CHAPTER 1 29.1 yd, 28.3 yd, 24.7 yd, 31.0 ye b. 432 pp, 196 pp, 184 pp, 321 pp 211,40,3.2, 6.3, 0.07 g, 1.58 8,7.1 g,272g a, The most interesting feature of the histogram is the heavy presence of three very large ‘outliers (21, 24, and 32 directors). Absent these three corporations, the distribution of number of directors would be roughly symmetric wit a typical value of around 9, ‘Note: One way to have Minitab automatically construct a histogram from grouped data such as ths isto use Minitab’s ability to enter multiple copies ofthe same number by typing, for example, 42(9) to enter 42 copies of the number 9. The frequency data in this ‘exercise was entered using the following Minitab commands: mre > set cl DATA> 3(4) 12(5) 13(6) 25(7) 24(8) 42(9) 23(40) 19(1) 16(22) 12(23) 9424) 4(45) 1¢16) 3¢47) 2422) 1¢24) 1032), DATA> end >. The accompanying frequency distribution is nearly identical to the one in the textbook, except that the three largest values are compacted into the “> 18” category. If this were ‘the originally-presented information, we could not create « histogram, because we would not know the upper boundary for the rectangle corresponding to the “> 18" category. Nodin | 4 8 6 7 8 9 10 Freq. Se a es ee Nod, | 1213 4 st 7 Freq, Geyser oar career The sample size s3 + 12 +... #34141 +1 =204, So, the proportion ofthese corporations that have at most 10 directors is (3 +12 + 13 +25 +24 +42 +23V204 142/204 = 696. 4d. Similarly, the proportion of these corporations with more than 15 directors is (1+3 + 1+MM a. For urban homes = 21.55 EU/mg; for farm homes, ¥ = 8.56 EU/mg. The average endotoxin concentration in urban homes is more than double the average endotoxin concentration in farm homes. For urban homes, ¥ = 17.00 EU/mg; for farm homes, ¥ = 8.90 EU/mg. The median endotoxin concentration in urban homes is nearly double the median endotoxin concentration in farm homes. The mean and median endotoxin concentration for urban homes are o different because the few large values, especially the extreme value of 80.0, raise the mean but not the median, 7 yh Hate Bn P =the median of (x, + 6.x) +CyeogX, $C) Xp, HOSE HE ap Bietied_ hg J =the median of (cx, 6¥ yay 0%y) =e: the median of (46%, ya) 4 a. ‘The maximum and 182.6 180,3 = 2.3°C. inimum values are 182.6 and 180.3, respectively, so the range is Note: If we apply the hint and subtract 180 from each observation, the mean will be 1.41 and the middle two columns will not change. The sum and sum of squares will change, bbut those effects will cancel and the answer below will stay the same. x (~3) a 1805 =0.90833 0.82507 32580.3 1817 0.29167 0.08507, 330149 180.9 ~0.50833 0.25840 327248 181.6 0.19167 0.03674 329786 182.6 1.19167 1.42007 33628 181.6 0.19167 0.03674 329786 1813 0.10833 0.01174 32869.7 1821 0.69167, 0.47840 331604 182.1 0.69167, 0.47840 331604 1803 =1.10833 1.22840 32508. 181.7 0.29167 0.08507 30149 180.5 0.90833 0.82507 32580.3 sums: 2176.9 0 3.769167 304913.6 18141 #= TG O-S2447 = 0.724, }*/(n=1) = 5.769167(12~ 1) = 0.52447, Bx? =(20)"/n _ 394913.6-(2176.9)°/12 nol nr =052447,CHAPTER 2 2 a. A= (RRR, LLL, SSS} D. BX (RLS, RSL, LRS, ESR, SRL, SLR). C= (RRL, RRS, RLR, RSR. LRR, SRR), 4. = {RRL, RRS, RLR. RSR, LRR, SRR, LLR, LLS, LRL, LSI, RLL, SLL, SSR, SSL, SRS, SLS, RSS, LSS) © Event D’ contains outcomes where either all cars go the same direction or they all go different