‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻼﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻡﺁﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﺒﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﺭﺳﺘﻤﻲﻛﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍ‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻛﺒﻴﺮ)ﭘﻠﻲﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ(‬
‫‪E-mail: mkalbasi@cic.aut.ac.ir‬‬

‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻼﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻡﺁﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﻼﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻡﺁﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ؛ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ؛ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ؛ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ؛ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ ﺧـﻮﺭﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﻫـﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﻫـﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻡﺁﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﺭﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﻛـﻨﺶ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺧـﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣـﺖ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻣـﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺷـﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧـﺎﺹ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺭﺯﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﻟﺨـﻮﺍﻩ)ﺑﺎﺧﺎﺗﻤـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻲ( ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗـﺎ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻨﻮﻛﺴﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﭼـﺮﺧﺶ‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻤـﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘـﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱﺗـﺮ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﮔـﺮﺩﺍﺳــﻴﻮﻥ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﻦ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣـﺪﺍﻭﻡ)ﻧـﻮﺑﺘﻲ( ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﺯﻳـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺻـﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻗـﺎﻟﺒﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﻭﭼﺴـﺐ‬
‫‪ ١٩٥٨‬ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻭﻥ ﻣﻴــﻞ )‪ (van Meel‬ﮔــﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷــﺪ ]‪.[1‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺧﺸـﻚﻛـﻦﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٦٣‬ﺑﻮﺳـﻴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪) :‬ﺍﻟـﻒ(‬
‫ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻛـﻮﻙ )‪ (Smith & cook‬ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﻪ‪) ،‬ﺏ( ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ]‪ .[2‬ﻭﻧـﮓ )‪ (Wang‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٧٢‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳـﻊ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻍ )ﺝ( ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺭﻃﻮﺑـﺖ ﻭ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻓـﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻧﻪ )ﺩ( ﺟـﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺭﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ]‪ .[3‬ﭘﻴﺸـﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛــﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻝ ﺧﺸــﻚ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫــﻮﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺸــﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻـــﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـــﻪ ﺧﺸـــﻚ ﻛـــﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻓﺸـــﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺳـــﻔﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨــﻴﻦ ﺧﺸــﻚﻛﻨــﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺸــﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫)‪ (Beresford‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٧٦‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ]‪ .[4‬ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﮔــﺮﺩﺍﻥ)ﭼﺮﺧﺸــﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺴــﻜﻲ( ﻭ ﺍﻓﺸــﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺷــﻴﭙﻮﺭﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺗﻲ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﭘـﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨـﻲ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫)ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺳﻴﺎﻟﻲ(‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻤـﺎﺱ ﻫـﻮﺍﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸـــــﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸـــــﻲ ﺻـــــﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٧٨‬ﻣﺴـــــﺘﺮﺯ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﺵ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻫـﻢ ﺟﻬﺖ‪،‬ﻣﺨـﺎﻟﻒ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﺨﻠـﻮﻁ‬
‫ﻣــﻮﻟﺮ)‪ (Masters & Moller‬ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻲ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳـﻊ ﺩﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈـﻪ ﺧﺸـﻚﻛـﻦ ﺑﺴـﺘﮕﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ]‪ .[5‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺩﻳﺴـﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻫـﻮﺍﻱ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻜـﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺧﺸـﻚﻛـﻦ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٧٩‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻲﺗـﺮﺱ ﻛـﻴﺦ )‪(Piterskikh‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻍ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ]‪ .[6‬ﻓﻴﻠﻜـﻮﺍ ﻭﻭﺑـﺮ & ‪(Filkova‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﻪ)ﺫﺭﻩ( ﻣﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫـﻢﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺍﺯ‬
‫)‪ Webber‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٨٠‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـــﺎﺗﻲ ﺑـــﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗـــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﻨﺪﺳـــﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳـﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺸﻚﻛـﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻧﺪ]‪ .[7‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴـﻖ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﺸـﻚﻛـﻦ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺸﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻴﺴﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳـﻮﺏ ﺩﻫﻨـﺪﻩﻫـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴـــﻴﻮﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻴـــﺰ ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٨٠‬ﺗﻮﺳـــﻂ ﺳـــﻴﺮﺱ ﻭ ﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﺍﺳــﺘﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺷــﻮﻳﻨﺪﻩﻫــﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻃــﻮﺏ ﺍﻧﺠــﺎﻡ ﮔﻴــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳــﻦ‬
‫)‪ (Sears & Ray‬ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ]‪ .[٨‬ﺍﻭﺭﻭﺭﻙ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﻜﻞﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﺴـﺘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫)‪ (O Rourke & Wadt‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٨٢‬ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺪﻝ ﺭﻳﺎﺿـﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭ‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺩﻭ‪ -‬ﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺸﻚﻛـﻦﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﺧﺸـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻧــﺪ]‪ .[٩‬ﻛــﺮﺍﻭ )‪ (Crowe‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٨٥‬ﻳــﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔـﺬﺍﺭ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﺧـﻮﺭﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﭼـﺮﺧﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻤﻞﺁﻭﺭﺩ]‪ .[10‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺸــﺎﻧﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴــﻜﻮﺯﻳﺖ ﺧــﻮﺭﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﺗــﻨﺶ ﺳــﻄﺤﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺴــﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺭﻓﺘـﺎﺭ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺸـﻚﻛـﻦﻫـﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻙ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻣﻴﺪﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻬـﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻗـﻲ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﻫـﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻩ ‪ 200-260°C‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻣــﺎﻱ ﻫــﻮﺍﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺟــﻲ ‪ 70 °C‬ﺗﻨﻈــﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﺩﻳــﺪ‪ .‬ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﭼــﺮﺧﺶ ﺍﻓﺸــﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩﻩ ‪ 8000-10000 rpm‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺪﺕ ﺩﻣﻴﺪﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻩ ‪ 70 – 80 m 3 /hr‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳــﺪ‪ .‬ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻝ ﺑﺪﺳــﺖ ﺁﻣــﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻗﻄــﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳــﻂ‬
