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COMSATS UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

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Department of Electrical Engineering

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BET-7 (A)

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Microwave Engineering

Assignment # 04
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Submitted
By
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Submitted To
Sir Adnan Iftikhar
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Date :
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Assignment # 04

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1- Theory and Design of Ferromagnetic component, Klystron:

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Klystron is a vacuum tube that can be used as generator, amplifier or oscillator at microwave

frequencies. It is a linear device i.e. electrons flow in straight line. Klystron has following

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characteristics:

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1- High power.

2- High stability.

3- Large size.

4- High gain.
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 Design:
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Figure 1: Klystron structure

Flow of electrons in electron beam is controlled by first grid and it is responsible for focusing
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it as well. DC excites the electron beam to a high velocity before injecting it into the grid of

buncher cavity. Cavity’s grids enable electron to pass but encloses magnetic field within

cavity. Some electrons, which aren’t excited anymore, give energy to fields inside buncher

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cavity and accelerated electrons absorb energy. Electromagnet is used which keeps the path

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intact and prevents electrons from spreading out.

Design:

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Instead of using the usual method of bunching, a new method core oscillations (COM)

is used which proved to be effective. With the following design efficiency was recorded to be

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81% and gain was calculated to be 47 db. It is designed irrespective of selecting a bandwidth

and the length of the beam.

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 Type of klystron:

1- Two Cavity Klystron.

2- Reflex Klystron.
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3- Optical Klystron.

4- Floating drift tube Klystron.

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2- Design and Application of Vacuum tubes:

 Vacuum tubes:
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Vacuum tubes often called as electron tubes control the direction of electrons
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in vacuum. The concept and idea used by vacuum tubes is that when heated element in

vacuum emitted electrons and those electrons normally remain in vicinity of their source
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because of attraction. If second electrode is placed in such environment, having positive

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charges, then the negative charges or electrons form heated element will get attracted towards

electrode with positive charge. Current will flow in this direction (from heated element to
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electrode having positive charge). Sometimes, third electrode is also used to control flow of

electrons. This third electrode is mostly made up of gauze. Gauze allows electrons to pass

through it and by controlling potential on this third electrode, electrons flow can be

controlled.

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 Principle:

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Vacuum tubes mostly use thermionic emission principle. Thermionic emission

is based on heating. Heat is used to emit free electrons.

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 Parts:
Vacuum tube consists of:

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1- Cathode.

2- Anode.

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3- Grid.

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Cathode emits the free electrons upon heating. Anode collects those electrons. Grid or

electrode controls the flow of electrons from cathode towards anode. These electrons are
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source of electric current when they move from cathode to anode.

There are two ways of heating cathode.

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1- Direct Heating:
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In direct heating, cathode is heated directly. Upon heating, cathode emits

electrons. The heat required to emit electrons from cathode is comparatively less as compared
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to indirect heating.
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Figure 2: Directly heating cathode.

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2- Indirect Heating:

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In indirect heating, there is no electrical connection between cathode and

heater. Cathode is indirectly heated and the amount of heat required to heat cathode is more

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as compared to heat in direct heating.

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Figure 3: indirect heating cathode

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Vacuum tubes are generally classified into four types:

1- Vacuum diodes: The above discussion based on only two electrodes is also called
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vacuum diodes.

2- Vacuum triodes: This vacuum triode has third electrode which controls flow of
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electrons. This third electrode is called grid.

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3- Vacuum tetrodes: These tubes have fourth electrode called screen grid. This electrode
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has higher potential. But lower than anode.

4- Vacuum pentodes: These tubes have fifth electrode. This fifth electrode is called
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suppressor grid. It is held at lower potential to suppress secondary emissions.

 Applications of vacuum tube:

1- Television.

2- Radar.

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3- Amplifiers.

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3- Theory of Magnetron:

 Introduction of Magnetron:

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It is a vacuum tube that works as self-excited microwave oscillator. It is used

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to generate microwaves of high power. It is a crossed field device because both electric and

magnetic fields are present in it and are produced perpendicular to each other.

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 Construction:

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Figure 4: Structure of Magnetron

Magnetron is constructed from vacuum tube having cathode and anode. Permanent magnets
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and cathode are placed such that magnetic field of magnets and electric fields of cathode are

perpendicular to each other. Cathode is placed at the center of magnetron and there are

cylindrical cavities surrounding the cathode and they are connected to common cavity space.

The output of magnetron is taken from any cavity by coaxial cable or waveguide.
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 Working:

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Negative potential is applied across cathode by high power DC voltage.

Cathode starts emitting electrons. Path of electrons depend on strength and direction of

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magnetic and electric field. Electrons get attracted towards anode because of magnetic field

and hence, electrons start moving in circular motion. When electrons start to have circular

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motion, they pass through cavities and induce high frequency radio field and electrons start

accumulating into groups. This field goes to output via coaxial cable or waveguide or any

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other source depending upon application requirement. Current plays the role of inductor.

Charge plays the role of capacitor.

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Figure 5: current and charges

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 Applications:
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1- Radars.

2- Microwave Ovens.

3- Sulphur Lamps.