Geometrical Dimension &

Tolerance ( GD & T)
BY: Magnifico Training and Consulting

History

What is GD & T?
• It’s a language for designer, Manufacturer,
Quality inspector and analyzer which removes
ambiguity.
• It’s a tool to feasible the interchangeability of
million parts manufactured at different
location
• It ensures the uniform manufacturing method
and functional fitment

1
 Why use GD&T?
• First and foremost : IT SAVES MONEY !
• Provide maximum production tolerance
• Helps achieve design intent
• Ensure interchangeability of mating parts
• Provide uniformity of specification and
interpretation reducing guesswork &
Controversy
• Maximizes quality

Why use GD&T?

• Programmer wasting time trying to interpret drawing and
questioning the designer
• Rework of manufactured parts due to misunderstanding
• Inspectors spinning their wheels, deriving meaningless data from
parts while failing to check critical relationship
• Handling and documentation of functional parts that are rejected
• Sorting , reworking, filing, shimming etc. of parts in assembly , often
in added operation
• Assemblies failing to operate, failure analysis, quality problems,
customer complaints , loss of market share and customer loyalty
• The meeting corrective actions ,debates, drawing changes and
interdepartmental clashes due to above failures

99% quality means……

• 20,000 lost pieces of mail per hour
• Unsafe drinking water for 15 minutes per day
• 5000 incorrect surgical procedure per week
• Two sort or long landing of on airport perday
• 200000wrong drug prescription per year
• No electricity for 7hrs per month

2
 Tolerance Type

• Linear Tolerance
• Size
• Geometric Tolerance
• Form
• Orientation
• Profile
• Runout
• Location

Tolerance Vs Manufacturing Process

• Nominal tolerance
for steel
• Tighter tolerance =>
increase cost

Terminology
Key concept
• Actual Size – is the measured size
• Basic Size – of a dimension is the theoretical size
from which the limits for the dimension are
derived by the application of the allowance and
tolerance
• Design Size – refers to the size from which the
limit of size are derived by the application of
tolerance
• Limit size – are the maximum and minimum size
permissible for a specific dimension

3
Terminology
• Nominal size – is the designation used for the
purpose of general identification
• Tolerance – is the difference between the limit of
size
• Bilateral tolerance – with bilateral tolerance ,
variation permitted in both direction from
specified dimension
• Unilateral Tolerance -with bilateral tolerance ,
variation permitted in only one direction from
specified dimension

Drawing without GD&T

Part Manufactured without GD&T

4
Drawing with GD&T

Notes Vs. Symbols

• A symbol has uniform meaning
• Symbols are international language
– No translation necessary
• Symbols are more legible
– Drawings are often copied with lower quality
• Symbols are compact – notes take more time
& space
Surface B perpendicular to
datum A within .001
= .001 A

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

5
GENERAL PRINCIPLES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES- MMC

6
GENERAL PRINCIPLES- LMC

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

7
GENERAL PRINCIPLES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
• Virtual Condition
• Virtual condition is the theoretical extreme
boundary condition of a feature of size generated
by the collective effects of MMC and any
applicable geometric tolerances.

8
GENERAL PRINCIPLES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Symbols and Datum Reference

9
Positional tolerancing
• Coordinate Tolerancing
– Coordinate dimensions and tolerances may be applied
to the location of a single hole
– The tolerances on dimensions of position (or location)
are dependent upon the size tolerances, and hence
the fits, specified for the mating parts in the assembly.
The objective is to provide for the maximum possible
variation in the locational dimensions while still
ensuring that the parts will assemble under the size
conditions specified by the designated fit. If desired, a
smaller value for the tolerance of position may then
be specified although this would entail higher
production costs.

Bonus Tolerance
Let us consider an example for bonus tolerance, take a steel rod with

diameter 25.3 – 25.0 and having a straightness tolerance at MMC as 0.2

Then at MMC (25.3) we have zero bonus tolerance,

at 25.2 –> bonus tolerance 0.1

at 25.1 –> bonus tolerance 0.2

at 25.0 (LMC) –> bonus tolerance 0.3 (maximum tolerance)

In other words bonus tolerance can be simply defined as extra tolerance

available due the feature size variation from MMC.

