PAPER

MIRRORS

By Group 6

Dani Anisa Imanda (20129258)

Intan Dwi Puspita (20129296)
Tiara Utari (20129356)

Internasional Class of PGSD 2020

Lecturer :

Dr. Hj. Yanti Fitria, M.Pd.

PRIMARY TEACHER EDUCATION

FACULTY OF EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG

2020
 PREFACE

First off all, I would like to say a lot of thanks to Allah SWT, who has given us healthy until
finishing a paper under the little “Mirros”

We hope this paper have a functional for us specially for a reader to add this knowledge
about it in life every day.

I expect tips of reader, that I can perfect this paper. The end word, we pass on gratitude to
all party already get role in this Paper collation from start to finish. Hopefully, Allah SWT
everlastingly all our effort.Amin.

Tapan, 22 November 2020

Writer
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword.....................................................................................................................................................................

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................................

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................

a.        Background .....................................................................................................................................................

b.       Problem Formulation .......................................................................................................................................

c.        Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................................

a.        Understanding Mirrors.....................................................................................................................................

b. Types of Mirrors..............................................................................................................................................

c.        Benefits of Mirror in everyday life .................................................................................................................

CHAPTER III CLOSING...........................................................................................................................................

a.        Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................

Reference ...................................................................................................................................................................

CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
 A. Background

It cannot be denied that in everyday life humans really need a mirror, be it a flat mirror, a
concave mirror or a convex mirror. This can be proven by the number of tools used in everyday
life that use mirrors, especially concave mirrors and convex mirrors. Concave and convex
mirrors have unique properties where they have different properties so that they can help humans
in doing daily work, for example driving. The rearview mirror on a car is an example of using a
convex mirror because by using a convex mirror the image behind the car can be seen further so
that the driver of the vehicle can see the situation behind him without having to look back. It
turns out that there are still many people who have not been able to take advantage of the
concave and convex mirrors. most people use these mirrors only for the rearview mirror, even
though concave and convex mirrors have a myriad of benefits that humans can use in everyday
life, this is due to human ignorance and incomprehension of the theory of concave and convex
mirrors. Departing from the above problem, we intend to discuss further about concave mirrors
and convex mirrors.

B. Problem Formulation
The formulation of the problem in making this paper is as follows:
1. What is a mirror?
2. What are the types of mirrors, and their benefits in everyday life?
C. Purpose
The objectives of this paper are as follows:
1. Know the meaning of a mirror
2. Describe the types of mirrors, the law of reflection and the properties of images in
concave and convex mirrors.
3. Explain the use of mirrors in everyday life.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Understanding Mirrors

Mirror is a shiny object that reflects light in English is Mirror. The mirror has a
reflective surface that is smooth enough to form an image. Mirrors are widely known as
a type of object that can reflect light or shadow. Mirrors are reflective surfaces which
are quite smooth and can capture reflected light based on the law of reflection which
basically maintains parallelism and can develop the image. The surface roughness of the
mirror should be less than about half the wavelength of the light.

B. Types of Mirrors
Based on the shape of the surface there is a flat mirror and a curved mirror. There
are two kinds of curved mirrors, namely convex mirrors and concave mirrors.

a. Flat Mirror
Flat mirror is a mirror whose surface of the reflection plane is flat and not curved. Flat
mirrors are usually used for mirrors. When you are going to school, after taking a
shower you will definitely look for a mirror to tidy up your appearance so that it will
increase your confidence. Why use a mirror? What mirror do you use? The mirror you
use is a flat mirror. Why not use a concave mirror or a convex mirror? The surface of a
flat mirror is very smooth and has a flat surface to which it reflects, usually made of
glass. Behind the glass is coated with a thin shiny metal so it is not translucent. When
you look in the mirror, the image of your face is behind the mirror facing you as if it
were the exact same twin. However, your position changes, your right hand becomes
your left hand, your left ear your right ear, and so do your entire limbs.

The properties of the image on a flat mirror:

1. The size (size and height) of the image is the same as the object's size.
2. The distance between the image and the mirror is the same as the distance
between the object and the mirror.
3. The appearance of an image opposite the object. For example, our left hand will
become our shadow's right hand.
4. The image is upright with the object.
5. Shadows are pseudo or virtual. This means that the image can be seen in the
mirror, but cannot be captured by the screen.

Shadow Forming on a Flat Mirror

When you look in the mirror, your image can never be held or captured on the screen.
Such images are called virtual or false images. The virtual image is always behind the
mirror. This image is formed due to the regular reflected rays on the mirror. Therefore,
you can determine the properties of the image on a flat mirror. The properties of the
image formed by a flat mirror are as follows:
• The image is virtual.
• The shadow is as upright as the object.
• The shadow is as big as the object.
• The shadow is as high as the object.
The regularity of the reflected rays on a flat mirror can be used to graphically depict the
image by depicting the incident rays and their reflected rays.
How to draw a shadow by traveling light is as follows.
• Make two beams randomly hitting the mirror surface from the top of the object and
from the bottom of the object.
• Create reflected rays using the Law of Reflection, ie the angle of incidence equals the
angle of reflection.
• Extend the reflected rays until they meet at a point.
• The meeting point is the image of the object, formed the image A 'B'.
• The image formed is the result of the intersection of the extension of the reflected rays
so that it is called virtual rays.

