Fuzzy Logic Controlled Three Phase Active Power

Filter for mitigation of harmonic and volt ampere

compensator
H.R.Imani jajarmi, Azah Mohamad
Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering
National University of Malaysia, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Harmonic pollution is a serious and a damaging problem in electric power systems.

Active power filtering represents one of the most effective proposed solutions.
The active power filter is operated to compensate harmonics and reactive power
generated by the non-linear load and power factor correction simultaneously.
A fuzzy logic based control is developed to regulate the voltage of the DC capacitor.
The system with control scheme is implemented in Matlab/Simulink. The simulation
results show quite satisfactory to mitigate harmonic distortions, reactive power
compensation and power factor improvement.

Keywords -Active Power Filter, Fuzzy logic controller, reference source current,
nonlinear Load.

.1INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, the applications of power electronics have grown rapidly. These power
electronic systems provide highly nonlinear characteristics. These loads draw non-
sinusoidal currents that cause harmonic voltage drops across the network impedance,
resulting in distorted voltages[1] . The shunt active power filter (APF) shows a
mighty strength in eliminating reactive power and harmonics which has received
wide concern in power electronic filed [2,3].
The shunt active power filters (APF), generally based on a voltage source inverter
structure, and seems to be an attractive solution to harmonic current pollution
problems. In agreement with PWM control laws, By keeping the DC-link voltage of
inverter constant , APF can compensate harmonics and reactive power effectively ,
for do this some actions must be taken because APF itself cannot produce power to
maintain the DC-link voltage[4]. Mostly conventional PI controller by adding an
active component to the source current reference is used to control DC-link voltage
[5,6]. Nevertheless, The PI controller based approach requires precise linear
mathematical model which is difficult to obtain. Also, it fails to perform satisfactorily
under parameter variations, non-linearity, and load disturbances, etc.
As a result ,when APF is plunged into the system , It willcreate , DC voltage
overshoot and inrush source current will lead to protection or even equipment
damage. The voltage overshoot and inrush current have been the constriction which
limits the development of APF.
Recently, fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) have generated a good deal of interest in
certain applications [7]-[9]. The main advantages of fuzzy control over conventional
controllers are its linguistic description, independence of mathematical model,
robustness, and its universal approximation [10]. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic
controller for D.C bus voltage control [11]. Simulations results present the
effectiveness of the proposed approach in suppressing the harmonics and reactive
power.

.2Shunt Active Power Filter

.2.1Basic compensation principals

Fig 1 shows a current controlled voltage source inverter with necessary passive
components is used as an APF. It is controlled to draw/supply a compensated current
i f from/to the utility, so that it cancels current harmonics on the ac side and makes
the source current in phase with the source voltage. In other words, removes reactive
and harmonic currents of the non-linear load. Thus, the resulting total current drawn
from the ac mains is sinusoidal. Ideally, the APF requires to generate just the enough
reactive and harmonic current to satisfy the non-linear loads in the line. [12]-[14].
Active Current
Reactive Current
Active Current Harmonic Current

Non-Linear
Supply
Load

Reactive Current
Harmonic Current

Active Power Filter

(APF)

Fig.1.Connection of shunt active filter with non-linear load

.2.2reference source currents

Source voltage is given by
v S ( t ) = V m sin ωt (1)
the instantaneous currents can be written as:
(2)
i S ( t ) = i L ( t ) - i C (t)
If a nonlinear load is applied, then the load current will have a fundamental
component and harmonic components, which can be represented as
∞
i L ( t ) = ∑ I n sin (nωt+ Фn ) (3)
n=1
 ∞
=I 1 sin ( ωt+ Ф1 ) + ∑ In sin (nωt+ Фn )
n=2

The instantaneous load power can be given as

pL ( t ) = vS (t)* i L (t) (4)
2
= Vm I1 sin ωt *cos Ф1 + V m I 1 sin ωt* cos ωt* sin Ф1+
∞
Vm sin ωt* ∑ sin (nωt+ Фn )
n=2

= pf (t)+ p r (t)+ p h (t)

