Pr

ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Repor
tOfOnl
ineAr
tGal
ler
y

1
 Pr
ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery
I
ntr
oduct
ionoft
hepr
ojef
ctonl
inear
tgal
ler
y

The"
Onl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery
"hasbeendev
elopedt
oov
err
idet
hepr
obl
emspr
evai
l
ingi
nthe

pr
act
ici
ngmanual
syst
em.
Thi
ssof
twar
eissuppor
tedt
oel
i
minat
eandi
nsomecases

r
educet
hehar
dshi
psf
acedbyt
hisexi
sti
ngsy
stem Mor
eov
ert
hissy
stem i
sdesi
gned

f
ort
hepar
ti
cul
arneedoft
hecompanyt
ocar
ryoutoper
ati
onsi
nasmoot
handef
fect
ive

manner
.

Theappl
i
cat
ioni
sreducedasmuchaspossi
blet
oav
oider
ror
swhi
l
eent
eri
ngt
hedat
a.

I
tal
sopr
ovi
deser
rormessagewhi
l
eent
eri
ngi
nval
i
ddat
aNof
ormal
knowl
edgei
s

neededf
ort
heusert
ouset
hissy
stem.Thusbyt
hisal
li
tpr
ovesi
tisuser
-f
ri
endl
y.

Onl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery
.asdescr
ibedabov
e,canl
eadt
oer
rorf
ree,
secur
e,r
eli
abl
eandf
ast

managementsy
stem I
tcanassi
stt
heusert
oconcent
rat
eont
hei
rot
heract
ivi
ti
esr
ather

t
oconcent
rat
eont
her
ecor
dkeepi
ngThusi
twi
l
lhel
por
gani
zat
ioni
nbet
terut
il
izat
ionof

r
esour
ces

Ev
eryor
gani
zat
ion,
whet
herbi
gorsmal
l
.haschal
l
engest
oov
ercomeandmanagi
ng

t
hei
nfor
mat
ionofOr
der
,Ar
tsCust
omerAr
tGal
l
ery
.St
ockEv
eryOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

hasdif
fer
entAr
tsneeds.t
her
efor
ewedesi
gnexcl
usi
veempl
oyeemanagement
syst
ems

t
hatar
eadapt
edt
oyourmanager
ial
requi
rement
sThi
sisdesi
gnedt
oassi
sti
nst
rat
egi
c

pl
anni
ng.andwi
l
lhel
pyouensur
ethaty
ouror
gani
zat
ioni
sequi
ppedwi
tht
her
ightl
evel

ofi
nfor
mat
ionanddet
ail
sfory
ourf
utur
egoal
s.Al
sof
ort
hosebusyexecut
ivewhoar
e

al
way
sont
hegooursy
stemscomewi
thr
emot
eaccessf
eat
ures,
whi
chwi
l
lal
l
owy
ou

t
omanagey
ourwor
kfor
ceany
timeatal
lti
mes.Thesesy
stemswi
l
lul
ti
mat
elyal
l
owy
ou

t
obet
termanager
esour
ces.

2
 Pr
ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Abst
ractoft
hePr
ojectOnl
ineAr
tGal
ler
y:

Thepur
poseofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
eryi
stoaut
omat
etheexi
sti
ngmanual
syst
em by

t
hehel
pofcomput
eri
zedequi
pment
sandf
ull
-f
ledgedcomput
ersof
twar
eful
fi
ll
i
ngt
hei
r

r
equi
rement
ssot
hatt
hei
rval
uabl
edat
a/i
nfor
mat
ioncanbest
oredf
oral
ongerper
iod

wi
theasyaccessi
ngandmani
pul
ati
onoft
hesame.Ther
equi
redsof
twar
eandhar
dwar
e

ar
eeasi
l
yav
ail
abl
eandeasyt
owor
kwi
th.

Onl
i
neAr
tGal
l
eryasdescr
ibedabov
ecanl
eadt
oer
rorf
reesecur
erel
i
abl
e

andf
astmanagementsy
stem.I
tcanassi
stt
heusert
oconcent
rat
eont
hei
rot
her

act
ivi
ti
esr
athert
oconcent
rat
eont
her
ecor
dkeepi
ngThusi
twi
l
lhel
por
gani
zat
ioni
n

bet
terut
il
izat
ionofr
esour
ces.Theor
gani
zat
ioncanmai
ntai
ncomput
eri
zedr
ecor
ds

wi
thoutr
edundantent
ri
es.Thatmeanst
hatoneneednotbedi
str
act
edbyi
nfor
mat
ion

t
hati
snotr
elev
antwhi
l
ebei
ngabl
etor
eacht
hei
nfor
mat
ion.

Theai
mist
oaut
omat
eit
sexi
sti
ngmanual
syst
em byt
hehel
pofcomput
eri
zed

equi
pment
sandf
ull
-f
ledgedcomput
ersof
twar
eful
fi
ll
i
ngt
hei
rrequi
rement
ssot
hatt
hei
r

v
aluabl
edat
a/i
nfor
mat
ioncanbest
oredf
oral
ongerper
iodwi
theasyaccessi
ngand

mani
pul
ati
onoft
hesameBasi
cal
l
ythepr
ojectdescr
ibeshowt
omanagef
orgood

per
for
manceandbet
terser
vicesf
ort
hecl
i
ent
s.

3
 Pr
ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Scopeoft
hepr
ojectOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Itmayhelpcol
l
ecti
ngper
fectmanagementi
ndetai
ls.I
nav er
yshor
tti
me,t
he
col
l
ect
ionwi
llbeobvi
ous,
simpl
eandsensibl
e.I
twil
lhel
paper sont
oknowthe

atBusi
nesspr
ocessaut
omat
ion,
i.
e.wehav
etr
iedt
ocomput
eri
zev
ari
ouspr
ocessesof
Onli
neArtGal
l
ery
.

 I
ncomput
ersyst
em t
heper
sonhastofi
l
lthev
ari
ousf
orms&numberofcopi
es
oft
hef
ormscanbeeasi
l
ygener
atedatati
me.

 I
ncomput ersyst
em, i
tisnotnecessar
ytocr
eat
ethemani
festbutwecandi
rect
ly
pr
inti
t,whichsavesourti
me.

Toassistthestaf
fincapturingtheef f
ortspentontheirr
espectiv
ewor ki
ngar eas.To
uti
l
izeresourcesi
nanef f
icientmannerbyi ncreasi
ngtheirproductiv
itythrough
automati
onmanagementofpassedy earperf
ectl
yandv ivi
dly
.Italsohelpsi ncurrental
l
worksrelat
ivetoOnli
neAr tGaller
y.Itwil
lbealsoreducedthecostofcol l
ectingthe
management&col lect
ionpr ocedurewillgoonsmoot hly
.

 Ourpr
ojectai
ms.

 Thesystem gener
atest
ypesofi
nfor
mat
iont
hatcanbeusedf
orv
ari
ous
pur
poses.

 I
tsat
isf
ytheuserr
equi
rement

 Beeasyt
ounder
standbyt
heuserandoper
ator

 Beeasyt
ooper
ateHav
eagooduseri
nter
face

 Beexpandabl
e

 Del
i
ver
edonschedul
ewi
thi
nthebudget
.

4
 Pr
ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Repor
tofOnl
ineAr
tGal
ler
y:

 I
tgener
atest
her
epor
tonAr
ts,
Order
,Ar
tGal
l
ery

 Pr
ovi
def
il
terr
epor
tsonOr
derUpdat
e,Cust
omer
,St
ock

 Youcaneasi
l
yexpor
tPDFf
ort
heAr
ts,
ArtGal
l
eryCust
omer

 Appl
i
cat
ional
sopr
ovi
desexcel
expor
tforOr
der
,Or
derUpdat
e,St
ock

 Youcanal
soexpor
tther
epor
tint
ocsvf
ormatf
orAr
ts,
Order
,St
ock

Modul
esofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery
:

 Ar
tsManagementModul
e:Usedf
ormanagi
ngt
heAr
tsdet
ail
s.