Feature Control frames

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Feature Control frames
• Uses feature control frames to indicate tolerance

• Reads as: The position of the feature must be within

a .003 diametrical tolerance zone at maximum
material condition relative to datums A, B, and C.

Feature Control frames

• Uses feature control frames to indicate tolerance

• Reads as: The position of the feature must be within a .003

diametrical tolerance zone at maximum material condition
relative to datums A at maximum material condition and B.

Dimensioning
BIS (Board of Indian Standards SP 46: 2003) defines dimension as a
numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measurement and
indicated graphically on technical drawings with lines, symbols and
notes.
Units of Measurement: The most commonly used unit for length is the
millimetre. In civil engineering and architectural drawing, inch or foot is
often used as a unit of length. Angles are shown in degrees.
Symbols are incorporated to indicate specific geometry wherever
necessary.
Notes are provided to give specification of a particular feature or to
give specific information necessary during the manufacturing of the
object.

11
 Example on drawing sheet
No dimension unit to be mentioned on the drawing
At the bottom sheet mention “All dimensions in ……”

DRAWING SHEET

50

MENTION UNIVERSAL DIMENSION

HERE
TITLE BLOCK

All dimensions are in mm

Dimensioning
Providing information on a drawing about

Distances (size or functional dimensions)

Sizes and positions (location or datum dimensions) of holes,
grooves and other features.

Details relating to manufacture etc.
Manufacturing detail
Location
Roughness 0.5
15

Location 15
30 Size,
functional

Hole φ15 Size specification, φ – symbol for

diameter

Different lines in dimensioning

• Oultline - Forms the shape of the object in a view (drawn dark
and continuous)
• Extension line – An extension of an outline or centerline
(drawn light and continuous, used to indicate the entity being
dimensioned)
• Dimension line – Thin continuous line terminated by
arrowheads touching the outlines, extension lines or center
lines (used to specify end points of a dimension)
Dimension line Dimension Extension
50 line

Outline

12
 Leader lines and notes

Leader (or pointer) line – Thin continuous line connecting a note or dimension
figure with the feature to which it applies. One end of the leader terminates in an
arrowhead or dot.

The arrowhead touches the outline while the dot is placed within the object or on
the outline

The other end of a leader is terminated in a horizontal line underlining the note

Roughness 0.5
Leader line
Material: mild steel

Leader line Hole φ15 Note

Rules for leader lines

A leader line is never drawn horizontal, vertical or curved

It is drawn at an angle not less than 30o to the line that it touches

When pointing to a circle or arc, it is drawn radially
Material: mild steel
Roughness 0.5
Leader line
> 30o

Hole φ15 Note

Arrowheads and dimension line positioning

• A dimension line is placed at least 6-8 mm away from an outline and from each
other
• An extension line extends ~3mm beyond a dimension line
• Arrowhead – Placed at each end of a dimension line, its pointed end touches an
outline, extension line or a centerline. It is also placed at the end of a leader line
45o

Open Closed Closed and Oblique

w
filled stroke
Size of the arrowhead should be
proportional to the length of the
3w dimension line

~6-8mm
~3mm 50
Arrowhead

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 Systems of Dimensioning
Aligned System
In the aligned system, dimensions are aligned with the entity being
measured. They are placed perpendicular to the dimension line such that
they may be read from the bottom or right-hand side of the drawing
sheet. Dimensions are placed at the middle and on top of the dimension
lines.

Unidirectional System
In the unidirectional system, dimensions are placed in such a way that
they can be read from the bottom edge of the drawing sheet. Dimensions
are inserted by breaking the dimension lines at the middle.

Dimensioning systems

Aligned system Unidirectional system

(readable from bottom and (visible from bottom edge)
right edge of sheet)

Dimensioning elements
A line on the drawing whose length is to be shown is called an object line. The
object line is essentially an outline representing the feature(s) of the object.
While showing an angle, the two lines forming the angle will be the object lines.
Dimensioning is often done by a set of elements, which includes extension lines,
dimension lines, leader lines, arrowheads and dimensions. These are shown in
the figure below.

