MODULE 1
Spirit or Passion - includes basic emotions such
Philosophical Perspective
of the Self
Understanding the Self
PART I
Philosophy philosophers were collected who
directly talked about the self. Philosophically,
discussion of the self is a basic search for
meaning and purpose of life.
Determination, rationalization, and identification
of self sets the direction from which an
individual travel to fulfill his identified purpose
in life. Inability to define oneself leads to a lot
of contradiction in life later on, hence, it is of
the many imperative of life to know oneself right
away and to go on with the business of leading a
life chartered by oneself.
Socrates
- To know thyself is the beginning of
wisdom.
- Introduced the idea of dualism:
- Reality consist of two
dichotomous realms — physical realm and
ideal realm.
Physical realm - changeable, transient, and
imperfect in which our physical body belongs.
Ideal realm - unchanging, eternal, and immortal
in which our soul belongs.
Plato
- The self is an immortal soul
- Introduced the idea of a three-part
soul/self: Reason, Physical appetite, and
Spirit or Passion.
Reason - the divine essence that enables us to
think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a
true understanding of eternal truths.
Physical appetite - includes our basic needs such
as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire.
as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and
empathy.
*For Plato, genuine happiness can only be
achieved by people who constantly make sure
that their reason is in control of their spirits
and appetites.
Aristotle
- The soul is the essence of the self
- soul is the essence of the self. He
introduced three kinds of soul:
Vegetative soul - includes the physical body that
can grow.
Sentient soul - includes sensual desires,
feelings, and emotions.
Rational soul - is what makes man human. It
includes that intellect that allows man to
understand things.
St Augustine
- I am doubting therefore I am.
- Augustine is convinced that the self is
known only through knowing God.
- For him, “knowledge can only come by
seeing the truth that dwells within us.”
The truth of which Augustine speaks
refers to the truth of knowing God.
René Descartes
- I think therefore I am.
- The Latin phrase Cogito ergo sum
- the act of thinking about the self—of
being self-conscious—is in itself proof
that there is a self.
Part I Lesson Summary
Socrates - To know thyself is the beginning of
wisdom.
Plato - The self is an immortal soul.
Aristotle - The soul is the essence of the self.
St Augustine - I am doubting therefore I am.
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René Descartes - I think therefore I am.
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS:
1. He suggests that the self is synonymous
with the soul. He believes that every
human possesses an immortal soul that
survives the physical body. – PLATO
2. For Plato, this is the part of the soul that
enables people to think deeply, make wise
choices, and achieve a true understanding
of eternal truths. – REASON
3. He suggests that the act of thinking
about the self or being self-conscious is
the proof that there is a self. – RENE
DESCARTES
4. He suggested that the self has two
dichotomous realms. One realm is
changeable, transient, and imperfect,
whereas the other realm is unchanging,
eternal, and immortal. – SOCRATES
5. According to him, the path to know
thyself is to know God. – ST.
AUGUSTINE
6. For Aristotle, this part of the soul
includes the body that can grow. –
VEGETATIVE
7. The cornerstone of his philosophy is “I
am doubting, therefore I am.” – RENE
DESCARTES
8. For Plato, this the part of the soul that
should control the two other components.
– SELF
9. Lorenzo, a first year optometry student
is consumed with lust. He prefers to
fornicate rather than to study. Which
among the three-part soul Lorenzo is
consumed with? – PHYSICAL APPETITE
10. Jade is having a difficulty grasping the
concept of God. To which philosophy it is
attributed that Jade might have a
problem with knowing oneself? – ST.
AUGUSTINE
PART II
John Locke
- The self is consciousness.
- the human mind at birth is tabula rasa —
blank slate. He feels that the self is
constructed primarily with sense
experience.
David Hume
- There is no self.
- if a person examines himself, he will
discover that there is no self. For him,
what people experience is just a bundle of
collection of different perceptions.
- He proposed that we are composed of two
distinct entities:
Impressions - are the basic sensations of
people’s experience such as hate, love, joy, grief,
pain, cold, and heat.
Ideas - are thoughts and images from
impressions so they are less lively and livid.
Immanuel Kant
- We construct the self.
- self is a unifying subject, an organizing
consciousness that makes intelligible
experience possible.
- He rejected Hume’s view of the mind as a
kind of passive “theatre” and proposed an
actively engaged and synthesizing
intelligence that construct knowledge
based on experience.
Gilbert Ryle
- I act therefore I am
- Ryle considers the mind and body to be
intrinsically linked in complex and
intimate ways. In short, the
- self is the same as bodily behaviour.
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Maurice Merleau-Ponty MODULE 2
- The self is an embodied subjectivity Sociological Perspective of the Self
- the mind and body are so intertwined
that they cannot be separated from one Sociology - social science which involves studying
another. the social lives of people, groups, and societies;
- One cannot find any experience that is
not an embodied experience. - studying our behaviour or social beings;
- All experience is embodied. One's body is - scientifically investigating social
his opening toward his existence to the aggregations;
world. - "an overarching unification of all studies
of humankind, including history,
Part II Lesson Summary psychology and economics."
John Locke - The self is consciousness.
David Hume - There is no self. Émile Durkheim
Immanuel Kant - We construct the self. - Society should be analyzed and
Gilbert Ryle - I act therefore I am. described in terms of functions.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty - The self is an
embodied subjectivity. George Herbert Mead