 St
ockModul
e:Usedf
ormanagi
ngt
hedet
ail
sofSt
ock

 Ar
tGal
l
eryModul
e:Usedf
ormanagi
ngt
hedet
ail
sofAr
tGal
l
ery

 OrderManagementModul
e:Usedf
ormanagi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ionanddet
ail
sof
t
heOr der
.

 Or
derUpdat
eModul
e:Usedf
ormanagi
ngt
heOr
derUpdat
edet
ail
s

 Cust
omerModul
e:Usedf
ormanagi
ngt
heCust
omeri
nfor
mat
ions

 Logi
nModul
e:Usedf
ormanagi
ngt
hel
ogi
ndet
ail
s

 User
sModul
e:Usedf
ormanagi
ngt
heuser
soft
hesy
stem

5
 Pr
ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

I
nputDat
aandVal
i
dat
ionofPr
ojectonOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery:

 Al
lthefi
eldssuchasAr
ts,
OrderUpdat
e,St
ockar
eval
i
dat
edanddoesnott
ake
i
nvali
dval
ues

 Eachf
ormf
orAr
ts,
Order
,Ar
tGal
l
erycannotacceptbl
ankv
aluef
iel
ds

 Av
oidi
nger
ror
sindat
a

 Cont
rol
l
ingamountofi
nput

 I
ntegr
ati
onofal
lthemodul
es/
for
msi
nthesy
stem.

 Pr
epar
ati
onoft
het
estcases

 Pr
epar
ati
onoft
hepossi
blet
estdat
awi
thal
lthev
ali
dat
ionchecks

 Act
ual
test
ingdonemanual
l
y

 Recor
dingofal
lther
epr
oduceder
ror
s

 Modi
fi
cat
ionsdonef
ort
heer
ror
sfounddur
ingt
est
ing.

 Prepar
edthetestr
esul
tscr
ipt
saft
err
ect
if
icat
ionoft
heer
ror
s
Functi
onal
it
yoftheent
ir
emodule/
for
ms

 Val
i
dat
ionsf
oruseri
nput
.

 Checki
ngoft
heCodi
ngst
andar
dst
obemai
ntai
neddur
ingcodi
ng.

 Test
ingt
hemodul
ewi
thal
lthepossi
blet
estdat
a.

 Test
ingoft
hef
unct
ional
i
tyi
nvol
vi
ngal
lty
peofcal
cul
ati
onset
c.

 Comment
ingst
andar
dint
hesour
cef
il
es.

Thesof
twar
equal
i
typl
anwewi
l
luset
hef
oll
owi
ngSQASt
rat
egy
:

 I
nthef i
rstst
ep,wewi l
lselectthetestfact
orsandrankthem.Theselect
edtest
f
actorssuchasr el
iabi
li
ty,
mai ntai
nabil
i
ty,por
tabi
li
tyoretc,
wil
lbeplacedint
he
matri
xaccordingtothei
rranks.

 Thesecondstepi
sfori
dent
if
y i
ngt
hephasesoft
hedev
elopmentpr
ocess.The
phaseshoul
dberecor
dedinthematr
ix.

 Thet
hir
dst
epi
sthati
dent
if
yingt
hebusi
nessr
isksoft
hesof
twar
edel
i
ver
abl
es.

6
 Pr
ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Ther
iskswi
l
lber
ankedi
ntot
hreer
ankssuchashi
gh,
medi
um andl
ow.

Feat
uresoft
hepr
ojectOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery
:

 Pr
oductandComponentbased

 Cr
eat
ing&Changi
ngI
ssuesatease

 Quer
yIssueLi
stt
oanydept
h

 Repor
ti
ng&Char
ti
ngi
nmor
ecompr
ehensi
veway

 UserAccount
stocont
rol
theaccessandmai
ntai
nsecur
it
y

 Si
mpl
eSt
atus&Resol
uti
ons

 Mul
ti
-l
evel
Pri
ori
ti
es&Sev
eri
ti
es.

 Tar
get
s&Mi
l
est
onesf
orgui
dingt
hepr
ogr
ammer
s

 At
tachment
s&Addi
ti
onal
Comment
sformor
einf
ormat
ion

 Robustdat
abaseback-
end

 Var
iousl
evel
ofr
epor
tsav
ail
abl
ewi
thal
otoff
il
tercr
it
eri
a'
s

 I
tcont
ainbet
terst
oragecapaci
ty.

 Accur
acyi
nwor
k.

 Easy&f
astr
etr
iev
alofi
nfor
mat
ion.

 Wel
ldesi
gnedr
epor
ts.

 Decr
easet
hel
oadoft
heper
soni
nvol
vei
nexi
sti
ngmanual
syst
em.

 Accessofanyi
nfor
mat
ioni
ndi
vi
dual
l
y.

 Wor
kbecomesv
eryspeedy
.

 Easyt
oupdat
einf
ormat
ion

7
 Pr
ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Sof
twar
eRequi
rementSpeci
fi
cat
ion:

TheSof t
wareRequi rementsSpecif
icati
onisproducedattheculminat
ionofthe
analysi
st ask.Thefunctionandper f
ormanceal l
ocatedt
osof t
wareaspartofsystem
engineeri
ngar erefi
nedbyest abli
shingacompl etei
nfor
mat i
ondescri
pti
on,adetail
ed
functi
onal andbehav i
oraldescri
pti
on,anindicat
ionofperfor
mancerequir
ement sand
designconst rai
nts,
appr opr
iateval
idati
oncri
teri
a,andotherdataper
ti
nentto
requir
ement s.

Thepr
oposedsy
stem hast
hef
oll
owi
ngr
equi
rement
s:

System needsst oreinf

ormationaboutnewent ryofArts.Syst
em needstohelp
theint
ernalstaf
ftokeepi nformati
onofOr derandf indthem asperv ari
ousqueri
es.
System needtomai ntainquanti
tyrecord.Syst em needtokeept herecordofOrder
Update.System needt oupdateanddel etether ecord.Syst
em al soneedsasearcharea.
I
talsoneedsasecur i
tysy st
em t
opr eventdat a.

8
 Pr
ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

I
dent
if
icat
ionofneed:

Theol dmanual sy st
em wassuf feringf rom aser i
esofdr awbacks.Sincewhol e
ofthesy stem wast obemai ntai
nedwi thhandst heprocessofkeeping,maint ai
ningand
ret
rievingt hei nformat i
onwasv erytediousandl engthy.Therecordswer enev erusedto
beinasy stemat icorder .thereusedt obel otsofdi f
fi
culti
esinassociati
ngany
parti
cul art r
ansact i
onwi thapar ti
cul arcontext .Ifanyinformati
onwast obef oundi t
wasr equi redt ogot hrought hedifferentregist ers,document stherewouldnev erexist
anythingl iker eportgener ation.Ther ewoul dal way sbeunnecessar yconsumpt i
onof
ti
mewhi l
eent eri
ngr ecor dsandr etrievi
ngr ecor ds.Onemor eproblem wasthati twas
verydifficulttof i
nder ror swhi l
eent eri
ngt her ecor ds.Oncether ecor
dswer eent eredit
wasv er ydi ff
iculttoupdat etheser ecords.

Thereasonbehi
nditisthatthereislotofinf
ormat i
ont obemai ntai
nedandhave
tobekeptinmi ndwhi
lerunningthebusi nessForthisreasonwehav eprovi
dedfeat
ures
Presentsyst
em ispar
ti
all
yaut omated( computeri
zed),actual
lyexisti
ngsystem i
squit
e
l
aboriousasonehastoent ersamei nformationatthreediff
erentplaces.

Fol
l
owi
ngpoi
ntsshoul
dbewel
lconsi
der
ed:

 Documentsandr epor
tsthatmustbepr ovidedbythenewsy stem:ther
ecanalso
befewreports,whi
chcanhel pmanagementi ndecisi
on-makingandcost
contr
oll
i
ng,butsincethesereport
sdonotgetr equir
edattent
ion,suchkindof
repor
tsandinformati
onwereal soident
if
iedandgivenrequir
edattenti
on.

 Det
ail
soft
hei
nfor
mat
ionneededf
oreachdocumentandr
epor
t.