‫‪ 100 µ m‬ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷـﺪﻩ ‪ 0.2%‬ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺿــﻮﻉ ﺗﺤﻘﻴــﻖ ﺩﺍﻛﻠــﻲ ﻭ ﺑــﺎﻫﻮ & ‪(Dakley‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻭ ﺑﺤﺚ‬
‫)‪ Bahu‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٩١‬ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ]‪ .[15‬ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﻨﺪﺳــﻪ ﻣﺨــﺮﻭﻁ‬
‫ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜــﻪ ﻣﻼﻣــﻴﻦ ﻓــﺮﻡﺁﻟﺪﻫﻴــﺪ ﻳــﻚ ﺭﺯﻳــﻦ ﺣﺴــﺎﺱ ﺑــﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺑـﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ ﭘﻴﻮﻧـﺪ ﻋﺮﺿـﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻔﺖ ﻭﺳﺨﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻮﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﺴـﻮ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣـﺖ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻮﺗـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑـﺪ]‪ .[18‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘـﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﻧﻴــﺰ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳــﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺧــﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺷـﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺯﻳـﺮ‬
‫)ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‪ (١‬ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪D2‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪= ( 2 )x‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫‪D1‬‬ ‫‪F1‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ x‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ 0.2‬ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳــﻚ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨــﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨــﻪﺳــﺎﺯﻱ ﺷــﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﻳــﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١‬ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (١‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻼﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻡﺁﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٢‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﻄﺮ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸــﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﭘﺎﭘــﺎﺩﺍﻛﻴﺲ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻨــﮓ & ‪(Papadakis‬‬
‫)‪ King‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﭘﻴﺸــﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳــﺪ]‪ .[11‬ﻣﺪﻟﺴــﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿــﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺸـــﻚﻛـــﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻓﺸـــﺎﻥ ﻧﻴـــﺰ ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺑﻮﺳـــﻴﻠﻪ ﺯﺑﻴﻨﺴـــﻜﻲ‬
‫)‪ (Zbicinski‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪ]‪ .[12‬ﮊﻟـﻮ )‪ (Zhelev‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪ ١٩٨٩‬ﺍﻟﮕـــــﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳـــــﺎﻥ )ﻫـــــﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺧـــــﻮﺭﺍﻙ( ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ]‪.[13‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﻨــــــﺖ )‪ (Clement‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٩١‬ﺭﻓﺘــــــﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﻨــــــﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ]‪.[14‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﻓﺘـﺎﺭ ﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻁ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﮔـﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺧﺸـﻚﻛـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑـﺮ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﺭﺳـﻮﺏ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻧﻪ ﺑـﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﻻﻧﮕـﺮﻳﺲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺯﺑﻴﺴﻴﻨﺴــﻜﻲ )‪ (Langrish & Zabicinski‬ﺩﺭ ‪١٩٩٤‬‬
‫ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ]‪ .[16‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺴـﺎﺯﻱ )‪(Scale – up‬‬
‫ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺴـﺘﺮﺯ )‪ (Masters‬ﺩﺭ ‪١٩٩٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﺟـﺎﻣﻊ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ]‪ .[17‬ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﺸﻚﻛـﻦ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻭﻛﻠﻲ )‪ (Oakle‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﭘﻴﺸـﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ]‬
‫‪ .[18‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫‪٢٠٠٠‬ﻭ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﻭ ‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻠﺒﺎﺳﻲ )‪ (Kalbasi‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ]‪.[19,20,21‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻛﻒ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﻪ ‪60‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻧﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻔﻈـﻪ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﻛﻨـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﻫﻢ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻼﻣـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓــﺮﻡﺁﻟﺪﻫﻴــﺪ ﺣــﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 45%‬ﺁﺏ ﺑﻌﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﺧــﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣــﺎ‬
‫‪ 550°C‬ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﭘﻤــﭗ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﻓﺸــﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﻐﺬﻳــﻪ ﮔﺸــﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻳــﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﭘﻮﺩﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﻧﺼـﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻘﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺍﻓﺸـﺎﻧﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄـﺮ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄـﻪ ﺯﻳـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺋﻴﻦ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄـﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺷـﺖﺗـﺮ ﻓﺮﺻـﺖ‬ ‫)ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ‪ (٢‬ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﺸﻚﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﻧـﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ ﺣﺎﺻـﻞ‬ ‫‪D1‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫‪= ( 2 )y‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪D2‬‬ ‫‪N1‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻬــﺎﻱ ﺭﺯﻳــﻦ ﮔﺸــﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ ﺑــﻲﻣﺼــﺮﻑ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ y‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ 0.8‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣــﻲﮔــﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻃــﻮﻝ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸــﺎﺕ ﺯﻣــﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣــﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨــﻪ ﺣﺎﺻــﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ ﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫـﻢﺯﻥ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ‬