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS - The self is not present at birth. It

1. He suggests that conscious awareness
and memory of previous experiences are
the keys to understanding the self. -
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
2. For him, the idea of personal identity is
just a result of imagination. – David Hume
3. He believes that the mind is not the seat
of self but behaviour. Thus, the principle,
“I act therefore, I am.” – Gilbert Ryle
4. The cornerstone of his philosophy is that
there is no self. – David Hume
5. He postulates that the human mind at
birth is a blank slate or tabula rasa. –
John Locke
only develops only with social
experience.
- sense of self through social interaction
and not the biological preconditions of
the interaction
- Mead proposed a theory of the social self
and explained that the self has two
divisions: the “I” and the “me”.
The “I” is the subjective element and the
active side of the self. It represents the
spontaneous, and unique traits of the individual.
The “Me” is the objective element of the
self. It represents the internalized attitudes
and demands of other people and the individual’s
awareness of those demands.

- The full development of the self is

attained when the “I” and the “me” are
united.

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 - Mead details the development of the self *we are being influenced by what we imagine the
in a three-stage process: preparatory opinions of other people to be.
stage, play stage, and game stage.

 Preparatory stage - children imitate the

people around them and copy behaviour
without understanding the underlying POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
intentions.
1. He introduced the concept “looking-glass
 Play stage - children start to view
themselves in relation to others, at this self”. - Charles Horton Cooley
stage role-taking is exhibited, thus, the
2. During this stage, there is no self. –
self is developing.
 Game stage - children starts to be aware PREPARATORY STAGE
of other roles; during this stage, the self
3. During this stage, individuals have a more
is now present.
sophisticated look of people and an ability

to respond to numerous member of the

Charles Horton Cooley
- The people whom a person interacts social environment. – GAME STAGE
become a mirror in which he views
4. During this stage, the self is developing. –
himself.
- the looking glass self theory (to highlight PLAY STAGE
that the people whom a person interacts
5. In Mead’s theory, this is considered to be
becomes a mirror in which he views
himself.) the subjective element and active side of
- The looking-glass self-theory assumes
the self. – “I” SELF
that view of ourselves comes not only
from our direct contemplation of our
personal qualities, but also from our
perceptions about how we are being
perceived by others. Stages of
development;

 First, we imagine how we must appear to

others, to our families or friends or just
people on the street
 Second, we imagine how they must
evaluate us, based on their observations
of us. So do we come across as intelligent,
or funny, or shy, or maybe just awkward?
 Third, we develop feelings about
ourselves based on our impressions of
their evaluations and their observations.