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 Placing of dimension

Within extension Outside extension With leader

lines lines

7o

Chain (continuous) dimensioning

All the dimensions are aligned in such a way that an arrowhead of one
dimension touches tip-to-tip the arrowhead of the adjacent dimension. The
overall dimension is placed outside the other smaller dimensions

Parallel (progressive) dimensioning

All the dimensions are shown from a common reference line. Obviously, all these
dimensions share a common extension line. This method is adopted when
dimensions have to be established from a particular datum surface

Smaller dimensions should always be placed nearer the view. The next smaller
dimension should be placed next and so on.

15
 Combined dimensioning

When both the methods, i.e., chain dimensioning and parallel

dimensioning are used on the same drawing, the method of
dimensioning is called combined dimensioning

15

Circular holes
A hole is usually dimensioned by giving its diameter instead of radius. The dimension
indicating a diameter should always be preceded by the symbol ø
They should be dimensioned in the view in which they appear as circles

φ40

Cylindrical dimensions

Cylindrical features should be dimensioned by giving their diameters.

They should be dimensioned in the views in which they appear as rectangles.

CYLINDER – OUTER DIMENSION IS ALSO

CIRCULAR. CAN BE HOLLOW OR SOLID

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 Number of holes with same size

When more than one hole of the same size forms a pattern, it is not
necessary to dimension each one

One hole is dimensioned and a note specifies the total number of holes
with that dimension

3 x φ20
(or 3 HOLES, φ20)

Dimensioning arcs

An arc is usually dimensioned by giving its radius. The

dimension indicating radius should be preceded by symbol
R
The R can be placed after the dimension also
The position of center of arc is denoted by a

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
AND DIMENSION USING THE UNIDIRECTIONAL
METHOD

FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

φ30

FV 40

X O 10 Y

100
10 10
10
25

TV
25
30 R
φ 20

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 Spherical features
Spherical features may be dimensioned by giving either the
radius or diameter of a sphere.
The symbols SR or Sø must precede the dimension for
radius or diameter respectively.

Dimensioning of squares

Square features (e.g., a rod of square cross-section) are

dimensioned using symbol or SQ as shown in (i) or (ii)

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

SQ30
40 20
50
10

20

X Y
75 30
O 60
F.V. S.V.

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD AND
DIMENSION THE VIEWS USING THE ALIGNED SYSTEM

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 Dimensioning conical features
φ40

Giving 2 diameters and the Giving 1 diameter, distance Giving 1 of the diameters,
perpendicular distance between end faces and the length of taper and taper angle
between them taper (slope) using the conical
taper symbol

Dimensioning of flat tapered features

Giving the height of one side, Giving the height of one side,
distance between flat ends and length of taper and slope of the
taper (slope) using a flat taper tapered face
symbol

Dimensioning of threads
1. External metric threads are dimensioned by giving the threaded length and
nominal diameter preceded by symbol ‘M ’ (Fig. a)
2. Internal metric threads are dimensioned by giving the threaded length, depth
of drilled hole before threading and nominal diameter preceded by symbol
‘M’ (Fig. b)

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 General rules of dimensioning
1. Between any two extension lines, there must be one and only one dimension
line bearing one dimension. One of the extension lines may be common to
another dimension as in parallel dimensioning.
2. As far as possible, all the dimensions should be placed outside the views.
Inside dimensions are preferred only if they are clearer and more easily
readable.
3. All the dimensions on a drawing must be shown using either Aligned System
or Unidirectional System. The two systems should not be mixed on the same
drawing.
4. The same unit of length should be used for all the dimensions on a drawing.
The unit should not be written after each dimension, but a note mentioning
the unit should be placed below the drawing.
5. Dimension lines should not cross each other. Dimension lines should also
not cross any other lines of the object.
6. All dimensions must be given.
7. Each dimension should be given only once. No dimension should be
redundant.

Dimensioning, correct vs. wrong

25

DATUM

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 DATUM

• A theoretically exact point, axis or plan derived

from the true geometric counter part of a
specified datum feature. A datum is the origin
from which location or geometric characteristics
of a feature of a part are established.

