Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Radiography Interpretation PDF
Radiography Interpretation PDF
Radiography Interpretation PDF
Radiographic Film
Interpretation of Welds
ASNT
Saudi Arabian Section
Jim Carswell & Tom Scales
RTFI Presentation Outline
Morning 8:00am – 12:00noon
•Interpretation/perception
•Radiography
•Welding processes
•Appearance and classification of defects
•Review acceptance criteria:
ASME B31.1
API 1104
AWS D1.1
Scoring:
1-4 average
8 extraordinary
9 above average
10 very observant
11 extremely observant
Factors affecting Interpretation
• Heredity/Genetics and visual perception
• Condition of the human eye
• Eye examinations 20/40
• Wear your glasses/contacts, if scratched –
replace.
Factors affecting Interpretation
• Heredity/Genetics and visual perception
• Condition of the human eye
• Equipment
• Viewer/densitometer
• Viewing conditions
• Tools
Factors affecting Interpretation
• Heredity/Genetics and visual perception
• Condition of the human eye
• Equipment
• Film and radiographic techniques
• Discussing throughout
When in doubt
2nd opinion
Re-shoot or G/R/S
Radiography
Contact - DWSV
Elliptical - DWDV
Single wall single view
Radiographic film
Film processing
Results: good technique
WELDING
Joining materials (coalescence)
Terminology
Basic Weld Joints
Design factors: cost, code requirement
Common Weld joints:
V groove and Butt
Knowing the weld position and number of passes helps
the interpreter anticipate the location of defects
Welding/Joining Processes
•Oxyacetylene
•Shielded metal arc (SMAW)
•Gas metal arc (GMAW)
•Gas tungsten arc (GTAW)
•Submerged arc (SAW)
•Electro slag (ESW)
•Flux cored arc (FCAW)
•Stud (SW)
•Electron beam
•Explosive
•Brazing
•Torch, furnace, induction, resistance,
dip, infrared and diffusion
•Soldering
Common Welding Processes Used
In The Petrochemical Industry
•Arc stabilization
•Provides gas shielding – decomposition of
cellulose and limestone
•De-oxidation of weld pool
•Strengthens the weld – alloying elements
•Increases deposition – adds filler
•Oxide barrier for solidifying metal - slag
•Thermal insulation of the cooling weld
Common defects associated
with SMAW
Porosity
Cracks
Slag
Incomplete fusion
Incomplete penetration
Burn through
Lack of fill
Root concavity
Undercut
Excessive penetration
Porosity
Tungsten inclusions
Cracks
Incomplete fusion
Undercut
Porosity
Cracks
Slag
Incomplete fusion
Causes:
•Contamination
•Moisture
•Environment – wind, etc.
Porosity
Porosity
Cluster Porosity
Cluster Porosity
Aligned Root-Pass Porosity
Aligned Root-Pass Porosity
Hollow Bead
Incomplete Fusion
Causes:
•Incomplete penetration of arc
•Inadequate welding current
•Poor joint fit-up
Incomplete Penetration
Cause:
•Poor joint design
•Welding technique
Incomplete Penetration
Incomplete Penetration
Incomplete Penetration
Incomplete Penetration
Cracks
Causes:
•Stress - thermal/mechanical
•Welding technique
•Electrode material (wrong alloy)
Transverse Cracks
Transverse Cracks
Longitudinal Root Crack
Longitudinal Root Crack
Slag Inclusions
Causes:
•Non-removal
•Welding technique
Elongated Slag
Elongated Slag
Interpass Slag
Interpass Slag
Burn Through
Cause:
•Welding technique
•Poor joint fit-up
Burn Through
Burn Through
Root Concavity
Cause:
•Welding technique
•Poor joint fit-up
Root Concavity
Root Concavity
Undercut
Cause:
•Welding technique – excessive heat
Internal Undercut
Internal Undercut
External Undercut
External Undercut
Excessive Penetration
Cause:
•Welding technique – excessive arc
penetration
•Poor joint fit-up
Excessive Penetration
Excessive Penetration
Lack of Fill
Cause:
•Welding technique
Lack of Fill
Lack of Fill
Tungsten Inclusions
Cause:
•Welding technique
Tungsten Inclusions
Tungsten Inclusions
Mismatch – Hi Low
Cause:
•Poor joint fit-up
Mismatch
Mismatch
Weld Spatter
Cause:
•Poor joint fit-up
•Welding technique
Miscellaneous
Excessive Weld Ripples
Unconsumed Insert
Oxidized Root
Film Handling And
Processing Defects
Scratches
Finger prints
Crimp marks
Light Leaks
Chemical Stains
Roller Marks & Artifacts
Scratches
Chemical Stains
Light Leaks
Static Marks
Store film upright
Artifacts
Water marks
Crimp marks
CODES & STANDARDS
in the petrochemical
industry
What is the purpose for
Codes & Standards?
ASME B31.3
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
API 1104
Welding of Pipelines And Related Facilities
AWS D1.1
Structural Welding Code - Steel
ASME B31.3
and
Appendix 4