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MODULE 3
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE
SELF
Anthropology is concerned with how cultural and
biological processes interact to shape human
experience. It considers how human experience
as an interplay of nature, referring to genetic
inheritance which sets the individual’s potentials.
And nurture, referring to the sociocultural
environment,
Taarof
- Iranian practice of performing a gesture
of respect and deference, although it is
generally understood that such a gesture
should be refused.
Mano Po
- Pagmamano is a gesture that symbolizes
respect for one’s elders. It is akin to
bowing, with the addition of taking an
elder’s hand and pressing it to one’s
forehead.
Bayanihan
- Bayanihan, the practice of literally moving
an entire home to a new location. The
villagers gather to lift up the structures,
carrying them over quite a distance.
Mehndi
- Two nights before the wedding, the bride
is surrounded by women from her side of
the family, who paint designs on her
hands, arms, and feet.
Mudras
- Mudras are seals, marks, or gestures
unique to Hinduism and Buddhist cultures,
most notably India.
- flow of prana, or life energy on her
hands, arms, and feet.
Arriving Late
- In Chile, if the host says that dinner will
be served at 8:00 PM, guests are
expected to arrive around 8:15 or even as
late as 8:30.
Alcohol Drinking
- For instance, you can’t place a glass of
alcohol back on the table after a toast—it
should be bottom’s up and empty
Pearly Whites
- In Turkey, lost teeth can be used to
convey parents’ expectations to their
children. For example, if they want their
child to be a doctor, they might bury the
teeth near a hospital.
Seppuku
- Seppuku, or ritual suicide as an
alternative to defeat introduced by
samurai, has a less vaunted reputation.
Haka
- a war dance. It can also invoke poetry and
art detailing the history and the lore of
the tribe, or be used to communicate
peace, a welcome greeting, or a show of
respect.
Anthropological perspective of the self is
based on the assumption that both biological and
cultural factors have significant influence on the
development of self-awareness among individuals
within society. There are three universal
concept about anthropology and the self:
Ethnic identities
- is the extent to which a person identifies
with a particular ethnic group
- The concept of self can be viewed in two
ways: egocentric and sociocentric.
Egocentric view, the self is seen as an
autonomous and distinct individual.
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 - Each person is defined as a replica of all
humanity but capable of acting
independently from others.
*The Western view of the self are mostly seen
as egocentric. They believe that they should be
assertive and independent.
Sociocentric view, the self is contingent on a
situation or social setting. This is a view of the
self that is context dependent.
The Asian view of the self, especially among
Japanese and Chinese are mostly seen as
sociocentric wherein interdependence between
person and the group is more valued than
independence.
* Karoshi — Death from Overwork
Personal Naming
- In all societies, personal names are
intimate markers of a person which
differentiates him or her from others.
- Personal naming is a universal practice
with numerous crosscultural variations,
which establishes a child’s birthright and
social identity.
Aymara Indians, when the child is two years old
and ready to speak the Aymara language, a
special ritual is performed to give it a name.
Icelanders, babies receives the paternal given
name as its last name, this is known as
patronyms.
- The boy’s name is added with a suffix sen
or son and the girl’s name with dottir.
Common examples of the practice of patronyms:
- Odin son of Bor = Odin Borson
- Thor son of Odin = Thor Odinson
- Magni son of Thor = Magni Thorson
- Torunn daughter of Thor = Torunn
Thorsdottir
Minangkabau tribe, babies receives the
maternal given name as its last name. The boy’s
name is added with a suffix sen or son and the
girl’s name with dottir. This practice is known as
matronyms.
- Filipinos, Catholic parents name their
children after saints.
Rite of Passage
- Rites of passage involve ritual activities
to prepare individuals for new roles.
Arnold van Gennep believes that changes in
one’s status and dentity are marked by a
threephased rite of passage: separation,
liminality, and incorporation.
Separation where people detach from their
former identity to another.
Liminality where a person transitions from one
identity to another.
Incorporation where the change in one status is
now incorporated and the person is expected to
return to the community with his new identity.
* Tuli de Pukpok — A Filipino Rite of Passage
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
1. According to this view, there is no
intrinsic self that can possess enduring
qualities. - SOCIOCENTRIC
2. It is a universal practice with numerous
cross-cultural variations and establishes a
child's birthright and social identity.
PERSONAL NAMING
3. The Japanese view of the self can be
best described as egocentric. - TRUE
4. In a wedding, the ceremony itself — the
process of transition of the bride and
groom from one singlehood to married life
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 is under what stage of rites of passage?
- LIMINALITY
5. This involves activities to prepare
individuals for new roles from one stage
of life to another such as birth, puberty,
marriage, having children, and death. –
RITES OF PASSAGE
6. In the sociocentric view, the self is
viewed as contingent on the situation or
social setting. - TRUE
7. A naming practice wherein babies
receives the paternal given name as its Module 4
last name, this is known as - Psychological Perspective
PATRONYMS of the Self
8. Following the Icelandic naming custom,
James’ grandson to his child Mark will be Psychology is the scientific study of human
behaviour and mental processes. The
most likely named as: - LUKE MARKSON
psychological perspective of the self attempts
9. The Japanese term Karoshi exemplifies
to provide different views of the self with
______ ethnic identity. - emphasis on the human psyche.
SOCIOCENTRIC
10. The Filipino tradition of tuli de pukpok is Psychodynamic Perspective
an example of: - RITES OF PASSAGE - Proposed by Sigmund Freud,
- Topographical and structural model of
the mind. He proposed that people are
driven by two instincts: eros and
thanatos.

