IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 9, September 2015.

www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

Effect of Addition And Partial Replacement Of Cement By Wood

Waste Ash On Strength Properties Of Structural Grade Concrete
1
P G.Subbaramaiah, 2Prof.H.Sudarsana Rao, 3Dr.Vaishali G. Ghorpade,
P P P P P

1
Research Scholar, J.N.T.U.A College of Engineering, Anantapur, AP,
P P

2
P Vice- Chancellor (I/C) Civil Engineering Department, J.N.T.U.A College of Engineering, Anantapur, AP,
P

3
P Professor, Civil Engineering Department J.N.T.U.A College of Engineering, Anantapur, AP,
P

Abstract: Due to current boom in 1. Introduction

construction industry, cement demand has
escalated which is the main constituent in
concrete. The production of cement
involves an intensive use of raw material
and energy, while at the same time,
releases high quantities of carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere. Utilization of waste
materials and by-products is a partial
solution to environmental and ecological
problems. Wood waste ash is generated as
a by-product of combustion in wood-fired
power plants, paper mills, and other wood
burning industries. The present
investigation is mainly aimed to use wood
waste ash (WA) in structural grade
concrete as partial replacement and
addition to cement at various levels of 0%,
10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The mechanical
properties of concrete viz. compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength and
flexural strength were determined at
different curing periods. The mechanical
properties of wood waste ash concrete
have improved at 10% of replacement of
cement. Further increase in WA
replacement level decreased the
mechanical properties significantly.
Keywords: Wood waste ash, compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural
strength.
The rapid development of
construction industry increased the
demand of consumption cement. But the
production of cement involves the
depletion of natural resources and
greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, there is
need to search for alternative materials to
cement in the construction. Continuous
generation of wastes arising from
industrial by-products and agricultural
residue, create acute environmental
problems both in terms of their treatment
and disposal. The construction industry
has been identified as the one that absorbs
the majority of such materials as filler in
concrete [1]. Some industrial wastes have
been studied for use as supplementary ce-
menting materials such as Fly ash [2-4],
Silica fume [5 & 6], Pulverized fuel ash
[7], volcanic ash [8], Rice husk ash [9] and
Corn cob ash (CCA) [10]. Wood waste ash
is generated as a by-product of combustion
in wood-fired power plants, paper mills,
and other wood burning facilities.
Abdullahi (2006) [11] determined the
properties of wood ash to be used as
partial replacement of cement. Naik et al.
(2002) [12] investigated the compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength and
flexural strength of concrete mixtures
made with wood ash up to the age of 365
days. Wood ash content was 5, 8, and 12%
of the total cementitious materials. Ramos

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 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 9, September 2015.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

