Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

breakthrough comeback downfall make-up outbreak outlook takeover uprising

1. The _______________
outlook for the economy is poor for the next year.

2. His mistakes in defending the country led to the president’s_______________

downfall .

3. make-up
The _______________ of the population in any country is usually a mixture of

successive groups of immigrants.

4. takeover
The _______________ of the company was achieved with the bank's help.

5. breakthrough
There was a _______________ in negotiations when both sides agreed to pull out

their troops.

6. uprising
The Indian _______________ against British rule led by Gandhi was mostly

peaceful.

7. The former president is hoping to make a _______________

comeback and win the next

election.

8. With the _______________

outbreak of fighting thousands of people tried to leave the

country.
Early migration to Australia

known
26 January 1788 is a very important date in the history of Australia. It is 1 ___________
arrival
(know) as Australia Day and commemorates the 2 ___________ (arrive) of eleven ships
to the state of New South Wales, carrying the first immigrants from Great Britain .
However, the passengers on board did not experience the usual emotions of excitement
apprehension (apprehend) of new immigrants as they approached their new
and 3 ___________
worried
home. In fact, most of them had good reason to be 4 ___________ (worry) because they
biggest (big) prison . Deportation to Australia was
were being sent to the world's 5 ___________
the price they had to pay for the crimes they had committed in Britain.

The British had already used penal colonies in America but American independence
was chosen
meant they needed a new destination for prisoners and Australia 6 ___________
useful
(choose) . The British considered deportation to penal colonies 7 ___________ (use) for
two reasons: in the first place they were far away and situated in harsh territory, therefore
making (make) escape almost impossible. Secondly, the convicts provided free
8 ___________
labour and were forced to set about building settlements that could then be used by later
waves of immigrants. However, on this occasion the British plans nearly went wrong.
 beginning
From the very 9 ___________ (begin) the new arrivals had problems. Captain Arthur
Philip, the officer in charge of the colony, soon realised that the land where they had
unsuitable (suit) for agriculture. What's more, what land could be used
landed was 10 ___________
poorly (poor) farmed as none of the convicts had any
for growing crops was 11 ___________
farming experience. So hardly had they set up the colony, when there was a desperate
shortage (short) of food as the supplies that had arrived with them ran out.
12 ___________

Building somewhere to live also proved a problem . The trees on the coast were
incredibly hard and the immigrants had only been given a few tools of poor quality. After
starvation
only eighteen months in their new 'home' they were close to 13 ___________ (starve),
without a roof over their heads and without a ship to take them to 14 ___________
safety
(safe). The situation was desperate. Fortunately, on 3 June 1790 ships carrying 225
female convicts and food and tools came to the rescue, saving the settlers from certain
death. Thanks to the new convicts and supplies the colony began to steadily grow and
foundations (found) of one of the world's most
before long they started to lay the 15 ___________
famous cities: Sydney.
1. Why is Australia Day important for Australians?

It commemorates the arrival of the first British immigrants to Australia.

2. What was deportation?

Forcing someone to leave their country because they had committed a crime.

3. Why were penal colonies popular with the British?

Escape was very difficult; the criminals provided free labour to build
settlements for later immigrants.

4. What did Captain Philip realise about the landing site?

It was unsuitable for growing crops.

5. Why was 3 June 1790 an important date for the convicts already in Australia?
Ships arrived carrying food and tools, saving the convicts’ lives.
 Find words or phrases in the text which match these definitions.

1. worry or fear (paragraph 1) apprehend

_____

2. difficult to live in (paragraph 2) _harsh

___ _

3. a place a group of people have built to live in (paragraph 2) _settlement

_ __ _

4. establish (paragraph 3) _set

_ _up_

5. come to an end (paragraph 3) _run

___out
_
1 When did the Aboriginal people first arrive in Australia?
a about 50,000 years ago b about 25,000 years ago
c about 5,000 years ago
2 In which century did Britain first colonise Australia?
a 17th century b 18th century c 19th century
3 What did the British establish in Botany Bay?
a a cricket club b a holiday resort c a penal colony
4 The British colonists took Aboriginal land principally to
a grow crops. b raise livestock. c build new towns.
5 What made Australia much richer in the mid-19th century?
a livestock farming b the arrival of immigrants
c the discovery of gold
6 Australia gained independence from Britain in
a 1851 b 1901 c 1951
 1 What information is given about the early indigenous people?
They are thought to have arrived by boat from the islands of Indonesia about 50,000 years ago.
They settled in coastal regions, especially in the south-east. They were hunter-gatherers. There
were about 250 separate groups, each with its own language. When the first Europeans arrived
their population is estimated to have been between 300,000 and a million.

2 What unfortunate effect did the arrival of the European colonists immediately have
on the Aboriginal people?
They were exposed to diseases such as smallpox, measles and tuberculosis. Because they had no
immunity against these diseases, thousands died.

3 What caused conflict between the colonists and the indigenous people?
When the settlers took the Aborigines' land.

4 What effect did the Gold Rush have on the population?

It increased.
 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
common first free ideal overcrowded penal poor reluctant useful

By the late eighteenth century, Britain's prisons had become very 1overcrowded
________ ,
and transportation to the American colonies had become a 2 ________ common
punishment for many crimes. In the 1770s Britain lost her American colonies
and was forced to look elsewhere. Australia, which had recently been claimed
for Britain by Captain James Cook,was the 3 ________ ideal location for a new 4
penal
________ colony. Conditions on the transport ships were 5 ________poor and
many prisoners died before reaching their destination. For the few decades
first
after the arrival of the 6 ________ settlers, convicts made up the majority of
Australia's population. Approximately 161,700 convicts, of whom 25,000 were
women, were sent to Australia between 1788 and 1868. As time went by,
however, they were increasingly seen as a 7 ________ useful source of labour rather
than simply as prisoners undergoing punishment. Opposition to transportation
grew among the free settlers, who resented the convicts taking their jobs. It
was the discovery of gold that finally led to the abolition of transportation. Free
settlers were understandably 8 ________reluctant to share the new-found wealth with
convicted criminals, and argued that transportation was no longer a
free
punishment but a 9 ________ ticket to riches. The last convict ship arrived in
Australia in 1868.