 Ther
equi
redf
requencyanddi
str
ibut
ionf
oreachdocument
.

 Pr
obabl
esour
cesofi
nfor
mat
ionf
oreachdocumentandr
epor
t.

 Withtheimplementati
onofcomput er
izedsystem,t
hetaskofkeepingrecordsi
n
anorganizedmannerwi l
lbesolved.Thegr eat
estofal
listheret
ri
evalof
i
nformat i
on,whi
chwillbeattheclickoft hemouse.Sotheproposedsystem
hel
psi nsavi
ngthetimeindif
f er
entoper ati
onsandmakinginfor
mat i
onfloweasy
gi
vingv al
uabler
eport
s.

9
 Pr
ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Feasi
bil
it
ySt
udy
:

Af t
erdoi ngtheprojectOnlineArtGall
ery
, studyandanal yzi
ngallt
heexisti
ngor
requiredfunct i
onali
ti
esoft hesystem,thenextt aski st
odot hefeasi
bil
it
ystudyfort
he
project.All
pr oj
ectsaref easi
ble-givenunl
imi t
edr esourcesandinfi
nit
etime.Feasi
bil
i
ty
studyi ncl
udesconsi derati
onofallthepossibleway stoprovi
deasoluti
ontot hegi
ven
problem.Thepr oposedsol ut
ionshouldsati
sf yalltheuserrequir
ementsandshouldbe
fl
exibleenoughsot hatfuturechangescanbeeasi lydonebasedont hefuture
upcomi ngrequirements.

A.Economi
calFeasi
bil
it
y

Thisisaveryimpor
tantaspectt
obeconsideredwhiledevel
opi
ngapr
oject
.We
deci
dedthetechnol
ogybasedonmi ni
mum possiblecostfact
or.

 Allhar
dwar eandsof twar
ecosthastobebornebytheorganizationOv er
allwe
haveestimat edthatt
hebenefi
tstheor
gani
zati
onisgoingtor eceivefrom t
he
proposedsy stem wil
lsur
elyov
ercomethei
niti
alcost
sandt hel ateronrunning
costforsystem.

B.Techni
calFeasi
bil
it
y

Thisincludedt hestudyoffuncti
on,
perf
ormanceandconst raintsthatmay
affecttheabi l
itytoachieveanacceptabl
esystem.Forthisf
easibil
i
t yst
udy ,
we
studiedcompl etefunct
ionali
tyt
obepr ovi
dedinthesystem,asdescr i
bedint he
System Requi rementSpeci f
icat
ion(SRS)
,andcheckedifevery
thingwaspossi bl
e
usingdifferenttypeoff ront
endandbackendpl af
ormst.

C.Oper
ati
onalFeasi
bil
it
y

Nodoubtt heproposedsystem isfull

yGUIbasedthatisveryuserfri
endlyandall
i
nput st
obet akenallsel
f-
explanator
yev entoalayman.Besides,apropertr
aining
hasbeenconduct edtoletknowt heessenceofthesy st
em totheuserssot hatthey
feelcomfor
tablewithnewsy stem.Asf arourst
udyisconcernedtheclient
sar e
comf or
tabl
eandhappyast hesystem hascutdownt heirl
oadsanddoi ng.

10
 Pr
ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Sy
stem Desi
gnofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

I
nt hisphase,alogi
cal sy
stem i
sbuil
twhichfulfi
l
sthegivenr
equirements.Desi
gn
phaseofsof twaredevelopmentdeal
swi t
htransformingt
hecli
ents'
sr equi
rementsi
nto
alogicall
ywor ki
ngsystem.Normally
,designisperfor
med.i
nthefoll
owinginthe
fol
lowingtwost eps:

1.Pr
imar
yDesi
gnPhase:

I
nthisphase,thesyst
em i
sdesignedatblocklevel
.Theblocksarecreat
edont hebasi
s
ofanaly
sisdoneinthepr
oblem i
denti
fi
cationphase.Di
ffer
entblocksarecr
eatedfor
di
ffer
entfuncti
onsemphasisi
sputonmi nimizingt
heinformati
onf l
owbetweenblocks.
Thus,al
lacti
vi
tieswhi
chrequi
remoreinteract
ionarekeptinoneblock.

2.Secondar
yDesi
gnPhase:

I
nthesecondar
yphaset
hedet
ail
eddesi
gnofev
erybl
ocki
sper
for
med.

Thegener
alt
asksi
nvol
vedi
nthedesi
gnpr
ocessar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Desi
gnv
ari
ousbl
ocksf
orov
eral
lsy
stem pr
ocesses.

2.Desi
gnsmal
l
er,
compactandwor
kabl
emodul
esi
neachbl
ock.

3.Desi
gnv
ari
ousdat
abasest
ruct
ures

4.Speci
fydet
ail
sofpr
ogr
amst
oachi
evedesi
redf
unct
ional
i
ty

5. Desi
gnt
hef
orm ofi
nput
s,andout
put
soft
hesy
stem

6.Per
for
m document
ati
onoft
hedesi
gn

7.Sy
stem r
evi
ews.

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ojectRepor
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neAr
tGal
l
ery

UserI
nter
faceDesi
gn:

UserI
nterf
aceDesigni sconcernedwit
ht hedial
oguebetweenauserandthecomputer.
Iti
sconcernedwitheveryt
hingfrom st
arti
ngthesystem orl
oggi
ngint
ot hesy
stem to
theevent
uall
ypresentati
onofdesiredinputsandoutput
s.Theover
allf
lowofscreens
andmessagesiscalledadi al
ogue.

Thef
oll
owi
ngst
epsar
evar
iousqui
del
inesf
orUserI
nter
faceDesi
gn:

1.Thesy
stem usershoul
dal
way
sbeawar
eofwhatt
odonext
.

2.Thescr
eenshoul
dbeformatt
edsot
hatvari
oustypesofinf
ormat
ion,
inst
ruct
ionsand
messagesal
waysappeari
nthesamegener
aldispl
ayarea.

3.Message,i
nst
ruct
ionsori
nfor
mat
ionshoul
dbedi
spl
ayedl
ongenought
oal
l
owt
he
syst
em usert
oreadthem.

4.Usedi
spl
ayat
tri
but
esspar
ingl
y.

5.Def
aul
tval
uesf
orf
iel
dsandanswer
stobeent
eredbyt
heusershoul
dbespeci
fi
ed.

6.Ausershoul
dnotbeal
l
owedt
opr
oceedwi
thoutcor
rect
inganer
ror
.

7.Thesy
stem usershoul
dnev
ergetanoper
ati
ngsy
stem messageorf
atal
err
or.

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ojectRepor
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neAr
tGal
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ery

Pr
eli
minar
yPr
oductDescr
ipt
ion:

Thef ir
stst
epi nthesy st
em dev elopmentlif
ecy cleisthepreli
minar yi
nv est
igation
todeterminethefeasibi
lit
yoft hesystem.Thepur poseofthepr eli
minaryinvesti
gat i
on
i
st oevaluatepr
ojectrequests.Itisnotadesi gnstudynordoesi ti
ncludethecol lecti
on
ofdetail
stodescribethebusi nesssy stem i
nallrespect.Rather
, i
tisthecollecti
ngof
i
nformationthathelpscommi tt
eemember stoev aluatethemer i
tsoft heproject
requestandmakeani nformedj udgmentaboutt hef easibi
l
ityofthepr oposedpr oject.

Anal
ystsworki
ngont
hepr
eli
minar
yinv
est
igat
ionshoul
daccompl
isht
hef
oll
owi
ng
obj
ecti
ves:

 Cl
ari
fyandunder
standt
hepr
ojectr
equest

 Det
ermi
net
hesi
zeoft
hepr
oject

 Assesscost
sandbenef
it
sofal
ter
nat
iveappr
oaches.

 Det
ermi
net
het
echni
cal
andoper
ati
onal
feasi
bil
i
tyofal
ter
nat
iveappr
oaches.

 Reportthefi
ndi
ngstomanagement
,wit
hrecommendat
ionsout
li
ningt
he
acceptanceorr
eject
ionoft
hepr
oposal
.