Psychodynamic Perspective Level and

Structure of Personality
Structures of Personality
1. The Id.
- the reservoir for the instincts and the
libido.
- powerful structure of personality
because it supplies all the energy for the
other two components.
- operates in accordance with what Freud
called the pleasure principle.
2. The ego.
- rational master of the personality
- perceives and manipulates the
environment in a practical and realistic
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 manner and so is said to operate in 3. Between these two levels is the
accordance with the reality principle. preconscious. - the storehouse of every
- exerts control over the id impulses. The individual’s memories, perceptions, and
ego serves two masters—the id and thoughts of which he or she is not
reality—and is constantly mediating and consciously aware at the moment but that
striking compromises between their can easily be summoned into
conflicting demands. consciousness.
3. The superego.
- set of dictates or beliefs—that one Psychodynamic Perspective Psychosexual
acquires in childhood: one’s ideas of right Stages of Development
and wrong. 1. The Oral Stage
- one calls this internal morality a 2. The Anal Stage
conscience. 3. The Phallic Stage
- The second part of the superego is the 4. The Latency Stage
ego-ideal, which consists of good, or 5. The Genitalia Stage
correct, behaviours for which children
have been praised. Idea to Ponder:Agree or Disagree? The FIRST
- is relentless, even cruel, in its constant six years of life shapes the future of a person.
quest for moral perfection.
Psychoanalytic Perspective

Carl Jung went on to develop his own theory of

personality that differed dramatically from
orthodox psychoanalysis. He fashioned a new and
elaborate explanation of human nature quite
unlike any other which he called analytical
psychology.

- He further elaborated that our

unconscious contains personal unconscious
and collective unconscious.

Levels of the Mind - Personal unconscious. - materials

repressed during individual experience.
1. The conscious - corresponds to its
ordinary everyday meaning. He likened
Collective unconscious. - transpersonal inherited
the mind to an iceberg. The conscious is
that part above the surface of the water material, including several archetypes that
serves as pattern for experience.
—the tip of the iceberg.
2. The unconscious - is the invisible portion
 Archetypes. The ancient experiences
of personality below the surface. The
unconscious contains the major driving contained in the collective unconscious
are manifested by recurring themes or
power behind all behaviours and is the
repository of forces one cannot see or patterns
control.