‫ﮔﺸﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻣـﻲﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﻜﻞ )‪ (٢‬ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻩ ‪30 s‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٢‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻼﻣـﻴﻦ ﻓـﺮﻡﺁﻟﺪﻫﻴـﺪ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ ]‪.[22‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺪﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺷـﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻙ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺗﺴـﺖ ﺑﻌﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷــﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻜــﺮﺩ ﺧﺸــﻚﻛــﻦ ﺍﻓﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﻼﻣــﻴﻦﻓــﺮﻡﺁﻟﺪﻫﻴ ـﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭼـﻮﻥ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﻫـﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺎﻣـﺖ ﻗﻄـﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻣﻘـﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟـﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (١‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (١‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ -١‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‬
‫‪Tin‬‬ ‫‪Tout‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺭﺯﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﺩﻣﻴـﺪﻥ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬــﺎﻱ ﭘــﺎﺋﻴﻨﻲ ﺗــﺄﺛﻴﺮﻱ ﺑــﺮ ﻣﺤﺘــﻮﺍﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑــﺖ ﻧــﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣـﺖ‬
‫ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺸﻚﻛـﻦ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺳـﻲ ﺑـﺮ ﻣﺤﺘـﻮﺍﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻀﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭﻗـﺎﺕ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺍﻳﺠـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺧﺸـﻚﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻼﻣـﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻡﺁﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷــﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺨــﺎﺏ ﮔــﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﻣــﺎﻱ ﻫــﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑــﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ 300°C‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻗـﺪﺭﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﻛـﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﻌﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺩﻣـﺎ ﭘﺮﻫﻴـﺰ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ‬
‫‪W‬‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺟـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣـﺪﻱ‬

‫‪°C‬‬ ‫‪°C‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫‪µm‬‬ ‫‪%‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺭﺳـﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺧﺸـﻚﻛـﻦ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻳـﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ‬
‫‪260‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟــﻲ ﺗــﺎ ‪ 50°C‬ﺭﺳــﻮﺏ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻝ ﺑــﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳــﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺧﺸﻚﻛﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻣﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﺟﺮﻳـﺎﻥ ﻫـﻮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣـﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺸـﻚﻛـﻦ‬
 solutions” Dis-Abs. Int., Vol. 30(12),
105
p 5482,1972 N=8000 rpm
100
4. Beresford J. , “ Recent Tin=200 °C

D (micron)
developments in spray drying” J. 95 Tout=70 °C

Soc. Diary Tech.,Vol. 29(4), p 56, 90

1976 85

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‫ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﺒﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﻣﻬﺮﺑﺎﻥ "ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬-٢١
‫ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﺰﻭﻟــﻲ" ﭘﻨﺠﻤــﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕــﺮﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳــﻲ ﺷــﻴﻤﻲ‬
١٣٧٨ ‫ ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‬،٣٣٢ – ٣٣٨ ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬،‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﺭﺳـﺘﻤﻲﻛﻴـﺎ "ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺧﺸـﻚﻛـﻦ‬-٢٢
‫ﭘﺎﺷﺸـــﻲ ﺑـــﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺸـــﻚ ﻛـــﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻼﻣـــﻴﻦ‬
"‫ﻓــﺮﻡﺁﻟﺪﻫﻴــﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫــﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎﺗﻲ‬
،‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﺷـﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺻــﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻛﺒﻴــﺮ ) ﭘﻠــﻲﺗﻜﻨﻴــﻚ‬
١٣٨١ ‫ ﺧﺮﺩﺍﺩ‬،(‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