanda took about an hour to learn a few English sentences by heart.
(It took…)
It took Nanda about an hour to learn a few English sentences by heart.

(2)It took the ship a few minutes to reach the shore. (The ship…)
The ship took a few minutes to reach the shore.

D3 (ever) – D2 (never)
The D3 + N I have ever V3 ↔ I have never V3 + a/an D2 N than S
(1)This is the most pleasant view I have ever enjoyed. (I have…)
I have never enjoyed a more pleasant view than this.

(2)Ngapali is the most beautiful beach I have ever been to. (I have…)
I have never been to a more beautiful beach than Ngapali.

(3)I have never read a better story than this. (This is….)
This is the best story I have ever read.
 THANK
YOU ALL
THE END