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  Archetypes - Persona. - Is a mask, a
public face people wear to present
themselves as someone different from
who they really are.
 Archetypes - Anima. - represent the
Eros, the principle of relatedness. Men
possessed by their anima act moody and
emotional.
 Archetypes - Shadow. The most
powerful archetype has the sinister and
mysterious name of shadow, which
contains the basic, primitive animal
instincts and therefore has the deepest
roots of all archetypes.
 Archetypes - The Self. The
selfarchetype represents the unity,
integration, and harmony of the total
personality. To Jung, striving toward that
wholeness is the ultimate goal in life.
 Psychetypes. Refers to the
predisposition to act or react in a
characteristic direction. He insisted that
each person has both an introverted and
an extraverted attitude.
 Psychetypes - Extraversion. Refers to
the directing of the libido toward the
external world. Extraverts are open,
sociable, and socially assertive.
 Psychetypes - Introversion. Refers to
the directing of the libido toward the
internal world. Introverts are withdrawn
and are often shy.
Individual Perspective
Adler's theory of personality stresses the
unique motivations of individuals and the
importance of each person's perceived niche in
society.
 Inferiority feelings. - always present as
a motivating force in behavior; the source
of all human striving.
 Compensation. - A motivation to
overcome inferiority, to strive for higher
levels of development.
 Inferiority complex. A condition that
develops when a person is unable to
compensate for normal inferiority
feelings.
 Superiority complex. A condition that
develops when a person overcompensates
for normal inferiority feelings.
 Striving for superiority - not an
attempt to be better than anyone else; it
is the urge toward perfection or
completion that motivates each of us.
 Style of Life. - A unique character
structure or pattern of personal
behaviors and characteristics by which
each of us strives for perfection.
 Style of Life - Dominant Type. Displays
a dominant or ruling attitude with little
social awareness.
 Style of Life - Getting Type. The most
common human type, where a person
expects to receive satisfaction from
other people and so becomes dependent
on them.
 Style of Life - Avoiding Type. A person
who avoids any possibility of failure.
 Style of Life - Socially Useful Type. A
person who cooperates with others and
acts in accordance with their needs.
Personality Disorders
 Paranoid Personality Disorder. -
excessively mistrustful and suspicious of
other people, without any justification.
They tend not to confide in others and
expect other people to do them harm.
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 Schizoid Personality Disorder. - shows a
pattern of detachment from social
relationships and a limited range of
emotions in interpersonal situations. They
seem aloof, cold, and indifferent to other
people.
 Schizotypal Personality Disorder. -
typically socially isolated and behave in
ways that would seem unusual to most of
us. In addition, they tend to be suspicious
and have odd beliefs about the world.
make everyday decisions, as well as major
ones; this results in an unreasonable fear
of being abandoned.
 Obsessive-compulsive Personality
Disorder. - characterized by a fixation
on things being done “the right way.” This
preoccupation with details prevents them
from completing much of anything.
Possible Questions

1. Sigmund Freud's theory of personality

 Antisocial Personality Disorder. - Have a
history of failing to comply with social and system of therapy for treating
norms. They perform actions most of us
mental disorders is known as -
would find unacceptable, such as stealing
from friends and family. They also tend PSYCHODYNAMINC
to be irresponsible, impulsive, and
2. According to Freud, which of the
deceitful.
following is the exclusive source of

 Borderline Personality Disorder. - lack energy for human behavior? -

stability in their moods and in their
relationships with other people, and they
usually have poor selfesteem. These
individuals often feel empty and are at
great risk of suicide.
INSTINCTS
3. Of the three levels of personality, the
_____ strives for immediate satisfaction
of its needs and does not tolerate delay

