Resonance PDF

ELL 100 - Introduction to Electrical Engineering
LECTURE 16: RESONANCE IN AC CIRCUITS

Outline
 Resonance in Series RLC Circuit

 Quality Factor (Q)
 Bandwidth and Half-Power Frequencies
 Resonance in Parallel RLC Circuit

 Parallel LC Circuit (Tank Circuit)
 Dynamic Impedance (or) Dynamic Resistance
2
PHENOMENON OF RESONANCE IN VARIOUS DOMAINS
Induction Heater
Courtesy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Xqfz-zywJo/ (Available Online: 06 Dec. 2019) 3
RF Amplifiers
Courtesy: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/rf-amplifiers-8527231748.html (Available Online: 06 Dec. 2019) 4
TV Receivers
Courtesy: https://www.indiamart.com/technical-ajfarul-ji/tv-receivers.html (Available Online: 06 Dec. 2019) 5

Radio
Courtesy: https://studiousguy.com/everyday-examples-of-resonance/ (Available Online: 25 Nov. 2019) 6
Guitar
Pendulum
Swing
Singer Breaking the Glass

Bridge Collapse
Microwave Oven
WHY STUDY RESONANCE?
• Resonance is the frequency response of a circuit or network when it is
operating at its natural frequency called “ Resonance Frequency”.
• For many applications, the supply (defined by its voltage and frequency)
is constant. e.g. The supply to residential homes is 230 V, 50 Hz.
• However, many communication systems involve circuits in which the
supply voltage operates with a varying frequency.
• To understand communication systems, one requires a knowledge of how
circuits are affected by a variation of the frequency. Examples of such
communication systems are,
Radio, television, telephones, and machine control systems.
13
WHEN RESONANCE OCCURS? AND WHAT IT RESULTS?
• Resonance occurs in any circuit that has energy storage elements, at least
one inductor and one capacitor.
• Under resonance, the total impedance is equal to the resistance only and
maximum power is drawn from the supply by the circuit.
• Under resonance, the total supply voltage and supply current are in phase.
So, the power factor (PF) becomes unity.
• At resonance, L and C elements exchange energy freely as a function of
time, which results in sinusoidal oscillations either across L or C.
TYPES OF RESONANCE
• Series resonance. C
• Parallel resonance. L
14
APPLICATIONS OF RESONANCE
• Resonant circuits (series or parallel) are used in many applications
such as selecting the desired stations in radio and TV receivers.
• Most common applications of resonance are based on the frequency

dependent response. (“tuning” into a particular frequency/channel)
• A series resonant circuit is used as voltage amplifier.
• A parallel resonant circuit is used as current amplifier.
• A resonant circuit is also used as a filter.
15
RESONANCE IN SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and
inductive reactances are equal in magnitude, thereby resulting in a purely
resistive impedance.
The input impedance is as follows,
1  1 
Z  R  j L   R j L  
jC  C 
At resonance, the net reactance becomes zero. Therefore,
1 1 1
r L   r  rad/s; f r  Hz Series resonant RLC
r C LC 2 LC circuit
where r and f r represent resonant frequency in rad/s and in Hz, respectively

16
REACTANCE (XL, XC) VS FREQUENCY PLOTS
The value of the reactance X of the circuit is, Variation of
inductive
1 Depends on frequency
X  L 
reactance with
C
frequency
The inductive reactance:

Increases linearly with Variation of
X L   L  2 fL frequency
Capacitive
reactance with
frequency
The capacitive reactance:
1 1
XC  
C 2 fC Decreases with frequency and
it is largest at low frequencies
17
VARIATION OF REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE WITH
FREQUENCY
• At resonant frequency fr, |Z| = R, the
power factor is unity (purely resistive).
• Below fr, |XL| < |XC |, so the circuit is more
capacitive and the power factor is leading. XL + XC
• Above fr, |XL| > |XC |, so

the circuit is more
inductive and the power
Variation of resistance, reactance and
factor is lagging. impedance with frequency
18
IMPEDANCE PHASOR DIAGRAMS
The phase of the circuit impedance
is given by 1  X L  X C 
  tan
R
Below fr, XC > XL At fr, XC = XL, Z = R Above fr, XL > XC
• Below fr , XL < XC,  is negative, the circuit is capacitive.