Datum

• Datums are features (points, axis, and planes) on the

object that are used as reference surfaces from which
other measurements are made. Used in designing,
tooling, manufacturing, inspecting, and assembling
components and sub-assemblies.
– As you know, not every GD&T feature requires a datum, i.e.,
Flat

1.000

Datums
• Features are identified with respect to a
datum.
• Always start with the letter A
• Do not use letters I, O, or Q
• May use double letters AA, BB, etc.
• This information is located in the feature
control frame.

• Datums on a drawing of a part are

represented using the symbol shown below.

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 Datum Reference Symbols

The datum feature symbol identifies a surface or

feature of size as a datum.

A A
A

ANSI ASME ISO

1982 1994

Placement of Datums

• Datums are generally placed on a feature, a centerline,

or a plane depending on how dimensions need to be
referenced.
A
Line up with arrow only when the feature is
a feature of size and is being defined as
the datum
A OR A
ANSI 1982

ASME 1994

Placement of Datums
• Feature sizes, such as holes
A Ø .500±.005

• Sometimes a feature has a GD&T and is also a

datum A Ø .500±.005
Ø .500±.005

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 TWELVE DEGREES OF FREEDOM

UP

BACK
LEFT

6 LINEAR AND
6 ROTATIONAL
DEGREES OF
FREEDOM

FRONT RIGHT

DOWN
UNRESTRICTED FREE
MOVEMENT IN SPACE

Example Datums
• Datums must be perpendicular to each other

– Primary

– Secondary

– Tertiary Datum

Primary Datum

• A primary datum is selected to provide functional

relationships, accessibility, and repeatability.
– Functional Relationships
• A standardization of size is desired in the manufacturing of a part.
• Consideration of how parts are orientated to each other is very important.
– For example, legos are made in a standard size in order to lock into
place. A primary datum is chosen to reference the location of the
mating features.
– Accessibility
• Does anything, such as, shafts, get in the way?

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 Primary Datum .

– Repeatability
For example, castings, sheet metal, etc.
• The primary datum chosen must insure precise
measurements. The surface established must produce
consistent
• Measurements when producing many identical parts to
meet requirements specified.

Primary Datum
 Restricts 6 degrees of freedom

FIRST DATUM ESTABLISHED

BY THREE POINTS (MIN)
CONTACT WITH SIMULATED
DATUM A

Secondary & Tertiary Datums

• All dimension may not be capable to reference from the primary

datum to ensure functional relationships, accessibility, and
repeatability.
– Secondary Datum
• Secondary datums are produced perpendicular to the primary datum so
measurements can be referenced from them.
– Tertiary Datum
• This datum is always perpendicular to both the primary and secondary datums
ensuring a fixed position from three related parts.

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 Secondary Datum
 Restricts 10 degrees of freedom.

SECOND DATUM
PLANE ESTABLISHED BY
TWO POINTS (MIN) CONTACT
WITH SIMULATED DATUM B

Tertiary Datum
 Restricts 12 degrees of freedom.
THIRD DATUM
PLANE ESTABLISHED
BY ONE POINT (MIN)
90° CONTACT WITH
SIMULATED DATUM C

MEASURING DIRECTIONS FOR

RELATED DIMENSIONS

Coordinate Measuring Machine

C O O R D IN A T E M E A S U R IN G M A C H IN E
B R ID G E D E S IG N

PRO BE

G R A N IT E
Z SU R FAC E
PLATE

DATUM
RE FER ENC E
FR AM E

25
Notation is Important on Drawings

On axis

Notation is Important on Drawings

Placed on the leader pointing to the hole

Placed directly on the hole

Placed on the feature control frame itself

Datum Features ≠ Datum

A Datum is a perfect point, line, plane or surface but only exists theoretically

26
DATUMS –Target Point

DATUMS –Target Line

DATUMS –Target Area

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 Tolerance Dimensions

• unilateral tolerance 2.250

+.000
-.008

• bilateral tolerance 2.250 ± .004

2.255
• limit tolerance 2.245

82

Plus / Minus Tolerancing

• Plus/ Minus tolerancing, or limit
tolerancing is a two-dimensional
system.
• When the product designer, using
drafting or CAD equipment draws the
part, the lines are straight, angles are
perfect, and the holes are perfectly
round.
• When the part is produced in a
manufacturing process, there will be
errors.
• The variations in the corners and
surfaces will be undetectable to the
human eye.
• The variations can be picked up using
precise measurements such as a
CMM.