et al. (2013) [13] revealed that strength Table 1. Properties of Wood Waste
activity indexes obtained were higher than Ash
100% at 90 days of curing for 10% and
Specific gravity 2.56
20% WA replacement level and higher
than 98% at 28 days. Siddique (2014) [14] Fineness 6.0 %
concluded that strength properties of WA Table 2. Chemical Composition of
blended concrete decreases marginally Wood Waste Ash
with the increased percentage of WA Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) % R R 31.00
content, whereas these properties increased
with age due to pozzolanic action of WA. Aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 )% R R R R 14.40
Iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) %
R R R R 6.90
To know the appropriate
Calcium oxide (CaO) % 12.60
percentage replacement and addition of
wood waste ash (WA) in structural grade Magnesium oxide (MgO) % 0.69
concrete, the present investigation is aimed Potassium Oxide (K 2 O) % R R 1.57
to study the effect of WA on the
Loss of Ignition (10000c) P P 34.30
mechanical properties at different curing
periods. Moisture content % 1.60
Alkalis % 0.89
2. Experimental study
This section describes the materials
and test methods used in the present 2.2.Test methods
investigation. Experimental program has Compressive strength tests were
been discussed to carry out the present carried out on wood waste ash concrete as
research. per IS 516 [17]. Three cubes of size 150
2.1.Materials mm x 150 mm x 150 mm were cast for all
Ordinary Portland cement 53 grade the mixes and curing periods. Splitting
corresponding to IS 12269:1987 [15] was tensile strength tests were carried out on
used. The specific gravity of cement was concrete as per IS 5816 [18]. Three
3.05. Properties of wood waste ash cylinders of size 150 mm diameter and 300
obtained from the local hotels are mm height were cast for all the mixes and
tabulated below in Table 1 and chemical curing periods. Flexural strength tests were
composition of wood waste ash in Table 2. carried out on concrete mixes as per IS
Crushed granite stones of maximum size 516 [17]. Three prisms of size 50 mm x 50
20 mm and 10 mm (60:40) were used as mm x 100 mm were cast for all the mixes
coarse aggregate. The specific gravity and and curing periods.
fineness modulus were found to be 2.622
and 7.08 respectively. Natural river sand 2.3. Experimental program
was used as fine aggregate. The specific In this study, the mechanical
gravity and fineness modulus of fine properties of wood waste ash concrete
aggregate were found to be 2.75 and 2.80 were studied at different WA addition and
respectively. Wood waste ash (WA) was replacement levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%
obtained from local hotels where the saw and 40%). These properties were
dust is used as fuel for cooking. compared to M 20 grade of conventional

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 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 9, September 2015.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

concrete (CC) [19 & 20] whose mix (CC). It is revealed that, the compressive
proportions are presented in Table 3. strength decreased with addition of wood
Table 3. M 20 grade of concrete
ash to the concrete, however the decrease
mix proportions
is marginal up to 10% addition.
Cem Wat 20 10 San
ent er mm mm d
Mate 3 Days
(kg/ (kg/ (kg/ (kg/ (kg/ 34
7 Days
28 Days
rial
m3) m3) m3) m3) m3)
32 90 Days
30

Compressive Strength in N/mm2

P P P P P P P P P P

28

384 202 666 444 708 26

24
22
20
18

3. Results and discussions 16

14
12
This section discusses the effect of 10
0 10 20 30 40
% addition of Wood Ash
wood ash addition and replacement on the
mechanical properties of concrete.
3.1. Compressive strength
3.1.1. Effect of wood ash addition Figure 1:Compressive strength
Compressive strength results are % of addition of wood ash
presented in Table 4 and Figure 1. From
the compressive strength results, it is
3.1.2. Effect of replacement of cement by
observed that there was a decrease in the
wood waste ash
compressive strength with the addition
Compressive strength results are
level of WA content.
Table 4. Compressive strength (addition presented in Table 5 and Figure 2. The

of wood ash) compressive strength of concrete was

increased with 10% of replacement of
The decrease in compressive cement by wood ash.

S.N
3days 7 Days 28 days 90 days Table 5. Compressive strength
Mix (N/mm (N/mm (N/mm (N/mm
o. 2
P )
P

2
P)
P

2
P )
P

2
P )
P

(replacement of cement)
1 WAC 28 90
20.88 23 28.637 33.259 S. 3days 7 Days
days days
-A 0 N Mix (N/mm (N/mm
(N/mm (N/mm
P P

2 2
2 WAC o. ) )
P P

20.15 22.65 28.148 30.696 P P

2
) 2
)
-A 10
P P

3 WAC 18.65 20.38 24.622 25.156

WAC-
20.88 23.00 28.63 33.25
-A 20 1 R- 0
4 WAC 16 17.65 20.726 22.85 WAC-
-A 30
2 22.00 26.25 29.74 34.00
R-10
5 WAC 12.35 12.98 13.259 16.77 WAC-
-A 40 3 19.55 24.00 28.62 31.11
R-20
strength is due to increase of wood ash, as
WAC-
4 16.00 22.25 2121 25.55
it requires more water. But it is also R-30
WAC–
observed that the compressive strength of 5 18 18.95 24.0 224
R-40
concrete mixes with 10% WA addition
were comparable to conventional concrete