 Histrionic Personality Disorder. - tend or postponement of satisfaction for any

to be overly dramatic and often appear reason. - ID
almost to be acting.
4. According to Freud, _____ is the form of

psychic energy, manifested by the life

 Avoidant Personality Disorder. -
extremely sensitive to the opinions of instincts, that drives a person toward
others and therefore avoid social
pleasurable behaviors and thoughts. -
relationships. Their extremely low self-
esteem, coupled with a fear of rejection, LIBIDO
causes them to reject the attention of
5. According to Jung, which of the following
others.
is the deepest and least accessible level

 Dependent Personality Disorder. - rely

on others to the extent of letting them
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 of the human psyche? – COLLECTIVE adult personality are largely formed in

UNCONSCIOUS childhood? - FREUD

6. According to Jung, the self archetype 11. All motivation to strive and succeed

refers to the: - UNITY, INTEGRATION, comes from: - attempts to compensate

AND HARMONY OF THE TOTAL for inferiorities

PERSONALITY 12. Demosthenes overcame his stutter to

7. According to Jung, if a man is attracted become a great orator, and Theodore

to a woman, it is because – SHE Roosevelt was sickly but later became a

MATCHES HIS OWN UNCONSCIOUS model of physical fitness. These are two

FEMININE IMAGE good examples of: - overcoming organic

8. According to Jung, the unconscious part inferiority

of ourselves that is essentially negative— 13. In the _____ type of style of life, one

the dark side of our identity—is called - escapes failure by not facing life's

SHADOW problems. - AVOIDING

9. Nicole was the hardest working student in 14. To Adler, the most common style of life

her school. At graduation, she was is the: - GETTING

awarded the certificate for perfect 15. The urge toward perfection that

attendance throughout high school, and motivates each of us is what Adler meant

was the only student to have zero by: - striving for superiority.