Benef
itt
oOr
gani
zat
ion

Theorgani
zati
onwi l
lobvi
ouslybeabl
etogainbenefi
tssuchassav
ingsin
oper
ati
ngcost,reduct
ioni
npaper wor
k,bet
terut
il
izat
ionofhumanresour
cesand
morepresent
ableimageincreasi
nggoodwil
l.

TheI
nit
ialCost

Theinit
ialcostofset
ti
ngupthesystem wi
l
lincl
udethecostofhar
dwar
esoft
ware(OS,
add-onsof t
ware,
uti
li
ti
es)&l
abour(set
up&mai nt
enance)
.Thesamehastobearbythe
organi
zation

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ojectRepor
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i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Runni
ngCost:

Besi
des,theinit
ialcostthelongt er
m costwil
lincl
udether
unningcostfort
he
syst
em i ncl
udi
ngt heAMC,st ati
onar
ycharges,costforhumanresour
ces,costfor
update/r
enewalofvariousrel
atedsoft
ware.

Needf
orTr
aini
ng

Theuser
salongwit
htheadminist
rat
orneedtobetr
ainedatt
hetimeofimpl
ementat
ion
oft
hesystem f
orsmoot
hrunningofthesyst
em.Thecli
entwi
llpr
ovi
dethetr
aini
ngsi
te.

Wet al
kedtothemanagementpeopl ewhower emanagi ngathef inancialissuesoft he
center
,thestaffwhower ekeepingtherecor
dsi nlotsofr egistersandt her epor
ting
managerregardi
ngtheirexist
ingsyst
em,thei
rrequi
rement sandt heirexpect ati
onsfrom
thenewproposedsy st
em.Then, wedidthesystem studyoftheent i
resy st
em basedon
thei
rrequi
rementsandt headdit
ional
feat
urestheywant edtoincorpor at
ei nthissyst
em.

Reli
abl
e,accurat
eandsecuredat
awasal
soconsi
deredtobeacompl extaskwi
thout
thi
sproposedsy st
em.Becauset
her
ewasnosuchrecor
dforkeepingtr
ackofallthe
acti
vi
ti
es,whichwasdonebytheOnl
i
neAr
tGal
l
eryonthedai
lybasi
s.

The new sy stem proposed and t

hen developed byme wi l
lease the taskoft
he
organizat
ioninconsider
ati
on.Itwil
lbehelpf
ulingenerat
ingtherequi
redreport
sbyt
he
st
af f
,whichwillhel
pthem totrackt
hei
rprogressandservi
ces.

Thus,
itwil
leasethetaskofManagementtoagreatext
entasal
lthemaj
oract
ivi
ti
est
o
beperf
ormed,arecomputer
izedt
hrought
hissy
stem.

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ojectRepor
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tGal
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ery

Pr
ojectCat
egor
y

Rel
ationalDatabaseManagementSyst
em (
RDBMS):Thi sisanRDBMSbasedproject
which is cur
rentl
yusi
ng MySQL forallt
he t
ransact
ion st
atement
s.MYSQL i
s an
opensourceRDBMSSy st
em.

Br
iefI
ntr
oduct
ionaboutRDBSM:

Ar elati
onaldat
abase managementsystem (RDBMS)i s a database management
syst
em ( DBMS)t
hatisbasedonther
elat
ionalmodelasi
nventedbyE.F.Codd, ofI
BM's
SanJoseResearchLaborator
y.Manypopulardat
abasescurr
entlyinusearebasedon
therelat
ional
dat
abasemodel.

RDBMSShav ebecomeapr edomi nantchoi cefort hestorageofi nformat ioni nnew

databases used f orf i
nanci alr ecords,manuf act
uri
ng and l ogisti
cali nf ormation,
personneldata,andmuchmor esincet he1980s.Rel at
ionaldat abaseshav eoften
repl
acedlegacyhi er
archicaldat abasesandnet wor kdatabasesbecauset heyar eeasi er
tounderstandanduse.Howev er,rel
ationaldatabaseshav ebeenchal lengedbyobj ect
databases,which wer ei ntroduced in an at temptt o address the obj ect-rel
ati
onal
i
mpedancemi smat chinr elationaldat abase,andXMLdat abases.Dat aTabl esMet a
Memor yRowModelCol umnI ndexSOLSt atement sI
nstancePr ocessesPr ocessCheck
ModelWr i
terDatabaseSer verDi skDat aLogsCont rolDatabaseTabl esFi lesSt orage
Model RowsCol umns.

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ojectRepor
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tGal
l
ery

I
mpl
ement
ati
onMet
hodol
ogy
:

ModelViewCont
roll
erorMVCasi tispopular
lycal
l
ed,isasof
twar
edesi
gnpat
ter
nfor
devel
opi
ng web appl
icat
ions.A ModelView Control
l
erpatt
erni
smadeup oft he
fol
l
owingthr
eepart
s:

 Model
-Thel
owestl
evel
oft
hepat
ter
nwhi
chi
sresponsi
blef
ormai
ntai
ningdat
a.

 Vi
ew-Thi
sisr
esponsi
blef
ordi
spl
ayi
ngal
lorapor
ti
onoft
hedat
atot
heuser
.

 Cont r
oll
er-Soft
war eCodet hatcont r
olst
hei nt
eracti
onsbet weentheModeland
View.MVCi spopularasi ti
solatestheappli
cati
onl ogicfrom t
heuserinter
face
l
ay erand suppor t
ssepar ati
on ofconcer ns.Her et heControl
lerrecei
vesall
requestsfortheapplicati
onandt henworkswiththeModelt oprepar
eanydat a
neededbyt heVi ew.TheVi ewt henusest hedatapr eparedbytheCont r
oll
erto
generateaf i
nalpresentableresponse.TheMVCabst ract
ioncanbegr aphi
call
y
represent
edasf oll
ows.

MVC(
ModelVi
ewCont
rol
lerFl
ow)Di
agr
am

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ojectRepor
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tGal
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ery

Pr
ojectPl
anni
ng:

Sof
twar
epr
ojectpl
ancanbev
iewedast
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1)Withi
ntheorgani
zati
on:Howtheproj
ecti
st obeimpl
ement
ed?Whatar
evar
ious
const
rai
nts(
time,cost
,st
aff
)?Whatismarketst
rat
egy?

2)Wit
hrespecttothecustomer
:Weeklyorti
mel
ymeet i
ngswit
hthecust
omerwi th
pr
esentat
iononstatusrepor
ts.Cust
omersfeedbackisal
sotakenandf ur
ther
modif
icat
ionanddev el
opmentsaredone.Pr
ojectmil
est
onesanddeliv
erables
ar
ealsopresent
edtothecust
omer.

Forasuccessf
ulsof
twar
epr
oject
,thef
oll
owi
ngst
epscanbef
oll
owed:

 Sel
ectapr
oject

oI
dent
if
yingpr
oject
'sai
msandobj
ect
ives

oUnder
standi
ngrequi
rement
sandspeci
fi
cat
ionMet
hodsofanal
ysi
s,desi
gn
andi
mplementat
ion

oTest
ingt
echni
ques

oDocument
ati
on

 Pr
ojectmi
l
est
onesanddel
i
ver
abl
es

 Budgetal
l
ocat
ion

oExceedi
ngl
i
mit
swi
thi
ncont
rol
Proj
ectEst
imat
esCost

oTi
meSi
zeofcode

ki
a

17
 Pr
ojectRepor
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neAr
tGal
l
ery

o Dur
ati
on

 Resour
ceAl
l
ocat
ion

o Har
dwar
eoSof
twar
e

o Pr
evi
ousr
elev
antpr
ojecti
nfor
mat
ion

o Di
git
alLi
brar

 Ri
skManagement

o Ri
skav
oidance

o Ri
skdet
ect
ion

18
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ojectRepor
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i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

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 Pr
ojectRepor
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tGal
l
ery

Costest
imat
ionoft
hepr
oject
:
Soft
warecostcompri
sesasmal lpercentageofoveral
lcomputer
-basedsystem cost
.
Thereareanumberoffact
ors,whichareconsidered,t
hatcanaff
ecttheult
imatecostof
thesoft
waresuchashuman, t
echnical,
Har dwar
eandSof t
wareavail
abil
i
tyetc.