• At resonance ( fr ) , XL = XC,  is zero, the circuit is purely resistive.
• Above fr , XL > XC,  is positive, the circuit is inductive. 19
THE CURRENT IN A SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
The circuit current is given by
V   1 
I
V
   L 
Z  I
V
  tan 1  C
Z 
 2  2
1    R 
R  L     
  C  
The current is maximum when ωL = 1/(ωC),

when the circuit is resistive (  = 0). Therefore,
V
Im 
R
20
VARIATION OF MAGNITUDE AND PHASE OF
CURRENT WITH FREQUENCY
• The current is maximum at resonant
frequency (fr).
Variation of magnitude |I|

and phase  of current with
frequency in a series RLC
circuit
21
QUALITY FACTOR (Q)
• The “sharpness” of the resonance in a resonant circuit is measured
quantitatively by the quality factor Q.
• The quality factor relates the maximum or peak energy stored to the
energy dissipated in the circuit per cycle of oscillation:
 Peak energy stored in the circuit 
Q  2  
 Energy dissipated by the circuit in one period at resonance 
• It is also regarded as a measure of the energy storage property of a circuit
in relation to its energy dissipation property.
22
QUALITY FACTOR (Q)
• In the series RLC circuit, the quality factor (Q) is,
 1 2 
 LI  2 f r L
Q  2  2
 
1 2 1 R
 I R( f ) 
2 r 
r L1 1 L
Q  
R r CR R C
23
QUALITY FACTOR (Q)
• The Q factor is also defined as the ratio of the reactive power, of either
the capacitor or the inductor to the average power of the resistor at
resonance:  Reactive power 
Q 
 Average power 
• For inductive reactance XL at resonance:
 Reactive power  I 2 X L r L
Q   2 
 Average power  I R R
• For capacitive reactance XL at resonance:
 Reactive power  I X C
2
1
Q   2 
 Average power  I R r CR 24
VOLTAGES IN A SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
(b) f = fr (c) f > fr

(a) f < fr Resistive,
Capacitive, Inductive,
V and I in I lags V
I leads V phase
25
VOLTAGES ACROSS RLC ELEMENTS AT RESONANCE
The voltage across resistor at fr is,
V
VR  I R  R  I m  R   R  VR  V
R
The voltage across inductor at fr is,
V r L
VL  X L  I L  r L  I m  r L   V  QV
R R
 VL  QV
The voltage across capacitor at fr is,
1 1 V 1
VC  X C  I C   Im    V  QV  VC  QV
r C r C R r CR 26
VOLTAGES ACROSS RLC ELEMENTS AT RESONANCE
• Q is termed as Q factor or voltage
magnification, because VC or VL equals Q Voltage magnification
multiplied by the source voltage V. Q in series resonant circuit
• In a series RLC circuit, values of VL and VC

can actually be very large at resonance and
can lead to component damage if not
recognized and subject to careful design.
r L 1 1 L
Q    
R r CR R  C 
27
VOLTAGES ACROSS RLC ELEMENTS
Effect of frequency variation on voltages across R, L and C 28

BANDWIDTH AND HALF POWER FREQUENCIES
• In a series RLC circuit, at resonance, maximum power is drawn. i.e.,
V
Pr  I max  R; where I max  at resonance
2
R
• Bandwidth represents the range of frequencies for which the power level
in the signal is at least half of the maximum power.
2
Pr I max  R  I max 
2
   R
2 2  2 
• The bandwidth of a circuit is also defined as
the frequency range between the half-power
points when I = Imax/√2.
29
• Thus, the condition for half-power is given when
I max V
I  
2 R 2
• The vertical lines either side of |I | indicate
that only the magnitude of the current is
under consideration – but the phase angle
will not be neglected.
• The impedance corresponding to half
The resonance peak, bandwidth
power-points including phase angle is and half-power frequencies
Z (1,2 )  R 2  45
30
• The impedance in the complex form
Z (1,2 )  R 1  j1
• Thus for half power,
and Z  R 1  j1
V
I
R 1  j1
• At the half-power points, the phase angle of the current is 45°. Below the
resonant frequency, at ω1, the circuit is capacitive and Z(ω1) = R(1 − j1).
• Above the resonant frequency, at ω2, the circuit is inductive and
Z(ω2) = R(1 + j1).
31
• Now, the circuit impedance is given by,
 1    L 1 
Z  R  j L    R 1  j  
 C    R CR  
• At half power points, Z  R 1  j1

