Bacteriology

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An agar plate streaked with microorganisms

Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies

the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other
aspects related to them. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification,
classification, and characterization of bacterial species. [1] Because of the similarity of
thinking and working with microorganisms other than bacteria, such as protozoa, fungi,
and viruses, there has been a tendency for the field of bacteriology to extend as
microbiology.[2] The terms were formerly often used interchangeably. [3] However,
bacteriology can be classified as a distinct science.

Contents

 1Introduction
 2History
 3See also
 4References
 5Further reading

Introduction[edit]
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria and their relation to medicine. Bacteriology evolved
from physicians needing to apply the germ theory to test the concerns relating to the
spoilage of foods and wines in the 19th century. Identification and characterizing of
bacteria being associated to diseases led to advances in pathogenic
bacteriology. Koch's postulates played a role into identifying the relationships between
bacteria and specific diseases. Since then, bacteriology has had many successful
advances like effective vaccines, for example, diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid.
There have also been some vaccines that were not as effective and have side effects
for example, typhoid vaccine. Bacteriology has also provided discovery of antibiotics.

History[edit]
See also: Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic discovery of microbial life (microorganisms)

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, the first microbiologist and the first person to observe bacteria using a microscope.

Statue of Koch in Berlin

Louis Pasteur in his laboratory, painting by A. Edelfeldt in 1885

The discovery of the connection of microorganisms to disease can be dated back to the
nineteenth century, when German physician Robert Koch introduced the science of
microorganisms to the medical field.[4] He identified bacteria as the cause of infectious
diseases and process of fermentation in diseases. French scientist Louis
Pasteur developed techniques to produce vaccines. Both Koch and Pasteur played a
role in improving antisepsis in medical treatment. This had an enormous positive effect
on public health and gave a better understanding of the body and diseases. In 1870-
1885 the modern methods of bacteriology technique were introduced by the use of
stains and by the method of separating mixtures of organisms on plates of nutrient
media. Between 1880 and 1881 Pasteur produced two successful vaccinations for
animals against diseases caused by bacteria and it was successful. The importance of
bacteria was recognized as it led to a study of disease prevention and treatment of
diseases by vaccines. Bacteriology has developed and can be studied
in agriculture, marine biology, water pollution, bacterial genetics and biotechnology.[5][6][7]

See also[edit]
 Bacteria
 Biology
o Microbiology

References[edit]
1. ^ Wassenaar, T. M.  "Bacteriology: the study of bacteria".
www.mmgc.eu. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
Retrieved 18 June  2011.
2. ^ Ward J. MacNeal; Herbert Upham Williams
(1914).  Pathogenic micro-organisms; a text-book of
microbiology for physicians and students of medicine. P.
Blakiston's Sons. pp.  1–. Retrieved  18 June 2011.
 3. ^ Poindexter, Jeanne Stove (30 November 1986). Methods
and special applications in bacterial ecology. Springer.
p. 87.  ISBN  978-0-306-42346-8. Retrieved 18 June  2011.
4. ^ Lakhtakia R (February 2014).  "The Legacy of Robert
Koch".  14  (1). Sultan Qaboos University Medical
Journal.  PMID  24516751. Retrieved 30 Oct  2020.
5. ^ Kreuder‐Sonnen, Katharina (2016). "History of
Bacteriology".  eLS.
Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0003073.pub2.
6. ^ Baron S, ed. (1996). "Introduction to Bacteriology". Medical
Microbiology (4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at
Galveston.  ISBN  0-9631172-1-1. PMID 21413299.
NBK8120.
7. ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Bacteriology.”
Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 7
Sept. 2010, www.britannica.com/science/bacteriology.
Retrieved 22 November 2017

Further reading[edit]
 McGrew, Roderick, ed. (1985). "brief
history". Encyclopedia of Medical History. McGraw-
Hill. pp. 25–30. ISBN 0070450870.
hide

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

 Bacteria

 Ciliate

 Giardia

Microscopic  Infusoria

organisms  Protist

 Protozoa

 Rotifer

 Volvox

 Spermatozoa (sperm cells)

Others  Red blood cells

 Crystals in gouty tophi

 Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes

 Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic experiments and discoveries

 Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopic discovery of microbial life