Themainpointt
hatwasconsider
edduri
ngthecostest
imat
ionofpr oj
ectwasit
s
si
zing.I
nspit
eofcompletesoft
waresizi
ng,
funct
ionpoi
ntandapproximateli
nesof
codewerealsousedto"si
ze"eachel
ementoftheSoft
wareandtheircost
ing.

Thecostestimati
ondonebymef orProj
ectal
sodependuponthebasel
inemetr
ics
col
lect
edf
rom pastproject
sandthesewer eusedi
nconjunct
ionwi
thesti
mation
var
iabl
est
odev elopcostandef
fortproj
ecti
ons.

Wehav
ebasi
cal
l
yest
imat
edt
hispr
ojectmai
nlyont
wobases–

1)Eff
ortEsti
mation-Thisrefer
stothetot
alman-hour
srequi
redf
orthedev
elopmentof
thepr
oject
.Itev
enincludesthetimerequi
redf
ordoingdocument
ati
onandusermanual
.

2)HardwareRequi
redEsti
mati
on-Thisincl
udest
hecostoft
hePCsandt
hehar
dwar
e
costr
equir
edfordevel
opmentoft
hisproj
ect.

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ojectRepor
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tGal
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ery

Pr
ojectPr
ofi
le

Ther ehasbeencont inuousef for ttodev elopt ools,whi chcaneaset hepr ocess
ofsof twar edev el
opment .But ,withtheev olvi
ngt rendofdi fferentpr ogr ammi ng
paradi gmst oday'
ssof twaredev elopersar er eal l
ychal lengedt odeal witht hechangi ng
technol ogy .Amongot herissues, softwar er e-engi neeringisbei ngregar dedasan
i
mpor tantpr ocessi nthesof twar edevel opmenti ndust ry
.Oneoft hemaj ortasksher eis
tounder standsof twaresy stemst hatareal readydev elopedandt ot ransf ormt hem toa
diff
erentsof twareenv i
ronment .Gener ally,thisr equiresal otofmanual effortingoi ng
throughapr ogram thatmi ghthav ebeendev elopedbyanot herpr ogr ammer .Thi s
projectmakesanov elattemptt oaddresst hei ssuedofpr ogram anal ysisand
gener ationofdi agrams, whichcandepi ctt hest ructureofapr ogram i nabet terway .
Today , UMLi sbeingconsi deredasani ndust rial standardf orsof twareengi neer i
ng
designpr ocess.Itessent i
alpr ovidessev eraldi agrammi ngt oolsthatcanexpr ess
diff
erentaspect s/char acter
isticsofpr ogr am suchas

Usecases:El
ici
trequi
rementf
rom user
sinmeani
ngfulchunks.Const
ruct
ionplanni
ng
i
sbuil
tarounddeli
veri
ngsomeusecasesneachinter
acti
onbasisforsyst
em testi
ng.

Classdi
agrams:showsstati
cstr
uctur
eofconcepts,
typesandclass.Conceptshow
userst
hinkabouttheworl
d;t
ypeshowsint
erf
acesofsof t
warecomponent s;cl
asses
showsimplementati
onofsoft
warecomponents.

I
nter
act
iondi
agr
ams:showshowsev
eral
obj
ect
scol
l
abor
atei
nsi
ngl
eusecase.

Packagedi
agr
am:showgr
oupofcl
assesanddependenci
esamongt
hem.

St
atedi
agr
am:showhowsi
ngl
eobj
ectbehav
esacr
ossmanyusecases.

Act
ivi
tydiagram:showsbehavi
orwi
thcont
rol
str
uct
ure.Canshowmanyobject
sover
manyuses, manyobjecti
nsi
ngl
eusecase,
orimpl
ementati
onsmet
hodsencourage
par
all
elbehavior
,et
c.

21
 Pr
ojectRepor
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i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Theend-pr
oductofthisprojecti
sacompr ehensi
vetoolthatcanparseanyvb.
net
progr
am andextr
actmostoft heobjectori
entedfeat
uresinherenti
ntheprogr
am such
aspolymorphi
sm,inheri
tance,encapsulat
ionandabstracti
on.

Whati
sUML

UMLst andsf orUnif

iedModelingLanguageisthesuccessort ot
hewav eof
ObjectOrientedAnal ysi
sandDesi gn(OOA&D)met hodst hatappear
edinthel
ate80's.It
mostdi r
ectlyunifi
est hemet hodsofBooch, Rumbaugh( OMT)andJacobson.TheUML
i
scal l
edamodel inglanguage, notamethod.Mostmet hodsconsistatl
easti
nprinci
ple,
ofbothamodel inglanguageandapr ocess.TheModelinglanguageist
hatnotat
ionthat
methodsusedt oexpr essdesign.

Not
ati
onsandmet
a-model
s:

Thenotat
ionist
hegr aphi
calstuff;i
tisthesy
ntaxofthemodel
ingl
anguage.For
i
nstance,cl
assdi
agram notati
ondefineshowi temsareconcept
ssuchascl
ass,
associ
ati
on,andmulti
pli
cit
yisrepresented.Theseare:

ClassDi agram:Thecl assdiagram techniquehasbecomet rulycentralwit

hinobj ect
-
orientedmet hods.Virt
uall
yeverymet hodhasi ncludedsomev ari
ationont histechnique.
Classdi agr
am isalsosubjecttot hegreatestrangeofmodel i
ngconcept .Althoughthe
basicelement sareneededbyev eryone,advancedconceptsareusedl essof ten.Aclass
diagram describesthetypesofobj ectsinthesy st
em andthev ar
iouskindsofst atic
relati
onshipthatexistamongt hem.Ther earet woprinci
palki
ndsofst ati
cr elat
ionship:

 Associ
ati
on

 Subt
ype

Classdiagr
am al
soshow t
heat
tri
but
esandoper
ati
onsofacl
assandt
heconst
rai
nts
thatapplyt
othewayobj
ect
sar
econnect
ed.

22
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ojectRepor
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tGal
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ery

Associati
on:Associationrepresentbetweeni nst
ancesofclass.From theconceptual
perspecti
ve,associ
ation represents conceptualrelati
ons bet
ween cl asses.Each
associati
onhastwor oles.Eachr ol
eisadi recti
onont heassoci
ati
on.Ar ol
ealsohas
multipl
ici
ty,whi
chisai ndi
cationofhow manyobj ectmaypar ti
cipat
ei nt hegi
ven
rel
ati
onship.

General
izati
on:Atypi
calexampl
eofgenerali
zati
onevol
vest
heper sonalandcor
por
ate
customerofabusi
ness.Theyhavedif
fer
encesbutalsomanysi
milarity
.Thesimi
l
ari
ti
es
canbepl acedingener
ali
zati
onwithpersonalcust
omerandcorpor atecust
omersub
type.

Aggregat
ion:aggregationi
sthepartofrel
ati
onshi
p.Itisli
kesayingacarhasengi
ne
andwheelsasitsparts.Thi
ssoundsgood,butdi
ffi
cul
tthingisconsi
der
ing,
whati
sthe
di
ff
erenceisaggregat
ionandassoci
ati
on.

Int
eract
ion: i
nter
act
iondi
agr
amsar
emodel
sthatdescr
ibeshow gr
oupsofobj
ect
s
col
labor
ationi
nsomebehavi
or.

Typi
cal
ly,aninteract
iondi
agram capt
urest
hebehav
iorasingleusecases.The
diagr
am showsanumberofexampl eobjectsand t
hemessagest hatar
epassed
betweentheseobjectsinusecases.Thesear efol
lowi
ngapproacheswi t
hsi
mpleuse
casethatexhi
bit
st hefoll
owingbehav
ior.

Object
scansendamessagetoanot her
.Eachmessagei
scheckswi
thgi
ven
st
ocki
tem.Therear
etwodi
agr
ams:SequenceandColl
abor
ati
ondi
agr
am.

