Reviewer in The Contemporary World 3 approaches in studying globalization

Globality  Rejectionist
- A group of scholars which dispute the utilization of the
- Signifies a social condition characterized by tight global
world globalization just like in the academic arena.
economic, political, cultural and etc. that challenges
- Encourages us to come up with a particular meaning
the currently existing borders and boundaries.
that we can easily understand, apply and supported by
Global Imaginary a particular research.
 Sceptics
- The people’s growing consciousness about the world
- They believe that the current globalizing term is limited
as one
in nature
- Pertains to the adaptation of the political ideologies
 Modifiers
which is timely and the same time badly needed by all
- Dispute the novelty of the process, implying that the
countries. Ex. The Philippines need to integrate our
term Globalization was used historically in an
political agenda to nearby countries, so that we
imprecise manner.
upgrade our political, economical, cultural condition
- This signifies that the globalization before lack of
Globalization integration on some dimensions such as the cross-
original development, technological and resource
- Refers to the special concept signifying the matrix of
problem. They just focus on current and social
social processes transforming our social condition into
globalizing tendencies.
one of globality. Just like modernization, it leads us
- No need to use the term “globalization” since it is
into progress.
limited and at the same time pro-modernization.
Globaloney
Globalization
- The existing definition globalization are imprecise,
- Refers to the expansion and intensification of social
incorrect and exaggerated.
relations and consciousness across world-time and
- Under this concept they came up with the 3
world-space. It is a multi-dimensional phenomenon
approaches in studying globalization
involving economics, politics, culture, ideology,
environment, and technology – Manfred Steger
Intensification
- Refers to the expansion, stretching and acceleration of
these networks.
- Not only are global connections multiplying but they
are also becoming more closely-knit and expanding
their reach”
Expansion
- Refers to “both the creation of new social networks
and the multiplication of existing connections that cut
across traditional political, economic, cultural and
geographical boundaries”
Example of Intensification & Expansion
Starbucks & KDRAMA
“Globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective,
material level but they also involve plane human
consciousness” – Manfred Steger
- Globalization is not just about expansion and offering a
new concept of leadership or social improvement, but
it also becomes part of our lives i.e. Technology
Steger also differentiates the term globalization from
globalism.
Globalization
- Social matrix of processes which includes the multi-
dimensions of politics, economy, culture, technology
and environment.
Globalism
- Pertains to political ideology
Globalization (Arjun Appadurai)
- Occur in multiple and interacting dimensions of
integration that he calls “scapes”
5 Scapes
1. Ethnoscapes
- Refers to movement of people around the world
Ex. Refugees – people who have moved to seek asylum
from danger in their homelands.
Economic Migrants - people moving to seek jobs
elsewhere.
Tourist - people traveling to share and experience
different cultures.
2. Technoscapes
- Refers to the ways technologies help speed up the
cross-border movements
Ex. Handheld devices - the global movement of smart
phones, cameras and personal computing devices.
Internet – technology has helped us to connect across
the globe at an unprecedented rate.
 3. Finanscape
- Represents the rapid movement of money across
borders.
Examples:
 Stock Exchange
- Trades of capital occur in seconds all hours of the day
across the global stock exchanges.
 Credit Cards
- Most credit cards will work in most countries around
the world. Making it easier to spend globally.
 New Transfer Technologies
- Business like Transferwise and Monzo are
revolutionizing transfer of money around the global by
creating new and cheaper money transfer business
models.
4. Mediascape
- It is the variety of media that shape the way we
understand our world.
- People are consuming media instantaneously using
Twitter and smart phones. This has changed news
cycles and fed a global hunger for more and more
news instantly.
5. Ideoscape
- Refers to the ideas, symbols and narratives that have
spread around the globe.
Examples:
 Capitalism and Socialism
- much of the second half of the 20 th century was
consumed by the competing ideas of capitalism and
socialism which spread through their spheres of
influence.
 Musical Style
- In the 1960’s the British Invasion bands like The Who
and The Beatles spread their style of music to the
United States and influenced subsequent musical
styles for generation.