• By comparison of above two equations, resulting in
L 1
  1
R CR
• As we know,
r L 1
Q 
R r CR 32
• Now, by multiplying and dividing with ωr :
 L r 1 r  r   r 
  1  Q  Q  1  Q     1
R r CR r r   r  
• For ω2 :
 2 r 
Q   1
 r 2 
• For ω1 :
 1 r 
Q     1
 r 1 
33
• The half-power frequencies ω2 and ω1 are obtained as,
r 1 r 1
2   r 1  1   r 1 
2Q 4Q 2 2Q 4Q 2
• The bandwidth is obtained as:

r Resonant frequency
BW  2  1  i.e. Bandwidth 
Q Q factor
• Resonant frequency in terms of ω2 and ω1, is expressed as:
r  12
34
The bandwidth is also expressed as:
r R
2  1   2  1  rad/s
Q L
(or)
R
f 2  f1  Hz
2 L
BW BW R
r  1   1  r   1  r  rad/s
For Q >> 1, 2 2 2L
BW BW R
2  r   2  r   2  r  rad/s
2 2 2L
35
CONCLUSIONS
Resonance in series RLC circuit:
• The voltages which appear across the reactive
components can be many times greater than that of the
supply. The factor of magnification, the voltage
magnification in the series circuit, is called the Q factor.
• An RLC series circuit accepts maximum current from

the source at resonance and for that reason is called an
acceptor circuit.
36
PROBLEMS ON SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
Q1. In the circuit below, R = 2 Ω, L = 1 mH, and C = 0.4 μF.
(a) Find the resonant frequency ωr and the half-power
frequencies ω1 and ω2.
(b) Calculate the quality factor and bandwidth.
(c) Determine the amplitude of the current at ωr, ω1 and ω2.
37
Ans:
1 1
(a) The resonant frequency is r    50 krad/s
3 6
LC 10  0.4  10
The lower half-power frequency is
2
 R 
R
1      
2L
1
 2 L  LC

2
2  10 3
 10    50 10 
3 2 3 2
 49 krad/s
Similarly, the upper half-power frequency is

2
 R 
2 
R
2L
   
1

2
 2 L  LC 2  10
3
 10    50 10 
3 2 3 2
 51 krad/s
38
(b) The bandwidth is BW  2  1  2 krad/s
r 50
The quality factor is Q    25
BW 2
Vm 20
(c) At ω = ωr: I    10 A
R 2
Vm 20
At ω = ω1, ω2: I    7.071 A
2R 22
39
Q2. A circuit, having a resistance of 4.0 Ω with an inductance of 0.5 H
and a variable capacitance in series, is connected across a 100 V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate:
(a) the capacitance required to attain resonance;
(b) voltages across the inductance and the capacitance at resonance;
(c) the Q factor of the circuit.
40
Answer:
1 1
(a) For resonance: 2 f r L  => C   20.3 F
2 f r C (2  50)  0.5
2
V 100
(b) At resonance: I    25 A
R 4
Voltage across inductance, VL =2  50  0.5  25  3927 V
25
VC =IX C   3927 V
2  50  20.3  10 
6
X L 2  50  0.5
(c) Q    39.26
R 4
41
Q3. The bandwidth of a series resonant circuit is 500 Hz.
If the resonant frequency is 6000 Hz, what is the Q-factor?
If R = 10 Ω, what is the value of the inductive reactance at
resonance? Calculate the inductance and capacitance of
the circuit.
42
Answer:
resonant frequency fr 6000
Bandwidth= Hence,Q =   12
Q factor BW 500
XL
Q  X L  Q  R  12  10  120 
R XL 120
and X L  2 f r L  L    3.18 mH
2 f r 2  6000
and |X L | |X C | 120 
1 1
XC   120  C  0.22 μF
2 f r C 2  6000  120
43
RESONANCE IN PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
• The supply voltage: V  IZ where Z
is the net impedance of the three
parallel branches.
• In parallel circuits, it is simpler to
consider the total admittance Y of the
three branches. Thus, I
V  IZ 
Y
where
1 j  1 
Y G  jC  G   jC  G  j  C  
j L L   L 
44
RESONANCE IN PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
• At resonance (ω = ωr), the net susceptance is zero.