directions (RRR, LLL, SSS, RLS, RSL, LRS, LSR, SRL, SLR}. ‘Because event D totally encloses event C (see the lists above), the compound event CUD is just event D: (CUD = D~ RRL, RRS, RLR RSR. LR, SRR, LLR, LLS, LRL, LSL, RLL, SLL, SSR, SSL, SRS, SLS, RSS, LSS} Using similar reasoning, we see thatthe compound event CD is just event C: CAD = C= (RRL. RRS, RLR, RSR, LRR, SRR}, 14, Let 4 =an adult consumes coffee and # = an adult consumes carbonated soda. We're told that P(4) = 55, P(B)= 45, and P(A B)= 70, The addition rule says PLA) = P(A) + P(B) ~ PLUMB), 80.70 = $5 + 45 ~ PLAN) oF PLAC +45 ~ 70.30, 1b. There are two ways fo read this question. We can read “does not (consume atleast one),” which means the adult consumes neither beverage. The probability is then Pineither A nor B) = PA‘ cy’) = 1 — P(A B)=1-.70= 390. ‘The other reading, and this is presumably the intent, is “there is atleast one beverage the adult does not consume, ie. 4'U B'. The probability is P(4'U BY) = 1 P(A B)= 1 ~.30 from a =.70. (t's just a coincidence this equals P(A U B).) Both of these approaches use de Morgan's laws, which say that P(4' 0 B’)= 1 ~ P(AUB) and PLB) = 1 PAB) 16. 4 ‘Thor are six simple events, corresponding tothe outcomes CDP, CPD, DCP, DPC: PCD, and PDC. Since te same cola isin every las, these six outcomes are equally likely to eur, and the probability assigned to each is b. P(C ranked first) = PULCPD, CDP}) ~ 144=2= 333, c.P(C ranked first and D last) = P({CPD})= 4.726.” ‘These questions can be solved algebraically, or with the Venn diagram below. a MA) =1-PCA)=1~12= 88 1b. The addition mule says PAW B)= P(A)+ PCB)= PCAC B). Solving forte intersection (“and”) probability, you get P(A,A.A,)= PCA) PCA)= PLAY A) = 12 +.07 = 13 = 06 Venn diagram shows that P(A-\B')= P(t) PAB). Applying that here with A= A.A, and B An you get PULA, AAIOVA)= PAA) PAA, V4)= 06-01 = 05. 4. The event at most two defects” sth complement of “al three defects,” o the answer i ut I — PUN AOA) =1- 01= 98, 48. & P(A) 4)= POA) _ 96... 50, The numerator comes from Exercise 26, ma) 12 PUAN AAAIOA)_ PALA) 1 b Pndo1A)= = PAA) M1 09833, The numerator eee Pua) Ply ad see simplifies because 4,4, - Ayia subset ofA, so their intersection is just the smaller event. Fortis example, you definitely need a Venn diagram. The seven pieces ofthe partion inside the three circles have probabilities 04, 08, 00, .02,.01,.01, and 01. Those add 10-14 (so the chance of no defects is 86) Let £= “exactly one defect.” From the Venn diagram, P(E) = 04 +09 +01 = 08. From the addition above, Pat least one dfest)= P(A, U d,U A,)=-14 Finally, the answer othe question is PEMLAUAUAD PLE) PE|A 24,4) PEMA GAL AD PEE) __ 08. 3571 numera ElAU OM RA GAUA) MAUAUA) Ad - simplifies because Bisa subset of 4,U 4, U4. : PULL. O.AD 05 : PAA) =LAAAOAD _ 95 9333, The numerator is Exercise 26(0), while Bland ye PA CACAD 98 «35 ors Exercise 26(0), while the denominator i Exercise 266) ‘0, PIMA LS 7 PR) =.05, directly from the table of probabilities. b.POMO Pr) = PIM. LS PR) + PUM ASS 9 PR) =.05 + 07 = 12. © P(SS)= sum of 9 probabilities inthe SS table = 56. P(LS) ~ 56= 44, 4d. From the two tables, P(M) = 08 + .07 + 12 +.10 +.05 +07 = 49, P(Pr) = 02 +.07 +07 +02 +.05 02-125 = P(MassoPh) 08 & POSS py= LMASSOP)___08__ 5, ah D P(ISSOPI) 04+.08+.03 a £8 py = AESOMOPD 08 as, LSM .n Pt)= 1 P(SSIM 9 P= 1-444 PIMAPD .08+.10 $86,