Examples: Globalization (Thomas Larsson)

 Blogging - Is the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting

- Rather than getting information from books people can shorter, things moving closer.
now get their news from anyone with an internet - Pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody
connection and a website on one side of the world can interact to mutual benefit
 BBC with somebody on the other side of the world.
- People around the world rely on global news outlets
Globalization (Martin Khor)
like the BBC to get their information.
 24-hour News - “Globalization is Colonization”
 - The term “colonization” refers to the dominion of a  Organization-Extended Globalization
certain culture in trying to change or influence the - Examples are the extension of social relations and
weak ones. political ideologies such as the NGO’s, the United
Nations and the CN integration
Globalization (George Ritzer)
Metaphors of Globalization
- is a transplanetary process or set of processes
involving the increasing liquidity and the growing Solidity
multidirectional flows of people, objects, places and
- Refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the
information as well as the structures they encounter
movement of things
and create that are barriers to, or expedite those
- Either natural or man-made
flows.
- Natural – landforms and bodies of water
- Implied the rapid movement of people, things and
- Man-made - Great wall of China and the Berlin of Wall
information.
- Nine-dash line to claim the South China Sea in Phil.
Forms of Globalization Territory
 Embodied Globalization Liquid
- old form of globalization wherein people move from
- Refers to the increasing ease of movement of people,
one place to another
things, information and places in the contemporary
ex. Tourism, Refugees
world.
- “embodied” means Infusion – going in
 Disembodied Globalization Characteristics of Liquidity (Zygmunt Bauman)
- The extension of social relations
1. Liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects,
- A movement of material things such as words, images
spatial and temporal, are in continuous fluctuation
or financial symbol
2. Movement is difficult to stop.
Ex. Bitcoin
3. Political boundaries more permeable to the flow of
 Object-Extended Globalization
people and things.
- Refers to a particular movement of commodities as
well as those ubiquitous objects of financial exchange
such as the silk road
Flow - “McWorld” (similar political model of governance in
the world)
- Movement of people, things, places and information
4. Media Imperialism
brought by the growing “porosity” of global
- Imposed to developing countries by West (Al Jazeera,
limitations(Ritzer,2015)
Bollywood)
Examples of Flow - Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, Google & Apples itunes

 Food Globalization McDonaldization

 Global Financial Crisis
 Poor illegal migrants
 Virtual flow of illegal and legal information
 Immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in host
country
Homogeneity and Heterogeneity Local and Global Culture
Homogeneity
GLOCALIZATION
- Refers to the increasing sameness in the world as
cultural inputs, economic factors and political
orientations of societies expand to create common
practices, same economies and similar forms of
government.
- A process by which Western Societies are dominated
by the principles of fast food restaurants.
- It involves the spread in of rational systems, such as
efficiency, calculability, predictability and control
(Ritzer, 2008)
- “Extended to other businesses, sectors and geographic
areas”
- in contrast with globalization is a process wherein
nations, corporations, etc., impose themselves on
geographic areas in order to gain profits, power and so
on.

Concepts of Homogeneity HETEROGENEITY

1. Cultural Imperialism. - Refers to the differences because of either lasting

- Catholicism and Americanization differences or of the hybrids or combinations of
2. Economy cultures that can be produced through the different
- Neoliberalism, Capitalism and the Market Economy in transplanetary processes.
the world.
3. Political Realm
Concepts of Heterogeneity - Glocalization or the interpenetration of the global or
local resulting in unique outcomes in different
1. Cultural Hybridization
geographic areas.
- Glocalization coined by Roland Robertson (1992)
3. Cultural Convergence
2. Economy
- It stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization.
- Commodification of culture and glocal markets
- Cultures are deemed to be radically altered by strong
3. Political
flows, while Cultural Imperialism happens when one
- Mcworld vs Jihad (refes to political group tahta re
culture imposes itself on and tends to destroy at least
engaged in an “intensification of nationalism that
parts of another culture
leads to greater political heterogeneity)
- Critique: Deterritorialization of culture which difficult
Dynamics of Local and Global Culture to tie culture to specific geographic point of origin.

Three perspectives on global cultural flows;

1. Cultural Differentialism
- emphasize the fact that cultures are essentially
different and are superficially affected by global flows
- The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain the
potential for “catastropic collission”
- Accdg. to Samuel Huntington’s theory
- “increasing interaction among the different
“civilizations” would lead to intense clashes especially
the economic conflict between the Western & Sinic
civilizations.
2. Cultural Hybridization
- emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures.
- Globalization is considered to be a creative process
which gives rise to hybrid entities that are not
reducible to either the global or local