i.e.  C  1 
0
 L 
• Therefore, the resonant frequency (ωr) :
1
r  rad/s
LC
• At the resonant frequency, Y = G = 1/R, the
conductance of the parallel resistance, and I = VG.
45
CURRENT THROUGH RESISTANCE
• The supply voltage magnitude:
I
V 
2
1  1 
  C  
R 
2
L 
• At resonance, ω = ωr,
I The three-branch
V  | V || I | R parallel resonant circuit
1
 0
2
2
R
VR V I  R
• Current through the resistance at ωr: I R     IR  I
R R R 46
CURRENT MAGNIFICATION
• Magnitude of current through inductor at ωr :
V IR  R 
| I L |     I  Q I
X L r L  r L 
• Magnitude of current through capacitor at ωr :
V IR
| I C |   r CR   I  Q  I
XC 1
r C
where Q is the current magnification i.e.,
 R 
Q   r CR 
 r L  The three-branch parallel resonant circuit
47
CURRENT MAGNIFICATION
Current magnification Q is also expressed in terms of inductive or capacitive
susceptance (B), inductive or capacitive reactance (X ) and conductance (G) :
 1   r C   B   R 
Q     
 r LG   G   G   X 
By substituting ωr = 1/√(LC) in Q :
1 C C
Q R
G L L
The three-branch parallel resonant circuit
48
The parallel RLC circuit is the dual of the series RLC circuit. Therefore, by
replacing R, L, and C in the expressions for the series circuit with 1∕R, C, and
L respectively, we obtain for the parallel circuit, the Ymin/21/2 frequencies:
1
2 2
 1  1 1  1  1
1      2     
2 RC  2 RC  LC 2 RC  2 RC  LC
1
• Bandwidth: BW  2  1 
RC
r R
• Relation between BW and Q: Q   r RC 
BW r L 49
The half-power frequencies in terms of quality factor:
2 2
 1  r  1  r
1  r 1     2  r 1    
 2Q  2Q  2Q  2Q
For Q >> 1,
BW BW
r  1  2  r 
2 2
The three-branch parallel resonant circuit

50
PRACTICAL PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT
Computation of resonant frequency of a “tank circuit”:
• The Figure shown is the two branch parallel resonant circuit.
Also called tank circuit.
• The total admittance (YT) of the circuit shown is:
 1   1 
YT  Y1  Y2    ,
 RS  jX L    jX C 
 RS  jX L   j 
YT   2 2 
 ,
 RS  X L   X C 
 RS   1 XL  The two-branch
YT   2 2 
 j  2 2 
, parallel resonant circuit
 RS  X L   X C RS  X L  (or) tank circuit
51
 RS   1 XL 
YT   2 2 
 j  2 2 
,
 RS  X L   X C RS  X L 
At resonance (ω = ωr), the net susceptance is zero.
1 XL 1
i.e.  2  0  RS  X L  r L 
2 2
,
X C RS  X L
2
r C
The two-branch
parallel resonant circuit
• RS  X L 
L L 1 RS2
RS  r L   r 
(or) tank circuit
 2 rad/s
2 2 2 2 2
C C LC L
52
• The resonant frequency in Hz is:

2
1 1 R
fr   S
Hz
2 LC L 2
• The admittance at resonance is:

 RS  RS C
YT ( f  f r )   2 2 
 ,
 RS  X L  L
The two-branch parallel
resonant circuit (or) tank circuit
53
IDEAL TANK CIRCUIT
Computation of resonant frequency of a “ ideal tank circuit”:
• In ideal tank circuit, the series resistance RS is made zero.
• The total admittance (YT) of the circuit shown (Rs = 0) is:
 1   1 
YT  YL  YC     ,
 jX L    jX C 
 1 1 
YT   j   .
 XC X L 
• At resonance (ω = ωr), the net susceptance is zero.
1 1 1 1
  0  r  rad/s; f r 
Ideal tank circuit
i.e. Hz
2 LC
with RS = 0
XC X L LC
54
CONCLUSIONS
Resonance in parallel RLC circuit:
• The lowest current from the source occurs at the resonant frequency of
a parallel circuit hence it is called a rejector circuit.
• At resonance, the current in the branches of the parallel circuit can be
many times greater than the supply current.
• The factor of magnification, the current magnification in the parallel
circuit, is again called the Q factor.
• At the resonant frequency of a resonant parallel network, the impedance
is wholly resistive. The value of this impedance is known as the
dynamic resistance or dynamic impedance.
55
SUMMARY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RESONANT
RLC CIRCUITS
Characteristics Series circuit Parallel circuit
1 1
Resonant frequency, ωr
LC LC
r L 1 R
Quality factor, Q or or r CR
R r CR r L
r r
Bandwidth, BW Q
Q
2
 1  r
2
Half-power frequencies, ω1 , ω2 r 1  
 1  r
 r 1   
 2Q  2Q  2Q  2Q
BW BW
For high circuits, (Q ≥ 10), ω1, ω2 r r
2 2
56
PROBLEMS ON PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
Q1. In the parallel RLC circuit below, R = 8 kΩ, L = 0.2 mH, and C = 8 μF.
(a) Calculate ωr, Q, and BW.
(b) Find ω1 and ω2.
(c) Determine the power dissipated at ωr, ω1, and ω2.
57
Answer:
1 1 105
r    =25 krad/s
LC 0.2  103  8  106 4
R 8  10 3
r
Q   1600 BW   15.625 rad/s
r L 25  10  0.2  10
3 3
Q
(b) Since Q >> 1,