absences. She later shared with her

teacher that she felt being at school

every day could help her overcome feeling

that she was not as smart as some of her

peers. What might Alfred Adler have said

about Nicole? - Her striving for

achievement resulted from her earlier

feelings of inferiority

10. Which of the following theorists would be

most likely to argue that the roots of

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Module 5 Unpacking the Self
Physical Aspect of the Self
Physical Self
o Brain and Behaviour
Understanding the brain is of utmost importance
in understanding a person's behaviour. The brain
as our master is linked to different aspects of
our behaviour and personality.
o Neurons: Building Blocks of Life
These highly specialized cells are responsible for
receiving and transmitting information from one
part of the body to another.
1. Dendrites. - Branching fibres that extend
from the cell body get narrower at their
end. Receives signals from other cells.
2. Cell body (soma). - Contains the nucleus,
ribosomes, mitochondria, and other
structures found in most cells.
3. Axon. - A long, thin fibre (usually longer
than dendrites), which is the information-
sending part of the neuron, sending an
electrical impulse toward other neurons,
glands, or muscles.
4. Myelin sheath. - Insulating covering
found on some vertebrate axons.
5. Nodes of Ranvier. - Interruptions along
the myelin sheath. Allows diffusion of
ions.
6. Presynaptic terminal (end bulb). -
Swelling at the tip of the axon. The part
of the neuron that releases chemicals
that cross the junction between one
neuron and the next.
o The Role of Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters - chemical found in the
synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an
effect on the next cell.
- can be classified based on their actions:
Excitatory and Inhibitory
 Excitatory neurotransmitters
- have excitatory effects on the neuron,
meaning they increase the likelihood that
the neuron will fire an action potential.
 Inhibitory neurotransmitters
- have inhibitory effects on the neuron;
they decrease the likelihood that the
neuron will fire an action potential.
The Happy Chemicals Serotonin. - The mood
stabilizer.
• Practicing meditation
• Spending time in nature
• Getting sun exposure
• Exercising and being active
The Happy Chemicals Dopamine. - The reward
chemical.
• Celebrating small wins
• Eating a good meal
• Completing a task
• Taking time for self-care
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The Happy Chemicals Oxytocin. - The love
chemical.
• Giving a compliment
• Physical affection
• Hugging
• Sex
The Happy Chemicals Endorphin. - The pain
killer.
• Laughing out loud
• Volunteering and giving back
• Watching a good movie
• Exercising and being active
Theories of Physical Self
o Physiognomy. A discarded 19th century
pseudoscience, suggests that a person's
physical characteristics such as facial
features and expressions and body
structures could be related to a person's
character or personality.
o Body-type Theory. Proposed by William
Sheldon, believes that personality is
based on a person's body.
o Endomorph. Body type is soft and plump.
People with this body type are perceived
to be easy going and sociable.
o Mesomorph. Body type is characterized
by a strong muscular body. People with
this body type are perceived to be
energetic, adventurous, assertive, and
courageous.
o Ectomorph. Body type is tall and thin.
People with this body type tend to be
restrained, quiet, and artistic.
Sexual Aspect of the Self
Sex and Identity
- Understanding and experiencing the self
includes the discussion of biological
factors of sexual behaviour that includes
the reproductive system and the sex
characteristics that differ between man
and woman.
Sexual Self
Sex: Physical Aspect of Sexuality
Primary sex characteristics.
• Penis. Male sex organ
• Testes. The male sex glands
• Prostate gland. Gland that secretes most of
the fluid holding the male sex cells or sperm
Secondary sex characteristics.
• Enlarged larynx (Adam’s apple)
• Deepening voice
• Facial and chest hair
• Pubic hair
• Coarser skin texture
• Large increase in height
Primary sex characteristics.
• Vagina. The tube that leads from the outside
of a female’s body to the opening of the womb
• Uterus. The womb in which the baby grows
during pregnancy
• Ovaries. The female sexual glands
Secondary sex characteristics.
• Widening hips
• Breast development
• Pubic hair
• Fat deposits
• Further growth and development of
the uterus, vagina, and ovaries
*We all started as females.
Intersex. - Chromosomal or hormonal defects
can result in ambiguous organs — intersexed
individuals
Gender: Psychological Side of Sexuality
BY: JIOVANNI COLOMA
GOODLUCK SA GUYS!!
 - Whereas sex can be defined as the
physical characteristics of being male or
female, gender is defined as the
psychological aspects of being masculine
or feminine.
Gender Differences
Emotional Expression
• Males tend to talk with each other in a
“report” style
• Females tend to talk to each other in a “relate”
style
Cognitive Skills
• Male advantage in mathematical and spatial
skills
• Female superiority in verbal skills
Human Sexual Behaviour
- In 1957, gynecologist Dr. William Masters
and psychologist Dr. Virginia Johnson
began what would become a controversial
study of the human sexual response in
700 men and women volunteers.
 For men, the penile plethysmograph
measures changes in the circumference
of the penis by means of a strain gauge,
consisting of a very thin rubber tube