PackageDiagram: Oneoftheoldestquesti
onsi
nsoftwaremet
hodsis:how doyou
breakdownal argesy
stem i
ntosmallersyst
ems?Itbecomesdi
ff
icul
ttounderst
and
andthechangeswemaket ot
hem.

St
ruct
uredmet hodsusedf uncti
onaldecompositi
oni nwhi chtheov erallsystem
wasmappedasaf uncti
onbrokendowni ntosubfuncti
on,whi chisfurtherbrokendown
i
ntosubf uncti
onandsof orth.Thesepar at
ionofpr ocessdat ai sgone,f unctional
decomposi t
ionisgone,buttheol dquesti
onisst i
llr
emains.Onei deai stogr oupt he
cl
assest ogetheri
ntohigher
-l
ev elunit.Thi
sidea,appl
iedv eryloosely
,appear sinmany
object.I
nUML,t hi
sgr oupi
ngmechani sm i
spackage.Thet erm packagedi agram fora
di
agr am t
hatshowspackagesofcl assesandthedependenci esamongt hem.

A dependencyexi
stsbetweent
woel ement sifchangestothedefini
ti
onofone
el
ementmaycauset oother
.Withcl
asses,dependenci
esexistf
orvar
iousreasons:one

23
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tGal
l
ery

cl
asssendsamessaget oanot her;oneclasshasanot heraspar
tofit
sdata;onecl
ass
mentionsanot
herasapar ametert oanoper at
ion.Adependencybet
weentwopackages
exi
sts;andanydependenciesexistbetweenanyt woclassesint
hepackage.

Statediagram:St atedi
agr am ar
eaf amil
i
art echniquet odescribethebehav i
orofa
system.Theydescr i
beallthepossiblestat
esapar ti
cularobjectcangeti nt
oandhow
theobjectsst at
echangesasar esultofeventst hatr eachtheobj ect
s.Inmost00
techni
que, st
atediagramsar edrawnf orasi
ngleclasst oshowt helif
etimebehaviorofa
singe object
.Ther e are manyf orm ofst ate diagram,each wi t
h sli
ghtl
ydi f
ferent
semant i
cs.Themostpopul aroneusedi nO0t echniquei sbasedonDav i
dHar el
'
sst ate
chart.

PERTCHART(
Progr
am Ev
aluat
ionRev
iewTechni
que):

PERTchar ti
sor gani
zedf orev
ents,acti
vi
ti
esortasks.Itisaschedul i
ngdevicethat
showsgr aphicall
ytheorderofthetaskstobeperformed.Itenabl
esthecalcul
ati
onof
thecrit
icalpath.Theti
meandcostassoci atedal
ongapat hiscalcul
atedandthepat h
requi
rest hegreat
estamountofelapsedti
mei ncr
it
icalpat
h.

PERTChar
trepr
esent
ati
on

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ojectRepor
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tGal
l
ery

GANTTCHART
Iti
salsoknownasBarchar ti
susedexcl usivel
yf orscheduling
purpose.Itisaprojectcontrolli
ngtechnique.Itisusedf or
scheduling.Budgeti
ngandr esourci
ngpl anni
ng.AGant tisabar
chartwitheachbarr epresentingacti
v i
ty.Thebar saredr awn
againstat i
mel i
ne.Thel engthoftimepl annedf ortheact i
vi
ty.The
Ganttchar ti
nthefigureshowst heGraypar t
si sslackti
met hati
s
thelatestbywhichat askhasbeenf ini
shed.

GANTTCHART REPRESENTATI
ON

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ery

CaseModeloft heProject:Theusecasemodel f
oranysy stem consist
sof"usecases".
Usecasesr epr
esentdi f
ferentway si
nwhi chthesystem canbeusedbyt heuser.A
si
mpl ewaytofindalltheusecaseofasy stem i
stoaskt hequestions"Whattheuser
can do using the system? "The use cases parti
tion the system behav i
orinto
tr
ansacti
onssucht hateacht ransact
ionperf
ormssomeusef ulactionf r
om theusers'
pointofv
iew.

Thepur poseoft heusecaset odef i

neapi eceofcoher entbehavior
withoutr
evel
ingt heinternalst
ructureofthesystem.Anusecaset ypicall
yrepr
esentsa
sequenceofi nt
eracti
onbet weent heuserandt hesystem.Theseinteracti
onsconsists
ofonemai nli
nesequencei srepresentthenor
mali nt
eract
ionbetweent heuserandt he
system.Theusecasemodeli sani mport
antanalysi
sanddesi gnar ti
fact(t
ask).
Use
casescanber epresentedbydr awingausecasedi agram andwriti
nganaccompany
textel
aborat
ingthedr awing.

I
nt heusecasedi agram eachusecasei srepresentedbyanel l
i
psewi tht he
nameofusecasewr it
teni nsidetheel l
i
pse.Al ltheel
li
psesoft hesystem areenclosed
withi nar ectanglewhichr epresentsthesy st
em boundar y.Thenameoft hesy stem
beingmodul eappear si nsidet her ectangle.Thedi f
ferentusersoft hesy stem ar e
represent edbyusi ngstickper sonicon.Thest i
ckpersoni conisnormall
yrefer
redt oas
anAct or.Thel ineconnect i
ngt heactorandt heusecasesi scall
edthecommuni cation
rel
ationshi p.Whenast i
ckper soniconr epresentsanexternalsyst
em iti
sannot atedby
thest ereot ype<<ext
ernal system>>

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Dat
afl
owDi
agr
am:

Datafl
owdiagram i
st hestart
ingpointoft
hedesi gnphasethatf
uncti
onall
y
decomposest herequi
rementsspeci fi
cati
on.A DFD consistsofaser iesofbubbles
j
oinedbyl i
nes.Thebubblesrepresentdatat r
ansfor
mationandt heli
nesrepr
esentdata
fl
ows int he system.A DFD descr ibes whatdat aflow ratherthan how t
heyar e
processed,soitdoesnothardware,softwareanddatastruct
ure.

A(DFD)dat a-
flowdiagr
am isagr aphicalr
epresentati
onofthe" f
low"ofdata
throughani nformationsy st
em.DFDScanal sobeusedf orthev i
suali
zati
onofdat a
processing(structur
eddesi gn)
.Adataf l
ow di agram (
DFD)i sasignifi
cantmodeling
techniqueforanalyzi
ngandconst r
uct
inginformat i
onprocesses.DFDl i
teral
lymeansan
i
llustr
ationthatexplainst hecour
seormov ementofi nformationinapr ocess.DFD
i
llustr
atesthisflowofinformati
oninaprocessbasedont hei nputsandoutputs.ADFD
canber eferr
edt oasaPr ocessModel
.

Thedat
afl
owdi
agr
am i
sagr
aphi
cal
descr
ipt
ionofasy
stem'
sdat
aandhowt
o

Pr
ocesst
ransf
ormt
hedat
aisknownasDat
aFl
owDi
agr
am (
DFD)
.

Unli
ke det ai
lsfl
ow chart
,DFDS don'tsuppl
ydetaildescri
pti
ons ofmodul es that
graphical
lydescr
ibeasystem'sdataandhow t
hedatainter
actwit
ht hesyst
em.Dat a
fl
ow di agr
am numberofsy mbolsand t
hefoll
owing sy
mbolsar eofbyDeMar co.
processDat ast
oreSour
ce/si
nkDataFlowDeMarco&YourdonGane&Sar sonsy mbols.

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tGal
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ery

Ther
ear
esev
enr
ulesf
orconst
ructadat
afl
owdi
agr
am :

i
)Ar
rowsshoul
dnotcr
osseachot
her
.

i
i
)Squar
es,
cir
clesandf
il
esmustwear
snames.

i
i
i)Decomposeddat
afl
owsmustbebal
anced.

i
v)Not
wodat
afl
ows,
squar
esorci
rcl
escanbet
hesamenames.

v
)Drawalldat
afl
owsaroundt
heoutsi
deofthediagram.
v
i)Choosemeani
ngf
ulnamesfordat
aflows,
processes&dat
ast
ores.

vii
)Cont
rolinf
ormat
ionsuchasrecor
duni
ts,
passwor
dandv
ali
dat
ionr
equi
rement
sar
e
notpeni
tenttoadat
af l
owdiagr
am.