BW
1  r   25000  7.812  24992 rad/s
2
BW
2  r   25000  7.812  25008 rad/s
2
58
(c) At ω = ωr, Y = 1∕R or Z = R = 8 kΩ. Then
V 10  90
I0    1.25  90 mA
Z 8000
Since the entire current flows through R at resonance,
the average power dissipated at ω = ωr is
P  | I 0 | R  1.25  10   8  103   6.25 mW
1 2 1 3 2
2 2
or At ω = ω1, ω2 ,
2
V 100 Vm2
P m
  6.25 mW P  6.25 mW
2 R 2  8  10 3
2R
59
Q2. A coil of 1 kΩ resistance and 0.15 H inductance is connected in parallel
with a variable capacitor across a 2.0 V, 10 kHz a.c. supply as shown.
Calculate:
(a) the capacitance of the capacitor when the supply current is a minimum;
(b) the effective impedance Zr of the network at resonance;
(c) the supply current at resonance.
60
Ans:
1 1
(a) f r   f  2 2
2 LC 4 LC
r
1 1
C 2 2  2  1.69 nF
4 Lf r 4  0.15  108
L 0.15
(b) Z r   9
 89 k
CRS 1.69  10  1000
V 2
(c) I S    22.5  106 A
Z r 89  1000 61
Q3. Determine the resonant frequency ωr of the circuit shown below.
62
Ans: The input admittance is
1 1 2  j 2
Y  j 0.1    0.1  j 0.1 
10 2  j 2 4  4 2
 2   2 
Y   0.1  2 
 j  0.1  2 
 4  4    4  4 
At resonance, ω = ωr , the net susceptance is
zero. i.e.,
2r
0.1r   0  r  2 rad/s.
4  4r 2
Fig. 3. For Q3.
63
DYNAMIC IMPEDANCE (OR) DYNAMIC RESISTANCE
• The dynamic impedance (dynamic resistance) is the resistance offered by
the circuit to the input signal under resonance condition.
Q1. What is the dynamic impedance in a standard series RLC circuit?

Ans. In a standard series RLC circuit, at resonance the
net reactance becomes zero. Therefore, the input supply
see only resistance. Hence,
dynamic impedance Zdynamic = R.
64
Q2. What is the dynamic impedance in a general parallel RLC circuit?

Ans. In a general parallel RLC circuit, at
resonance, the net susceptance becomes zero.
Therefore, the input supply see only resistance.
Hence, dynamic impedance Zdynamic = R.
65
Q3. What is the dynamic impedance in a ideal tank circuit?

Ans. In ideal tank circuit, at resonance, the
circuit acts like a open circuit. Because, in ideal
tank circuit, the RS = 0. Therefore, the
dynamic impedance Z dynamic  
Ideal tank circuit with RS = 0