Plus / Minus Tolerancing (con’t)

• In a plus/minus tolerancing system, the datums are implied

and therefore, are open to varying interpretations.

• Plus/minus tolerancing works well when you are

considering individual features. However, when you are
looking at the relationship between individual features,
plus/minus tolerancing is extremely limited.

• With the dawn of CAD systems and CMMs, it has become

increasingly important to describe parts in three
dimensional terms, and plus/minus tolerancing is simply
not precise enough.

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 Tolerance stack up analysis

• Worst case analysis

• Statistical tolerance analysis
• Root sum square method ( RSS)
• Estimates Mean Shift model

Problems due to tolerance stack-ups include:

• Failure to assemble
• Interference between parts
• Failure of parts to engage
• Failure to function as intended

Overview:

• Tolerance stack-ups are accumulations of

variations on drawings or in part assemblies.

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Example: Accumulation of tolerances on a drawing.

3.00±0.01

7.00±0.01

What is the effective dimension and tolerance between the two holes?

In this case the tolerances add directly

The furthest apart the two centers can be is

7.01-2.99=4.02
The closest is
6.99-3.01=3.98

Thus, the effective dimension and tolerance is

4.00±0.02

This addition of tolerances may make it hard to join with a

mating part that has two pins that fit in those holes.

What can we do as designers to

improve this?

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The logical thing is to put the dimension and tolerance directly
on the hole spacing if that is the location most important to
function.

7.00±0.01

TOLERANCE STACKING
Case #1

1 4

2
3

1.0±.05 1.5±.05 1.0±.05

What is the expected dimension and tolerances?

D1-4= D1-2 + D2-3 + D3-4

=1.0 + 1.5 + 1.0

t1-4 = ± (.05+.05+.05) = ± 0.15

TOLERANCE STACKING
Case #2

1 4

2 3

1.0±.05 1.5±.05
3.5±.05

What is the expected dimension and tolerances?

D3-4= D1-4 - (D1-2 + D2-3 ) = 1.0

t3-4 = ± (t1-4 + t1-2 + t2-3 )

t3-4 = ± (.05+.05+.05) = ± 0.15

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TOLERANCE STACKING
Case #3

1 4

2 3

1.0’±.05 ? 1.00’±0.05
3.50±0.05

What is the expected dimension and tolerances?

D2-3= D1-4 - (D1-2 + D3-4 ) = 1.5

t2-3 = t1-4 + t1-2 + t3-4

t2-3 = ± (.05+.05+.05) = ± 0.15

Example: Assembly of individual parts

Suppose we have two blocks, A and B that are to fit into a slot in
C, all with tolerances shown.

A±a
B±b Gap

C±c

Let’s look at the largest and smallest gap that we could have.

Largest Gap = (C+c) – (A-a) – (B-b)

= C – (A+B) + (a+b+c)

Smallest Gap = (C-c) – (A+a) – (B+b)

= C – (A+B) – (a+b+c)

Consequently the dimension and tolerance of the gap is

effectively:
{C-(A+B)} ± (a+b+c)

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 If we have 10 parts (say a clutch pack) that all have to fit into
a housing, the addition of all those tolerances can be
significant.

If controlling the spacing of the clutches is important to

function we have a problem.

What can we do as designers?

Solutions
• Tighten up the tolerances on each component
so the sum of the tolerances is lower.
• Include a spacer that comes in different sizes
to take up any slack resulting from the
tolerance addition (similar to shimming).
• Design so that the tolerance stacks are not
relevant to function.
• Consider that the variation in each part is
likely to be statistically distributed.

Fits Between Mating Parts

• Fit is the general term used to signify the range of tightness or

looseness that may result from the application of a specific
combination of allowances and tolerances in mating parts.
There are four types of fits between parts
1. Clearance Fit: an internal member fits in an external member
(as a shaft in a hole) and always leaves a space or clearance
between the parts.