Addi
ti
onal
l
y,aDFDcanbeut
il
izedt
ovi
sual
i
zedat
apr
ocessi
ngorast
ruct
ureddesi
gn.

Thi
sbasicDFDcanbet hendisi
ntegr
atedtoal
owerlev
eldi
agram demonst
rat
ing
smal
lerst
epsexhi
bit
ingdetai
l
soft hesyst
em t
hati
sbeingmodeled.

OnaDFD, dataitemsf l
owf rom anexternaldatasour ceoraninternaldatastor
et oan
i
nternaldatast oreoranext ernaldatasi
nk, vi
aaninternalprocess.Itiscommon
practi
cetodr awacont ext
-l
ev eldatafl
owdi agram f
ir
st ,whi
chshowst heint
eraction
betweent hesy stem andexternalagents,whichactasdat asour cesanddat asinks.On
thecontextdiagram ( al
soknownast heLev elODFD') ,t
hesy st
em' sint
eract
ionswi t
hthe
outsi
dewor l
dar emodel edpur el
yintermsofdat afl
owsacr osst hesy st
em boundar y.
Thecont extdiagram showst heent i
resystem asasi nglepr
ocess, andgivesnocl ues
astoitsinternalorganizat
ion.

Thiscontext-
lev
el DFDi snext" exploded",t
oproduceaLev el1DFDt hatshowssomeof
thedetail
ofthesy stem bei ngmodel ed.TheLevel1DFDshowshowt hesy stem i
s
divi
dedintosub-systems( processes),eachofwhichdealswithoneormor eofthedata
fl
owst oorfrom anext ernal agent,andwhichtogetherprovi
dealofthef uncti
onal
ityof
thesystem asawhol e.Thel evel1DFDi sfurt
herspreadandspliti
ntomor edescr
ipti
ve
anddetail
eddescr ipt
ionaboutt heprojectasl
evel2DFD.Thel evel2DFDcanbea
numberofdat aflowswhi chwi l
l f
inal
lyshowtheent i
redescri
pti
onoft hesoftware
proj
ect.

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tGal
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ery

AboutERDi
agr
am:

Ent
it
yRel
ati
onshi
pDi
agr
am

E-RModel i
sapopul arhighlev
elconceptualdatamodel
.Thi
smodel andi
ts
var
iat
ionsar
efrequentl
yusedf ortheconceptualdesi
gnofdat
abaseappli
cat
ionand
manydatabasedesigntoolsemployitsconcept.

Adatabasethatconfi
rmstoanE-Rdiagr
am canberepresent
edbyacoll
ect
onoft
abl
es
i
ntherel
ati
onalsystem.ThemappingofE-Rdi
agram t
ot heent
it
iesar
e:

 At
tri
but
es

 Rel
ati
ons

o Many
-to-
many

o Many
-to-
one

o One-
to-
many

o One-
to-
one

 Weakent
it
ies

 Sub-
typeandsuper
-t
ype

Theent
it
iesandt
hei
rrel
ati
onshopsbet
weent
hem ar
eshownusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ng
conv
enti
ons.

 Anent
it
yisshowni
nrect
angl
e.

 Adi
amondr
epr
esentt
her
elat
ionshi
pamongnumberofent
it
ies.

 Theattr
ibutesshownasov
alsar
econnect
edt
otheent
it
iesor
rel
ati
onshipbyli
nes.

 Di
amondov
alandr
elat
ionshi
psar
elabel
ed.

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tGal
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ery

 Modelisanabstr
act
ionprocessthathi
dessuperdet
ail
swhi
l
e
hi
ghl
ighti
ngdetai
lsr
elat
iontoappli
cati
onatend.

 Adatamodelisamechani
sm t
hatpr
ovi
dest
hisabst
ract
ionf
or
dat
abaseappl
i
cati
on.

 Datamodeli
ngi
susedforr
epresent
ingent
it
iesandt
hei
r
rel
ati
onshi
pint
hedat
abase.

 Ent
it
iesar
ethebasi
cunit
susedinmodeli
ngdatabaseent
it
iescan
hav
econcret
eexist
enceorconst
it
utei
deasorconcept
s.

 Enti
tytypeorenti
tysetisagr
oupofsi
mil
arobj
ect
sconcer
ntoan
or
ganizati
onforwhichitmai
ntai
ndat
a,

 Pr
oper
ti
esar
echar
act
eri
sti
csofanent
it
yal
socal
l
edasat
tri
but
es.

 Akeyisasingl
eattr
ibuteorcombinat
ionof2ormoreatt
ri
but
esof
anent
it
ysetisusedtoident
ifyoneormoreinst
ancesoft
heset
.

 I
nrelat
ionalmodel wer
epresentt
heentit
ybyar
elat
ionanduse
t
uplestorepresentani
nst
anceoft heent
ity
.

 Rel
ati
onshi
pisusedi
ndat
amodel
i
ngt
orepr
esenti
nassoci
ati
on
bet
weenanenti
tyset
.

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 Pr
ojectRepor
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i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

 Anassociat
ionbet
weentwoatt
ri
butesindi
cat
est
hatt
hev
aluesof
theassoci
atedat
tri
but
esar
eindependent.

Secur
it
yTest
ingoft
hePr
oject:

Testi
ngisv i
talf orthesuccessofanysof twar
e.nosy stem desi
gnisever
perfect.Testi
ng i
sal so carri
ed i
ntwo phases.f i
rstphaseisdur i
ng thesof
tware
engineeri
ngthati
sdur ingthemodulecreat
ion.secondphaseisaftert
hecomplet
ionof
software.thi
sissyst
em t esti
ngwhichveri
fiesthatthewholesetofprogramshanged
together.

Whi
teBoxTest
ing:

I
nt hi
st echnique, t
hecloseexami nati
onoft helogicalpartsthr
ought hesof tware
aret estedbycasest hatexerci
sespeci essetsofconditionsorloops.alll
ogicalpar tsof
thesof twarecheckedonce.er rorst hatcanbecor rectedusi ngthistechni quear e
typogr aphicalerror
s, logi
calexpressionswhi chshoul dbeexecut edoncemaybeget t
ing
execut edmor ethanonceander rorr esult
ingbyusi ngwr ongcont r
olsandl oops.When
theboxt esti
ngt estsal ltheindependentpar twithinamodul eal ogi
caldeci sionson
theirtrueandt hefalsesi deareexer cised,alll
oopsandboundswi thi
ntheiroper ati
onal
bounds wer e exercised and int er
naldat a str
ucturet o ensur etheirvalidity were
exercisedonce.

Bl
ackBoxTest
ing:

Thismet hodenablesthesof t
wareengineertodev i
cesetsofinputtechni
questhatfull
y
exerci
seallfunct
ionalrequi
rementsforapr ogram.blackboxtesti
ngteststhei
nput,the
outputandtheext er
naldata.i
tcheckswhet hertheinputdat
aiscorrectandwhetherwe
aregett
ingthedesi r
edoutput.

Al
phaTest i
ng:Accept
ancet esti
ngi sal
sosomet i
mescal l
edalphat
esting.Bespoke
sy
stemsar edevel
opedf orasi ngl
ecust omer.Thealphatest
ingproceedsunti
lthe
sy
stem devel
operandthecust omeragreet hatt
heprovidedsy
stem i
sanaccept abl
e
i
mplementati
onofthesystem requi
rements.

Bet aTest i
ng:Ontheotherhand,whenasy stem ist
obemar kedasasof t
wareproduct
,
anot herprocesscal
l
edbet atest
ingisof t
enconduct ed.Duri
ngbetat est
ing,asyst
em is
deliveredamonganumberofpot enti
aluserswhoagr eetouseit.Thecust omersthen
repor tprobl
emst othedevel
oper s.Thisprovidestheproductforrealuseanddet ects
errorswhi chmaynothavebeenant ici
patedbyt hesystem devel
opers.