66
Q4. Determine the dynamic impedance of a practical tank circuit?

Ans.
L
Z dynamic 
RS C
Practical tank circuit

67
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Q1. Two practical coils with internal resistances of R1, R2 has quality factors
of Q1, Q2, respectively. If these two coils are connected in series then
resultant quality factor is…..
Ans.
Q1R1  Q2 R2
R1  R2
68
Q2. A series circuit consists of a 0.5 μF capacitor, a coil of inductance 0.32 H
and resistance 40 Ω and a 20 Ω non-inductive resistor. Calculate the value of
the resonant frequency of the circuit. When the circuit is connected to a 30 V
a.c. supply at this resonant frequency, determine: (a) the p.d. across each of
the three components; (b) the current flowing in the circuit; (c) the active
power absorbed by the circuit.
Answer.
400 V, 401 V, 10 V, 0.5 A, 15 W.
69
Q3. A circuit consists of a 10 Ω resistor, a 30 mH inductor and a 1 μF
capacitor, and is supplied from a 10 V variable-frequency source. Find the
frequency for which the voltage developed across the capacitor is a
maximum and calculate the magnitude of this voltage.
Answer. 920 Hz, 173 V.
70
Q4. A series circuit comprises an inductor, of resistance 10 Ω and inductance
159 μH, and a variable capacitor connected to a 50 mV sinusoidal supply of
frequency 1 MHz. What value of capacitance will result in resonant
conditions and what will then be the current? For what values of capacitance
will the current at this frequency be reduced to 10 per cent of its value at
resonance?
Answer.
159 pF, 5 mA; 145 pF, 177 pF.
71
Q5. A coil, of resistance R and inductance L, is connected in series with a
capacitor C across a variable-frequency source. The voltage is maintained
constant at 300 mV and the frequency is varied until a maximum current of 5
mA flows through the circuit at 6 kHz. If, under these conditions, the Q
factor of the circuit is 105, calculate: (a) the voltage across the capacitor; (b)
the values of R, L and C.
Answer.
31.5 V, 60 Ω, 0.167 H, 4220 pF.
72
Q6. Calculate the resonant frequency of the circuit in Fig.
Answer. 173.21 rad/s.
Fig. For Q6.
73
PRACTICE PROBLEM ON SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
Q7. A series-connected circuit has R = 4 Ω and L = 25 mH. (a) Calculate the
value of C that will produce a quality factor of 50. (b) Find ω1, ω2, and BW.
(c) Determine the average power dissipated at ω = ωr, ω1, ω2.
Take Vm = 100 V.
Answer.
(a) 0.625 µF, (b) 7920 rad/s, 8080 rad/s, 160 rad/s, (c) 1.25 kW, 0.625 kW,
0.625 kW.
74
REFERENCES
[1] Edward Hughes (revised by John Hiley, Keith Brown and Ian McKenzie Smith), Electrical And
Electronic Technology. Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex CM20 2JE,
England:10th Edition, 2008.
[2] Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits. 2 Penn Plaza, New
York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Education, 6th Edition, 2017.
[3] John Bird, Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology. Elsevier Science, Linacre House, Jordan Hill,
Oxford OX2 8DP, UK: Third Edition 2007.
[4] Adrian Waygood, An Introduction to Electrical Science. Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), 711 Third
Avenue, New York, NY: Second Edition 2019.
[5] Allan R. Hambley, Electrical Engineering Principles and Applications. Pearson Higher Education, 1 Lake
Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458: Sixth Edition 2014.
[6] William H. Hayt, Jr., Jack E. Kemmerly, and Steven M. Durbin , Engineering Circuit Analysis. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, NY: Eighth Edition 2012.
75

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ELL 100 - Introduction to Electrical Engineering

LECTURE 16: RESONANCE IN AC CIRCUITS

 Resonance in Series RLC Circuit

 Resonance in Parallel RLC Circuit

Courtesy: https://www.indiamart.com/technical-ajfarul-ji/tv-receivers.html (Available Online: 06 Dec. 2019) 5

Singer Breaking the Glass

• Most common applications of resonance are based on the frequency

• A series resonant circuit is used as voltage amplifier.

• A parallel resonant circuit is used as current amplifier.

• A resonant circuit is also used as a filter.

where r and f r represent resonant frequency in rad/s and in Hz, respectively

The inductive reactance:

• Above fr, |XL| > |XC |, so

Below fr, XC > XL At fr, XC = XL, Z = R Above fr, XL > XC

• Below fr , XL < XC,  is negative, the circuit is capacitive.

The current is maximum when ωL = 1/(ωC),

Variation of magnitude |I|

(b) f = fr (c) f > fr

• In a series RLC circuit, values of VL and VC

Effect of frequency variation on voltages across R, L and C 28

• At half power points, Z  R 1  j1

• The bandwidth is obtained as:

• An RLC series circuit accepts maximum current from

Similarly, the upper half-power frequency is

The three-branch parallel resonant circuit

• The resonant frequency in Hz is:

• The admittance at resonance is:

(b) Since Q >> 1,

Q1. What is the dynamic impedance in a standard series RLC circuit?

Q2. What is the dynamic impedance in a general parallel RLC circuit?

Q3. What is the dynamic impedance in a ideal tank circuit?

Ideal tank circuit with RS = 0

Q4. Determine the dynamic impedance of a practical tank circuit?

Practical tank circuit

Answer. 173.21 rad/s.

Fig. For Q6.

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