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 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 9, September 2015.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

The further increase in the WA Table 6. Split tensile strength (addition of

replacement level decreased the wood ash)
7 28 90
compressive strength. But it is also 3days
S.N Days days days
Mix (N/m
observed that the compressive strength of o. (N/m (N/m (N/m
m2)
m2) m2) m2)
P P

P P P P P P

concrete mixes with 20% WA replacement WAC-

1 2.00 2.53 2.71 2.91
A0
were comparable to conventional concrete WAC-
2 1.97 2.48 2.64 2.67
(CC). As the age of concrete increased, the A 10
WAC-
3 1.83 1.98 2.30 2.36
compressive strength of concrete is also A 20
WAC-
increased; this may be due to maturity of 4 1.53 1.65 1.97 2.09
A 30
WAC-
concrete, during this period hydration 5
A 40
1.23 1.43 1.68 1.77

process is continued.

34
3 Days
The decrease in splitting tensile
7 Days
32 28 Days
strength is due to decrease in
Compressive Strength in N/mm2

90 Days
30

28

26
compressive strength of WA concrete
24

22
mixes, as it requires more water which
20

18
affects the strength. But it is also
16

14
observed that the splitting tensile
0 10 20 30 40
% replacement of Wood Ash strength of concrete mixes with 10%
WA addition were comparable to
conventional concrete (CC). It is
Figure 2. Compressive strength vs % of
revealed that, the splitting tensile
replacement of wood ash strength decreased with addition of
wood ash to the concrete.
3.2. Splitting tensile strength
3.0

3.2.1.Effect of wood ash addition 2.8 3 Days

Split Tensile Strength in N/mm2

7 Days
2.6 28 Days
Splitting tensile strength results are 2.4
90 Days

2.2

presented in Table 6 and Figure 3. From 2.0

1.8

the results, it is observed that there was a 1.6

1.4

decrease in the splitting tensile strength of 1.2

1.0

concrete with increased quantity of 0 10 20 30

% Addition of Wood Ash

40

addition of wood ash for all mixes.

Figure 3. Split tensile strength

vs %of addition of wood ash

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 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 9, September 2015.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

3.2.2. Effect of replacement of cement 3 Days

3.0 7 Days
by wood waste ash 2.8
28 Days
90 Days

Split Tensile Strength in N/mm2

2.6

Splitting tensile strength 2.4

2.2

results are presented in Table 7 and 2.0

1.8

Figure 4. The splitting tensile strength 1.6

1.4

of concrete was increased with 10% of 1.2

1.0
0 10 20 30 40

replacement of cement by wood ash. % replacement of Wood Ash

S Figure 4. Split tensile strength

7 28 90
. 3days vs % of replacement of wood
Days days days
N Mix (N/m ash
(N/m (N/m (N/m
o m2)
m2) m2) m2)
P P

.
P P P P P P

WAC 3da
1 3.0 3.53 3.75 3.90 7 28 90
-A 0 S. ys
Days days days
WAC No Mix (N/
2 2.85 3.35 3.59 3.75 (N/m (N/m (N/m
-A 10 . mm
m2) m2) m2)
P