From (4), the real (fundamental) power drawn by the load is
pf (t) = V m I 1 sin 2 ω t *cos Ф1= v S (t)* i S (t) (5)
From (5), the sourcc current supplied by the source, after compensation. is
i S (t) = p f (t)/ v S (t)=I 1 cos Ф1 sin ωt =I sm sin ωt
Where I sm = I1 cos Ф1
The utility must supply a small extra amount of current for the capacitor leakage and
Converter switching losses in addition to the real power of the load. The total peak
current supplied by the source, is
I sp = I sm + Isl (6)

Where I sl is the peak value of loss current. If the active filter provides the total
reactive and harmonic power, then i S (t) will be purely sinusoidal and in phase with
the utility voltage. At this time, the active filter must provide the following
compensation current
i f ( t ) = i L ( t ) - i s (t) (7)
The desired source currents, after compensation, can be given
i *sa = I sp sin ωt (8)
* °
i sb = Isp sin(ωt- 120 )
i *sb = I sp sin (ωt+ 120°)

Where I sp = I sm + Isl is the amplitude of the desired source current, while the phase angle
can be obtained from the source voltages [3]. This peak value of the reference current
has been estimated by regulating the DC side capacitor voltage of the PWM
converter.

3. REVIEW OF FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL

Fuzzy logic control is a control algorithm established upon a linguistic control

scheme, which is derived from expert knowledge into an automatic control strategy.
Fuzzy logic control doesn't need any difficult mathematical calculation like the others
control system. It only uses simple mathematical calculation to simulate the expert
knowledge, whereas the others control system use difficult mathematical calculation
to provide a model of the controlled plant. Although it doesn't need any difficult
mathematical calculation, but it can provide good performance in a control system.
Therefore, it can be one of the best accessible answers today for a broad class of hard
controls problems. A fuzzy logic control usually contains of the following:

KNOWLEDGE BASE RULE BASE

REFERENCE ERROR OUTPUT

FUZZIFUICATION INFERENCE DEFUZZIFICATION PLANT

SENSOR

Fig.2.Block diagram of FLC

• Fuzzification
• Inference
• Defuzzification
The above items are given below:

A. Fuzzification
The fuzzy logic controller requires that each input/output variable which define the
control surface be expressed in fuzzy set notations using linguistic levels. The
linguistic values of each input and output variables divide its universe of discourse
into adjacent intervals to form the membership functions. The member value means
the amount to which a variable belong to a particular level. The process of converting
input/output variable to linguistic levels is termed as fuzzification.

B. Inference
The behavior of the control surface which relates the input and output variables of the
system is stated by a set of rules. A standard rule would be
If x is A Then y is B
When a set of input variables are read each of the rule that has any degree of truth in
its premise is fired and contributes to the forming of the control surface by
approximately modifying it. When all the rules are fired, the resulting control surface
is stated as a fuzzy set to represent the constraints output. This process is named as
inference.

C. Defuzzification
The process of conversion of fuzzy quantity into crisp quantity is Defuzzification.
There are several procedures available for defuzzification. The essentially widespread
one is centroid method, which uses the following formula:
∫ ( µ ( x ) x ) dx
∫ µ ( x ) dx
where µ is the membership degree of output x.
Figure 2 show block diagram of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC).

.4FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL SCHEME

Fuzzy logic control is derived from fuzzy set theory introduced by Zadeh in 1965. In
fuzzy set theory, the transition between membership and non-membership can be
gradual. Therefore, boundaries of fuzzy sets can be unclear and indeterminate and
making it useful for approximate systems. FLC’s are an interesting choice when
precise mathematical formulations are not possible. In order to implement the control
algorithm of a shunt active power filter in closed loop, the DC side capacitor voltage
is sensed and then compared with a reference value. The obtained error
e ( n )=V ¿dc (n)−V dc (n) and ce ( n )=e(n)−e( n−1) that are used as inputs for the fuzzy
processing.
¿
Where V dc is reference dc side capacitor voltage and ce(n) is Change of error signal at
the nth sampling instant. Figure 3 shows the control strategy.
The output of the fuzzy controller after a limit is considered as the amplitude of the
reference current I max.(figure 4 )

Fig.3.Closed Loop Fuzzy Logic Controlled Shunt

 Fig 4. Internal Structure of Fuzzy controller

This current I maxlook after the active power demand of load and the losses in the
system. The switching signal for the PWM converter are obtained from comparing
the actual source currents (i sa ,i sb , isc ) with the reference current templates (i sa ,i sb ,i sc ¿ in a
¿ ¿ ¿

hysteresis current controller. The output pulses are applied to the switching devices
of the PWM converter.