Minimum air space is 0.002”. This is the allowance and is always positive in a
clearance fit

33
2. Interference Fit: The internal member is larger than the
external member such that there is always an actual
interference of material. The smallest shaft is 1.2513” and
the largest hole is 1.2506”, so that there is an actual
interference of metal amounting to at least 0.0007”. Under
maximum material conditions the interference would be
0.0019”. This interference is the allowance, and in an
interference fit it is always negative.

3. Transition Fit: may result in either a clearance or

interference condition. In the figure below, the smallest
shaft 1.2503” will fit in the largest hole 1.2506”, with
0.003” to spare. But the largest shaft, 1.2509” will have
to be forced into the smallest hole, 1.2500” with an
interference of metal of 0.009”.

4. Line Fit: the limits of size are so specified

that a clearance or surface contact may
result when mating parts are assembled.

34
Gaging Considerations

Gaging Considerations

Gaging Considerations

35
Gaging Considerations

Gaging Considerations

Additional Considerations

36
Error Identification

Common Error Identification

Common Error Identification

37
Common Error Identification

Impact Errors

Impact Errors

38
Material Conditions (cont’d.)
Straightness - a condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight
line. 2D

Flatness - is the condition of a surface having all elements in one plane. 3D

Roundness - describes the condition on a surface of revolution (cylinder, cone,

sphere) where all points of the surface intersected by any plane. 2D

Cylindricity - describes a condition of a surface of revolution in which all points

of a surface are equidistant from a common axis. 3D

Profile of a Line - is the condition permitting a uniform amount of profile

variation, ether unilaterally or bilaterally, along a line element of a
feature. 2D

Profile of a Surface - is the condition permitting a uniform amount of profile

variation, ether unilaterally or bilaterally, on a surface. 3D

Material Conditions (cont’d.)

All Around Symbol - indicating that a tolerance applies to surfaces all around the part.

Position Tolerance (True Position)- defines a zone within which the axis or center plane of a feature is
permitted to vary from true (theoretically exact) position.

Symmetry - is a condition in which a feature (or features) is symmetrically disposed about the center plane
of a datum feature.

Runout - is the composite deviation from the desired form of a part surface of revolution through on full
rotation (360 deg) of the part on a datum axis.

Total Runout - is the simultaneous composite control of all elements of a surface at all circular and profile
measuring positions as the part is rotated through 360.

Datum Target - is a specified point, line, or area on a part that is used to establish the Datum Reference
Plane for manufacturing and inspection operations.

Target Point - indicates where the datum target point is dimensionally located on the direct view of the
surface.

Target Area - indicates where the datum target area is dimensionally located on the direct view of the
surface.

Material Conditions (cont’d.)

Maximum Material Condition (MMC) - is that condition of a part feature wherein it
contains the maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size. That is:
minimum hole size and maximum shaft size. (Condition where part weighs the
most)

Least Material Condition (LMC) - implies that condition of a part feature of size wherein
it contains the least (minimum) amount of material, examples, largest hole size and
smallest shaft size. It is opposite to maximum material condition.

Basic Dimension - used to describe the exact size, profile, orientation or location of a
feature. A basic dimension is always associated with a feature control frame or
datum target.

Reference Dimension - a dimension usually without tolerance, used for information

purposes only. It does not govern production or inspection operations.

Feature Control Frame - is a rectangular box containing the geometric characteristics

symbol, and
the form, run out or location tolerance. If necessary, datum references and
modifiers applicable to the feature or the datums are also contained in the box.

39
Straightness (Flat Surfaces)
0.5 0.1

25 +/-0.25

0.1 Tolerance

0.5 Tolerance

Straightness is the condition where an element of a

surface or an axis is a straight line

Straightness (Flat Surfaces)

0.5 Tolerance Zone

25.25 max
24.75 min

0.1 Tolerance Zone

In this example each line element of the surface must lie

within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines
separated by the specified tolerance value applied to each
view. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of
size and the applicable straightness limit.

The straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the

elements to be controlled are represented by a straight line

Straightness (Surface Elements)

0.1

0.1 Tolerance Zone

MMC

0.1 Tolerance Zone

MMC

0.1 Tolerance Zone

MMC

In this example each longitudinal element of the surface must

lie within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines
separated by the specified tolerance value. The feature must
be within the limits of size and the boundary of perfect form at
MMC. Any barreling or waisting of the feature must not
exceed the size limits of the feature.

40
Straightness (RFS) 0.1

0.1 Diameter
Tolerance Zone

MMC

Outer Boundary (Max)

Outer Boundary = Actual Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance

In this example the derived median line of the feature’s actual local size must lie within
a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is equal to the specified
tolerance value regardless of the feature size. Each circular element of the feature must
be within the specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC
can be violated up to the maximum outer boundary or virtual condition diameter.

15
Straightness (MMC) 14.85
0.1 M

0.1 Diameter
15
Tolerance Zone
(MMC)

15.1 Virtual Condition

14.85 0.25 Diameter

(LMC) Tolerance Zone

15.1 Virtual Condition

Virtual Condition = MMC Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance

In this example the derived median line of the feature’s actual local size must lie within a tolerance zone
defined by a cylinder whose diameter is equal to the specified tolerance value at MMC. As each circular
element of the feature departs from MMC, the diameter of the tolerance cylinder is allowed to increase by
an amount equal to the departure from the local MMC size. Each circular element of the feature must be
within the specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC can be violated up to the
virtual condition diameter.

Flatness 0.1

25 +/-0.25

0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone

25.25 max
24.75 min

In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance

zone defined by two parallel planes separated by the specified
tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the
limits of size and the flatness limit.

Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in

one plane. Flatness must fall within the limits of size. The
flatness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance.

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Circularity (Roundness)
0.1

90
0.1
90

0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone

In this example each circular element of the surface must lie within a
tolerance zone defined by two concentric circles separated by the
specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the
limits of size and the circularity limit.

Circularity is the condition of a surface where all points of the

surface intersected by any plane perpendicular to a common
axis are equidistant from that axis. The circularity tolerance
must be less than the size tolerance

Cylindricity
0.1

0.1 Tolerance Zone

MMC

In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone
defined by two concentric cylinders separated by the specified
tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of
size and the cylindricity limit.

Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which

all points are equidistant from a common axis. Cylindricity is a
composite control of form which includes circularity
(roundness), straightness, and taper of a cylindrical feature.

Parallelism

Parallelism - is the condition

of a surface, line, or axis,
which is equidistant at all
points from a datum
plane or axis.

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 Perpendicularity

Perpendicularity - is the condition

of a surface, axis, or line, which
is 90 deg. From a datum plane
or a datum axis.

Angularity

Angularity - is the condition of a

surface, axis, or center plane,
which is at a specified angle
from a datum plane or axis.

Concentricity

Concentricity -
describes a
condition in which
two or more
features, in any
combination, have a
common axis

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Conclusion

Conclusion

Sub - Datum

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 Composite Positional Tolerance

Tolerance interpretation

Tolerance interpretation

• Frequently a drawing has more than one

datum
– How do you interpret features in secondary or
tertiary drawing planes?
– How do you produce these?
– Can a single set-up be used?

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From a Manufacturing Point-of-View

Case #1
Let’s suppose we have a
1 4 wooden part and we
need to saw.
2 3
Let’s further assume
1.0±.05 1.0±.05 1.0±.05
that we can achieve ±
?
.05 accuracy per cut.

How will the part be produced?

Mfg. Process

Let’s try the following

3 (in the same setup)
2 -cut plane 2
-cut plane 3

Will they be of appropriate quality?

So far we’ve used Min/Max Planning

• We have taken the worse or best case

• Planning for the worse case can produce some
bad results – cost

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Expectation
• What do we expect when we manufacture
something?
PROCESS DIMENSIONAL POSITIONAL
ACCURACY ACCURACY
DRILLING + 0.008 0.010
- 0.001
REAMING + 0.003 (AS PREVIOUS)

SEMI-FINISH + 0.005 0.005

BORING
FINISH BORING + 0.001 0.0005

COUNTER-BORING + 0.005 0.005

(SPOT-FACING)

END MILLING + 0.005 0.007

THANKS

From : Magnifico Training and Consulting

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