2
)
P P P P P P

WAC P

3 2.50 3.0 3.3 3.55 WAC

-A 20 1 2 2.53 2.716 2.919
WAC -R 0
4 2.30 2.63 2.8 3.0 WAC 2.1
-A 30 2 2.65 2.895 3.045
WAC -R-10 5
5 1.89 2.0 2.50 2.85 WAC
-A 40 3 1.7 2.3 2.499 2.674
- R-20
WAC 1.5
Table 7. Split tensile strength 4 1.98 2.424 2.532
-R-30 6
(replacement of wood ash) WAC 1.4
5 1.85 2.143 2.24
–R-40 5
The further increase in the WA Table 8. Flexural strength (addition of
replacement level decreased the wood ash)
splitting tensile strength. But it is also
observed that the splitting tensile 3.3. Flexural strength
strength of concrete mixes with 20% 3.3.1. Effect of wood ash addition
WA replacement were comparable to Flexural strength results are
conventional concrete (CC). As the age presented in Table 8 and Figure 5. From
of concrete increased, the splitting the results, it is observed that there was a
tensile strength of concrete is also decrease in the flexural strength of
increased; this may be due to maturity concrete with increased quantity of
of concrete, during this period addition of wood ash for all mixes.
hydration process is continued.

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ISSN 2348 – 7968

3.3.2.Effect of replacement of cement by

The decrease in flexural strength is due to wood waste ash
decrease in compressive strength of WA
Flexural strength results are
concrete mixes, as it requires more water presented in Table 9 and Figure 6. The
which affects the strength. But it is also
flexural strength of concrete was increased
observed that the flexural strength of with 10% of replacement of cement by
concrete mixes with 10% WA addition
wood ash.
were comparable to conventional concrete
(CC). It is revealed that, the flexural
strength decreased with addition of wood The further increase in the WA
ash to the concrete. replacement level decreased the flexural
strength. But it is also observed that the
4.0 3 Days
7 Days
flexural strength of concrete mixes with
3.8 28 Days
90 Days 20% WA replacement were comparable to
Flexural Strength in N/mm2

3.6

3.4

3.2 conventional concrete (CC). As the age of

3.0

2.8

2.6
concrete increased, the flexural strength of
2.4

2.2
concrete is also increased.
2.0

1.8 3 Days
0 10 20 30 40 4.3 7 Days
% addition of Wood Ash 4.2 28 Days
4.1 90 Days
Flexural Strength in N/mm2

4.0
3.9
3.8

Figure 5. Flexural strength vs 3.7

3.6
3.5

%of addition of wood ash 3.4

3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
3day 2.8

7 28 90 0 10 20 30 40

S. s
Days days days % replacement of Wood Ash

No Mix (N/
(N/m (N/m (N/m
. mm2
m2) m2) m2) Figure 6. Flexural strength
P P

)
P P P P P P

f replacement of cement
WAC
1 3 3.53 3.75 3.9 4. Conclusions
-R 0
WAC This section describes the conclusion
2 3.5 3.85 4.05 24
-R-10
drawn from the research.
WAC
3 - R- 3.3 3.68 3.98 4.0 1. It is possible to produce structural
20 grade concrete (M20) with both
WAC addition an also replacement of
4 3.10 3.55 3.75 3.89
-R-30 cement by WA
WAC 2. The increase in the addition of WA
5 2.85 3 3.25 3.56
–R-40
decreased the mechanical properties
Table 9. Flexural strength (replacement of viz. compressive strength, splitting
wood ash) tensile strength and flexural strength
at all ages. This is mainly attributed
to the water demand required by
WA.
3. The decrease in compressive strength
for 10% addition to the reference
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ISSN 2348 – 7968

concrete is very marginal but for Magnesium sulfate concentration

other mixes the strength variation is on the sulfate resistance of mortars
very significant. with and without silica fume”,
4. The mechanical properties of wood Cement and Concrete Research,
waste ash concrete were increased Vol. 27, pp. 205-214.
with 10% of replacement of cement 7. Balendran, R. V. and Martin-
by wood ash. Further increase in Buades, W. H. (2000), “The
WA replacement level decreased the influence of high temperature
mechanical properties significantly. curing on the compressive, tensile
and flexural strength of pulverized
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 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 9, September 2015.
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ISSN 2348 – 7968

Report No. CBU-2002-30, Report

for Year 1 activities submitted to
the Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources, Madison, WI,
for Project # 01-06 UWM Center
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