.4.1Basic Fuzzy Algorithm

The error e and change of error ce are used numerical variables from the real system.
To convert these numerical variables into linguistic variables, the following seven
fuzzy levels or sets are chosen as :
NB (negative big), NM (negative medium), NS (negative small), ZE (zero), PS
(positive small), PM (positive medium), and PB (positive big) as shown in figures
5(a), 5(b).
The fuzzy controller is described as follows:
 Seven fuzzy sets for each input and output.
 Fuzzification using continuous universe of discourse.
 Implication using Mamdani's 'min' operator.
 Defuzzification using the 'centroid' method.

.
Fig. 5(a). Input Normalized Membership Function

Fig. 5(b). Output Normalized Membership Function

4.2 Rule Base:
As shown in Table 1, the elements of this rule base table are adjusted based on the
theory that in the transient state, large errors need coarse control, which requires
coarse input/output variables and in the steady state, small errors need fine control,
which requires fine input/output variables. Consequently, with‘e’&‘ce’as inputs the
elements of the rule table are obtained.

Table1- Control rule base

5. HYSTERSIS BAND CURRENT ONTROL

The hysteresis current control with fixed band can be implemented to generate the
switching pattern in order to get precise and quick response. The hysteresis band
current control technique has proven to be most suitable for all applications of current
controlled voltage source inverters in APF[15].
A hysteresis current controller is implemented with a closed loop control system. An
error signal, e(t), is used to control the switches in an inverter.
This error is the difference between the desired current,i ref (t) and the current being
injected by the inverter, i actual (t) . When the error reaches an upper limit, the transistors
are switched to force the current down. When the error reaches a lower limit the
current is forced to increase. The range of the error signal, e max - emin , directly controls
the amount of ripple in the output current from the PWM-voltage source inverter.

.6SIMULATION AND RESULTS

Simulation is done based on the test system used to perform the analysis (figure 6)
and system parameters given in table 2 to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
proposed control strategy for the SAF to reduce the harmonics. The test system
consists of a three phase voltage source, and an uncontrolled rectifier with R L load.
The active filter is connected to the test system through an inductor Lf and Capacitor
Cf and resistance R f. The Matlab/Simulink is used to simulate the test power system
with and without the proposed SAF.
Vs Rs Ls

i𝒔 iL R
Lf

if
Rf Uncontrolled L
Rectifier

Cf

Active Power
Filter
Fig. 6.Test Power System

Table 2. Circuit parameters used for the SAF

Fig .7.Source Voltages

Fig .8(a).Source Currents without SAP

Fig.8(b).Harmonic spectrum of phase a source current without SAF

Fig.9(a).Source Currents with SAP

Fig.9(b).Filter Currents with SAP

Fig.9(c).Load Currents with SAP

Fig.9(d).Power Factor with SAP

 Fig.9(e). DC capacitor voltage

Fig.9(f).Harmonic spectrum of phase a source current with SAF

Table 3. Total harmonic distortion Analysis of Test Power System & power factor
Source Current
PARAMETERS (phase a) Power Factor Reactive
THD% Power(var)
Without SAF 16.83 0.8836 1756
With SAF 1.27 0.9998 98.9

7. CONCLUSIONS

Harmonic distortion is a kind of electrical noise. It is a superposition of signals, which are

of multiples of fundamental frequency. Growth of large power electronic systems results in
increased harmonic distortion. Harmonic distortion results in reduction of power quality and system
stability. This paper presents fuzzy control proper for active power filter for three-phase systems,
which are consisted of nonlinear loads. The SAF was simulated and its performance was analyzed
in a sample power system. The result (figures 7-9 and table3) of the simulation prove that the
injected harmonics are importantly reduced, system efficiency and power factor are improved.

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