Flat Mirror Shadow

Image formed by 2 flat mirrors

If we have two flat mirrors that form an angle (θ) then the number of images of the
object (n) formed by the mirror can be found with the following formula:

360°
n= -
∝
Information :
n: number of shadows
∝ ∶ angle formed by 2 mirrors
Example of a flat mirror problem 1
We have two flat mirrors that form an angle of 60º and put a match in front of the
mirror, what is the image of the match that is formed from the flat mirror?
It is known that: ∝: 60 °
Wanted: n:…?
Answer:

n = (360 °) / (60 °) -1
n=6-1
=5

We may often encounter flat mirrors like this. If A is x cm high, then how high is
the minimum flat mirror so that A can see his entire body in the flat mirror? to find the
height of the flat mirror using the formula:
Flat Mirror Height = 1/2 x Height

Example of flat mirror problem 2

Mahmud's height is 178 cm, how high is the mirror needed for him to be able to
see his whole body in the mirror?
Answer: Flat Mirror Height = 1/2 x 178 = 69 cm.

b. Convex mirror
Convex mirrors are mirrors whose surface of the reflection plane is curved
outward. Convex mirrors are commonly used for rearview mirrors on motorized
vehicles. The image on the convex mirror is virtual, upright, and smaller (reduced) by
the actual object.

Properties of the rays reflected by the convex mirror

1. Incident rays parallel to the main axis will be reflected as if out of focus

description: 1, 2, 3, 4 space objects

2. The incident ray towards R will be reflected back from R

 3. The incident rays that are towards the focus point will be reflected parallel to the
main axis.

Convex Mirror Formula

The formula or equation for a convex mirror is similar to a concave mirror, except that
the focus value (F) is negative. The formula for the magnification of the convex mirror is
the same as for a concave mirror.

Information:
f = the object's focus
s = distance of object
s' = distance of the image formed

Example of Convex Mirror Problem

An object is placed 4 cm in front of the convex mirror which focuses 6 cm. The location of
the image formed is ...
s = 4 cm f = 6 cm
Answer:
1 1 1
- = +
f so s '
1 1 1
- = +
6 4 s'
1 1 1
- = +
s' 6 4
1 2 3
- ' = +
s 12 12
1 5
- =
s ' 12
 −12
s’ = = -2,4 cm.
5
The nature of the image is upright, virtual, and minimized

Benefits of a Convex Mirror in Everyday Life

1. Convex mirrors are used as rearview mirrors for various means of transportation
2. Mirrors are often installed at a T-junction or at a crossroads

c. Concave mirror
A concave mirror is a mirror whose reflection plane is curved inward. Concave mirrors
are commonly used as reflectors in car headlights and flashlights. The nature of the image of
the object formed by a concave mirror depends on the position of the object on the mirror.
1. If the object is close to the concave mirror, the image of the object is upright, bigger, and
pseudo (virtual).
2. If the object is far from the concave mirror, the image of the object is real (true) and
reversed.
Properties of Light (rays) reflected by a Concave Mirror
1. Incident rays parallel to the main axis will be reflected through the focus

information: 1, 2, 3, and 4 are space objects

2. The incident rays passing through the focus will be reflected parallel to the main axis.

3. The incident rays passing through the curved point (R) will be reflected back in the same
direction.
Concave Mirror Formulas
Concave Mirror is positively focused. If you have an object with a distance S from the
mirror then to find the image distance using the formula:

Information:
f = mirror focus
s = distance of object from mirror
s' = the image distance

while the magnification of the image uses the formula:

Information:
s = distance of object from mirror
s' = the image distance
h '= height of the image
h = height of the object

There are quite a lot of benefits of a concave mirror in everyday life, including:
1. As a reflection on car lights or various other spotlights
2. Reflective on the flashlight
3. As a satellite dish to receive radio signals
4. As a collector of sunlight in a Solar Power Plant.

Example of Concave Mirror Problem

1. An object 1 cm high in front of a concave mirror with a focus of 2 cm,
if the object is at a distance of 3 cm, determine:
• image distance (S ')
• magnification
• image height (h ')
• shadow properties
answer:
Distance. Shadow
1 / f = 1 / s + 1 / s'
1/2 = 1/3 + 1 / s'
1 / s' = 1/2 - 1/3
1 / s' = 3/6 - 2/6
1 / s' = 1/6
s' = 6cm
Magnification
M = s' / s = 6/3 = 2 times
High .Shadow
M = h '/ h
2 = h '/ 1
h '= 2cm
the image characteristic s' is positive then it is real, inverted
M = 2 then it is enlarged
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Based on the shape of the surface there is a flat mirror and a curved mirror. There
are two kinds of curved mirrors, namely convex mirrors and concave mirrors.
Convex mirrors are mirrors whose surface of the reflection plane is curved
outward. Convex mirrors are commonly used for rearview mirrors on motorized
vehicles. The image on the convex mirror is virtual, upright, and smaller (reduced) by
the actual object.
A concave mirror is a mirror whose reflection plane is curved inward. Concave
mirrors are commonly used as reflectors in car headlights and flashlights.
 REFERENCES

https://www.studiobelajar.com/cermin-lensa-cembung-cekung/
https://rumushitung.com/2013/03/10/cermin-datar-cermin-cekung-cermin-cembung/
https://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/cermin-cekung/