Uni
tTest
ing:Eachmodul
eisconsi
der
edi
ndependent
ly.i
tfocusesoneachuni
tof

31
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tGal
l
ery

sof
twar
easi
mpl
ement
edi
nthesour
cecode.i
tiswhi
teboxt
est
ing.

I
ntegrat
ionTest i
ng:Integrati
ontesti
ngaimsatconstr
uct
ingtheprogram str
uct
ure
whil
eatt hesameconst ructi
ngteststouncov
erer
ror
sassoci
atedwi
thinter
faci
ngthe
modules.modulesareintegrat
edbyusingthet
opdownappr
oach.

Val
idat
ionTesti
ng:Vali
dat
iontest
ingwasper
for
medt
oensur
ethatal
lthef
unct
ional
andperf
ormancerequi
rement
saremet.

System Testi
ng:I tisexecuti
ngpr ogramstochecklogicalchangesmadei ni twit
h
i
ntentionoffi
ndingerrors.asy
stem istest
edforonl
i
neresponse,vol
umeoftransacti
on,
recoveryf
rom fail
ureetc.Syst
em testi
ngisdonetoensurethatt
hesy st
em sati
sfi
esall
theuserrequi
rement s.

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Sy
stem Anal
ysi
s:

Sy st em anal ysisi sapr ocessofgat heringandi nterpr etingfacts, di

agnosi ng
probl emsandt hei nf ormat ionaboutt heOnl ineAr tGal l
er ytor ecommendi mpr ovement s
ont hesy st em.I tisapr obl em sol vingact ivityt hatr equi resi nt ensi vecommuni cat ion
bet weent hesy stem user sandsy stem dev el oper s.Sy stem anal y si
sorst udyisan
i
mpor tantphaseofanysy st em dev elopmentpr ocess.Thesy st em isst udiedtot he
mi nut estdet ailandanal yzed.Thesy stem anal ystpl ay sther ol eoft heint err
ogat orand
dwel lsdeepi nt ot hewor kingoft hepr esentsy st em.Thesy st em i sv i
ewedasawhol e
andt hei nputt ot hesy stem ar eident ifi
ed.Theout put sf rom t heor ganizat i
onsar e
tracedt ot hev ariouspr ocesses.Sy st em anal ysisisconcer nedwi t
hbecomi ngawar eof
thepr oblem, ident ifyingt her el
ev antanddeci sional v ariables, anal yzi
ngand
sy nt hesizingt hev ar iousf act orsanddet ermi ninganopt imal oratl eastasat i
sfact ory
sol ut i
onorpr ogram ofact i
on.Adet ailedst udyoft hepr ocessmustbemadebyv ar i
ous
techni quesl ikei nt erv i
ews, quest ionnai r
eset c.Thedat acol lect edbyt hesesour ces
mustbescr utinizedt oar rivet oaconcl usion.Theconcl usioni sanunder standingof
howt hesy st em f unct ions.Thi ssy stem i scal l
edt heexi stingsy stem.Nowt heexi st i
ng
sy st em i ssubj ect edt ocl osest udyandpr obl em ar easar ei dent ifi
ed.Thedesi gnernow
funct ionsasapr obl em sol verandt riest osor toutt hedi ffi
cul tiest hattheent er prise
faces.Thesol uti
onsar egi venaspr oposal s.Thepr oposal i
st henwei ghedwi tht he
exi st i
ngsy st em anal yticallyandt hebestonei ssel ect ed.Thepr oposal i
spr esent edt o
theuserf oranendor sementbyt heuser .Thepr oposal i
sr ev iewedonuserr equestand
sui tabl echangesar emade.Thi si sl oopt hatendsassoonast heuseri ssat i
sfiedwi t
h
proposal .Pr elimi nar yst udyi st hepr ocessofgat her ingandi nt erpreti
ngf acts,usi ngt he
i
nf or mat i
onf orf ur therst udi esont hesy stem.Pr elimi naryst udyi sproblem sol ving
act iv i
tythatr equi resi ntensi v ecommuni cat ionbet weent hesy st em user sandsy st em
dev eloper s.I tdoesv ariousf easi bil
ityst udies.I nthesest udiesar oughf igureoft he
sy st em act i
v iti
escanbeobt ained, from whi cht hedeci sionaboutt hest rategi
est obe
followedf oref fect ivesy stem st udyandanal ysiscanbet aken.

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ojectRepor
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tGal
l
ery

Exi
stingSystem ofOnli
neArtGal
l
ery:
Int
heexi
sti
ngsystem t
heexamsaredoneonl
y
manuallybutinproposedsy
stem wehav
etocomputer
izetheexamsusi
ngthi
s
appl
icati
on.

 Lackofsecur
it
yofdat
a.

 Mor
emanpower

 Ti
meconsumi
ng.

 Consumesl
argev
olumeofpar
ewor
k.

 Needsmanual
cal
cul
ati
ons.

 Nodi
rectr
olef
ort
hehi
gherof
fi
cial
s

Pr
oposedSy
stem ofOnl
ineAr
tGal
ler
y:

Theaim ofproposedsystem i
stodevelopasyst
em ofimprov
edfaci
l
iti
es.The
pr
oposedsyst
em canov er
comeal lt
heli
mitati
onsoftheexi
sti
ngsyst
em.Thesy st
em
pr
ovi
despropersecuri
tyandreducesthemanualwork.

 Secur
it
yofdat
a.

 Ensur
edat
aaccur
acy
's.

 Pr
opercont
rol
oft
hehi
gherof
fi
cial
s.

 Mi
nimi
zemanual
dat
aent
ry.

 Mi
nimum t
imeneededf
ort
hev
ari
ouspr
ocessi
ng.

 Gr
eat
eref
fi
ciency
.

 Bet
terser
vice.

 Userf
ri
endl
i
nessandi
nter
act
ive.

 Mi
nimum t
imer
equi
red.

34
 Pr
ojectRepor
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i
neAr
tGal
l
ery

Dat
aDi ct
ionary
:Thisi
snor mallyr
epresentedasthedat aaboutdata.I
tisal
soter
med
asmetadatasomet i
meswhi chgivesthedat aaboutthedatastoredinthedat
abase.I
t
def
ineseachdataterm encounter
edduringtheanalysisanddesignofanewsy st
em.
Dat
aelement scandescri
bef i
l
esorthepr ocesses.

Fol
l
owi
ngar
esomemaj
orsy
mbol
susedi
nthedat
adi
cti
onar
y

 =equi
val
entt
o

 +and

 Oei
ther
/or

 (
)Opt
ional
ent
ry

Fol
lowi
ngar
esomer
ules,
whi
chdef
inest
heconst
ruct
ionofdat
adi
cti
onar
yent
ri
es:

1.Wordsshoul
dbedef
inedt
ounderst
andforwhatt
heyneedandnott
hev
ari
abl
e
needbywhicht
heymaybedescr
ibedi
ntheprogr
am.

2.Eachwor
dmustbeuni
que.Wecannothav
etwodef
ini
ti
onoft
hesamecl
i
ent
.

3.Al
i
asesorsy nonymsar
eall
owedwhentwoormoreenter
sshowsthesame
meaning.Forexampleav
endornumbermayal
sobecal
ledascust
omernumber
.

4.Aself-
def
iningwordshouldnotbedecomposed.I
tmeansthatthereduct
ionof
anyinf
ormationint
osubpar tshoul
dbedoneonlyi
fiti
sreal
l
yrequir
edthatisiti
s
noteasytounderst
anddirectl
y.

Datadict
ionar
yincl
udesinf
ormationsuchasthenumberofr
ecordsinf
il
e,t
he
fr
equencyaprocesswill
run,securi
tyf
actorl
i
kepasswordwhichusermustent
ert
oget
excesstotheinf
ormati
on.

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ojectRepor
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eenshotoft
hepr
oject
Onl
ineAr
tGal
ler
y

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ojectRepor
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ojectRepor
tofOnl
i
neAr
tGal
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ery

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