 Van Leeuwenhoek's letters to the Royal Society

 Bacteriology

 Protozoology

 Protistology

 Spontaneous generation

 Preformationism

 Animalcule

 Microscopic scale

 Microscopic discovery of microorganisms

 History of microbiology

 Optical microscopy

 History of microscopy

 History of the microscope

 Invention of the optical microscope

 Timeline of microscope technology

 Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s)

 Golden Age of Dutch science and technology

 Science and technology in the Dutch Republic

 Biology and natural history in the Dutch Republic

 Royal Society

 Scientific Revolution

 Clifford Dobell (Leeuwenhoek scholar)

 Brian J. Ford (Leeuwenhoek scholar)

 William Davidson

 Henry Oldenburg

 Regnier de Graaf

 Robert Hooke (author of Micrographia)

 Nicolaas Hartsoeker

 Nicolas Steno

 Jan Swammerdam

 Johannes Vermeer

 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Ziekenhuis

  Leeuwenhoek (crater)

 Leeuwenhoek Lecture

 Leeuwenhoek Medal

 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (journal)

 Leeuwenhoeckia

 Levenhookia

 Leeuwenhoekiella

 List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

 List of people considered father or mother of a technical field

 1
 First observed, described, and studied by van Leeuwenhoek.

  Category

GND: 4004304-6

NDL: 00570001
Categories: 
 Bacteriology
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Hematology
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hideThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these
issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)

This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2019)

This article possibly contains original research. (June 2019)

Hematology

System Hematopoetic system

 Significant diseases Anemia, leukemia, lymphoma.

Significant tests Blood film, bone marrow biopsy

Specialist Hematologist

Hematology, also spelled haematology, is the branch of medicine concerned with the

study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.[1]
[2]
 It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components,
such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, blood
vessels, spleen, and the mechanism of coagulation. Such diseases might
include hemophilia, blood clots (thrombus), other bleeding disorders, and
blood cancers such as leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma.[3] The laboratory
work that goes into the study of blood is frequently performed by a medical
technologist or medical laboratory scientist.

Contents

 1Specialization
 2Training
 3See also
 4References

Specialization[edit]
Physicians specialized in hematology are known as hematologists or haematologists.
Their routine work mainly includes the care and treatment of patients with hematological
diseases, although some may also work at the hematology laboratory viewing blood
films and bone marrow slides under the microscope, interpreting various hematological
test results and blood clotting test results. In some institutions, hematologists also
manage the hematology laboratory. Physicians who work in hematology laboratories,
and most commonly manage them, are pathologists specialized in the diagnosis of
hematological diseases, referred to as hematopathologists or haematopathologists.
Hematologists and hematopathologists generally work in conjunction to formulate a
diagnosis and deliver the most appropriate therapy if needed. Hematology is a distinct
subspecialty of internal medicine, separate from but overlapping with the subspecialty of
medical oncology. Hematologists may specialize further or have special interests, for
example, in:

 treating bleeding disorders such

as hemophilia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura
 treating hematological malignancies such
as lymphoma and leukemia (cancers)
  treating hemoglobinopathies
 the science of blood transfusion and the work of
a blood bank
 bone marrow and stem cell transplantation

Training[edit]
Starting hematologists (in the US) complete a four-year medical degree followed by
three or four more years in residency or internship programs. After completion, they
further expand their knowledge by spending two or three more years learning how to
experiment, diagnose, and treat blood disorders. [4] When applying for this career, most
job openings look for first-hand practical experience in a recognized training program
that provides practice in the following: Cause of abnormalities in formation of blood and
other disorders, diagnosis of numerous blood related conditions or cancers using
experimentation, and the proper care and treatment of patients in the best manner.

See also[edit]
 Hematopathology

References[edit]
1. ^ "Hematology".
2. ^ "What is Hematology?".  News-Medical.net. 24 November
2009. Retrieved  10 May  2019.
3. ^ "Hermatology". American Medical Association.
Retrieved 15 July  2020.
4. ^ "Resources for Medical Students and
Residents". Hematology.org. American Society of
Hematology. Retrieved 4 August  2020.

show

Blood transfusion and transfusion medicine

show

Medicine

show
 Blood film findings

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