filled with mercury.
 For women vaginal plethysmograph,
shaped like a tampon, this apparatus can
be inserted into the vagina to measure
increases in blood flow.
*William Masters and Virginia Johnson found
that the biological responses of males and
females to sexual stimulation and responses are
quite similar.
They divide the sexual-response
cycle into four phases:
1. excitement or arousal
- can last anywhere from 1 minute to
several hours.
- In women, the clitoris swells, the lips of
the vagina open, and the inside of the
vagina moistens in preparation for
intercourse.
- In men, the penis becomes erect, the
testes pull up, and the skin of the
scrotum tightens. Nipples will harden and
become more erect in both sexes, but
especially in the female.
2. plateau
- the physical changes that began in the
first phase are continued.
- In women, the outer part of the vagina
swells with increased amounts of blood to
that area, while the clitoris retracts
under the clitoral hood but remains highly
sensitive. The outer lips of the vagina
become redder in color.
- In men, the penis becomes more erect
and may release a few drops of fluid. At
this point, it is unlikely that the male will
lose his erection. This phase may last only
a few seconds to several minutes.
3. orgasm
- involves a series of rhythmic muscular
contractions known as the orgasm
- In women, this involves the muscles of
the vaginal walls and can happen multiple
times, lasting slightly longer than the
orgasm experience of the male.
- In men, the orgasmic contractions of the
muscles in and around the penis trigger
the release of semen, the fluid that
contains the male sex cells, or sperm.
4. Resolution
BY: JIOVANNI COLOMA
GOODLUCK SA GUYS!!
 - the return of the body to its normal
state before arousal began.
- In women, the clitoris retracts, the color
of the vaginal lips returns to normal, and
the lips close once more.
- In men, the erection is lost, the testes
descend, and the scrotal sac thins again.
Sexual Disorders
- A sexual dysfunction is a problem with
sexual functioning, or with the actual
physical workings of the sex act.
Sexual Desire Disorders
 Sexual aversion disorder. - Fear and
disgust of sexual contact.
 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder. -
Ongoing, abnormally low desire for sexual
activity
Sexual Arousal Disorders
 Male erectile disorder. - A male
cannot maintain an erection long enough
to complete the sexual act.
Orgasmic Disorders
 Premature ejaculation. - Some men
experience orgasm shortly after
penetration, which can cause feelings of
sexual inadequacy because the partner
does not have time to achieve orgasm.
Pain Disorders
 Genito-pelvic pain disorder (vaginismus).
- Persistent contractions of the vaginal
muscles, causing sexual intercourse to be
painful or impossible.
Paraphilia
Paraphilia - is a disorder in which the person
either prefers, or must, achieve sexual arousal
and fulfillment through sexual behavior that is
unusual or not socially acceptable.
 Fetishistic Disorder. - A person is
sexually attracted to nonliving sexual
objects.
 Voyeuristic Disorder. - is the practice of
observing, to become aroused, an
unsuspecting individual undressing or
naked.
 Frotteuristic Disorder. - is sexual
excitement at rubbing one’s genitals
against, or touching, the body of a
nonconsenting person.
 Exhibitionistic Disorder. Achieving
sexual arousal and gratification by
exposing genitals to unsuspecting
strangers.
 Transvestic Disorder. Sexual arousal is
strongly associated with the act of (or
fantasies of) dressing in clothes of the
opposite sex or cross-dressing.
 Sexual Sadism Disorder. - person have
recurrent, intense sexually arousing
fantasies, urges, or behaviours that
involve inflicting psychological or physical
pain on another individual.
Sexual Masochism Disorder. - a person
experiences sexual stimulation and gratification
from the experience of pain and degradation in
relating to a lover.
Pedophilic Disorder. - Perhaps the most tragic
sexual deviance is sexual attraction to children
(or young adolescents generally aged 13 years or
younger), called paedophilia.
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS:
BY: JIOVANNI COLOMA
GOODLUCK SA GUYS!!
1. Which of the following is FALSE collect, and wear them. - fetishistic

concerning secondary sex disorder

characteristics? - They are directly 9. The part of the neuron that releases

concerned with reproduction chemicals that cross the junction

2. In which of the phases of sexual between one neuron and the next. –

response does the genital area undergo a dendrites

series of muscular contractions? – orgasm 10. The reward chemical. - dopamine

3. Which of the following is not a sexual

dysfunction stemming from an organic

physical disorder? - sexual aversion

disorder

4. A woman who experiences intense

contractions of the vaginal muscles,

making intercourse painful, is suffering

from __________. - vaginismus.

5. Vince lacks the ability to control

ejaculation. The majority of the time, he

ejaculates within seconds of penetration.

He suffers from - premature ejaculation

6. This type of neurotransmitters increases

the likelihood that the neuron will fire an

action potential. -  excitatory

7. Hella enjoys being slapped with leather

whips during foreplay. Without such

stimulation, she is unable to achieve

orgasm during sex. She suffers from -

sexual masochism disorder

8. Albert has a collection of women’s panties

that arouse him. He loves to look at,

BY: JIOVANNI COLOMA

GOODLUCK SA GUYS!!