INTEGRAL OF CALCULUS

Sigma and Limit Notation

Nikenasih B, M.Si
Mathematics Educational Department
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science
State University of Yogyakarta
Contents
 Sigma Notation
 Examples and Exercises for SN
 Limit Notation
 Examples and Exercises for LN
Sigma Notation (1)
The Greek letter  (pronounced sigma),
which means the sum of, is generally used
to express a series in a concise way.

example
2  4  8  16  32  21  22  23  24  25
5
  2n
n 1
Sigma Notation (2)
 As general, m

U
n c
n

 The numbers at the top and bottom of sigma are

called boundaries and tell us what numbers we
substitute in to the expression for the terms in
our sum. What comes after sigma is an algebraic
expression representing terms in the sum.
In the symbolic notation above, n is a variable and
Un represents the terms in our sum.
Sigma Notation (3)
Sigma Notation (4)
 In each example, we have eight terms of a
sequence. Could you write, say, the ninth
term?

 Why? Could you tell me the certain law

such that you could recognize the ninth
term is your answer.
Let us look at the situation more rigorously.
Let us enumerate all the terms of the
sequence in sequential order i.e 1, 2, 3, ... , n,
... There is a certain law by which each of
these natural numbers is assigned to a
certain number. For example, in example (1),
this arrangement is as follows :
Sigma Notation (5)
Write the certain law
Sigma Notation (6)
Series
 1,2,4,8,16,32,64, 128, ... Un = 2n-1
 5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19, ... Un = 3 + 2n
 1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64, ... Un = n2
dst.. 8

 1+2+4+8+16+32+64+128 S 8  
n 1
2 n 1

 5+7+9+11+13+15+17+19 8
S 8   3  2n
n 1
8

 1+4+9+16+25+36+49+64 S8   n 2
n 1
Sigma Notation (7)
Series for integration
 1,2,3,4,5,... Un ? Sn ?
m
mm  1
U n  n , Sm   n 
n 1 2

 1,4,9,16,25,... Un? Sn?

m
mm  12m  1
U n  n , Sm   n2 
2

n 1 6

 1,8,27,64,125,... Un? Sn?

 mm  1
m 2

U  n3 , S  n3 
n m 
n 1
 2 
Sigma Notation (8)
Linearity of 
 If it’s given {an} and {bn} two sequences
and c is a constant, then
m m
1 can  c an
n 1 n 1
m m m
2 an  bn    an   bn
n 1 n 1 n 1
m m m
3 an  bn    an   bn
n 1 n 1 n 1
Sigma Notation (9)
Change the boundaries

 This value of both sigma is equivalent.

m m c

U  U
n c
n
n 0
nc

m m

U  U
n c
n
i c
i
 Example and Exercises (1)
 Find the value of

 n 
100
2
 2n  1  ....
n 1

 Answer

 n  2n  1   n 2   2n  1   n2  2 n  1
100 100 100 100 100 100 100
2

n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

100100  12.100  1  100100  1 

  2   100  348.550
6  2 
Example and Exercises (2)
Find
100 100
1. 3n  2  .... 4. n 2  ....
n 1 n4

 
10 10
2. k 3  k 2  .... 5. k 3  ....
k 1 k 0
10 10
3. i  14i  3  .... 6. i  10  ....
2

i 1 i 5
Limit Notation (1)
Definition

 The limit of a function (if it exists) for

some x-value, a, is the height the function
gets closer and closer to as x gets closer
and closer to a from the left and the right.
Limit Notation (2)
Limit for Integration

As general,
lim f ( x )
xa
For integration

lim ARn 
n
Limit Notation (3)
Properties Needed
If f(n) and g(n) are polinomial degree p and
q, respectively then

f n
a. For p < q then lim 0
n g n 

f n
b. For p > q then lim 
n g n 

f n  koef n p
c. For p = q then lim 
n  g n  koef n q
Examples and Exercises (1)

Find the limit value lim ARn  for

n

ARn     2
4 5 6
3 n 3n
Find the limit value lim ASn  for
n

AS n    2
7 4
2 3n
 Examples and Exercises (2)
 6 
lim A  Rn  : lim    2 
Answer
n 3
4 5
n n 3n 
4 5 6 4 4
 lim  lim  lim 2   0  0 
n  3 n n n  3n 3 3

7 4 
lim ASn   lim   2 
n  n  2 3n 
7 4 7 7
 lim  lim 2   0 
n  2 n  3n 2 2
 Examples and Exercises (3)
4 3 1
1. It is given that ARn    2   2 . Find the
3 n n 
limit value of
lim ARn 
n

81  2 1 
2. It is giventhat ASn   1   2   3. Find the
16  n n 
limit value of
lim ASn 
n
References
 Varberg, Dale. Purcell, Edwin J. Calculus.
Seventh Edition.
 Tarasov. Calculus. MIR Publisher. Moscow.