Gagala, Mylene L.

BS Psychology 1-A

Activity 19: Health Care, Epidemiology, and Infection Prevention and Control

Differentiate:

1. Health care-associated vs. Community-acquired vs. Iatrogenic infection

Health care-associated infections (HAIs) are infections people get while they're
receiving health care for another condition. HAIs can happen in any health care facility,
including hospitals, ambulatory surgical centers, end-stage renal disease facilities, and
long-term care facilities.

Acquired or arising in the general population: not acquired or arising in a hospital

community-acquired pneumonia.

Iatrogenic infection was defined as an infection after medical or surgical management,

whether or not the patient was hospitalized. Relationship between prescription or
procedure and iatrogenic disease. Drug-Induced Disease.

2. Contact transmission vs. Droplet transmission vs. Airborne transmission

Contact transmission is the most common form of transmitting diseases and virus.
There are two types of contact transmission: direct and indirect. Direct contact
transmission occurs when there is physical contact between an infected person and a
susceptible person. Indirect contact transmission occurs when there is no direct human-
to-human contact. Contact occurs from a reservoir to contaminated surfaces or objects, or
to vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rodents or dogs.

The spray of droplets during coughing and sneezing can spread an infectious disease.
You can even infect another person through droplets created when you speak. Since
droplets fall to the ground within a few feet, this type of transmission requires close
proximity.
 Airborne transmission is defined as the spread of an infectious agent caused by the
dissemination of droplet nuclei (aerosols) that remain infectious when suspended in air
over long distances and time.

3. Medical asepsis vs. Surgical asepsis

Medical asepsis is the state of being free from disease causing microorganisms. Medical
asepsis is concerned with eliminating the spread of microorganisms through facility
practices.

Surgical asepsis is the absence of all microorganisms within any type of invasive
procedure. Sterile technique is a set of specific practices and procedures performed to
make equipment and areas free from all microorganisms and to maintain that sterility.

4. Joseph Lister vs. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilise surgical
instruments and to clean wounds. Applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology,
Lister championed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic, so that it became the first
widely used antiseptic in surgery.

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was a Hungarian physician and scientist, now known as an
early pioneer of antiseptic procedures. Described as the "saviour of mothers",
Semmelweis discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever could be drastically cut by
the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics.

5. N95 respirator vs. Surgical mask

An N95 respirator is a respiratory protective device designed to achieve a very close
facial fit and very efficient filtration of airborne particles. Note that the edges of the
respirator are designed to form a seal around the nose and mouth. Surgical N95
Respirators are commonly used in healthcare settings and are a subset of N95 Filtering
Facepiece Respirators (FFRs), often referred to as N95s.
 A surgical mask is a loose-fitting, disposable device that creates a physical barrier
between the mouth and nose of the wearer and potential contaminants in the immediate
environment. These are often referred to as face masks, although not all face masks are
regulated as surgical masks. Note that the edges of the mask are not designed to form a
seal around the nose and mouth.

6. Biohazards vs. Sharps

Biohazards are defined as any biological or chemical substance that is dangerous to
humans, animals, or the environment. This can include body fluids, human tissue and
blood, and recombinant DNA.

Sharps waste is a form of biomedical waste composed of used "sharps", which includes
any device or object used to puncture or lacerate the skin. Sharps waste is classified as
biohazardous waste and must be carefully handled.

7. Plasma vs. Serum

Plasma is the clear, straw-colored liquid portion of blood that remains after red blood
cells, white blood cells, platelets and other cellular components are removed. It is the
single largest component of human blood, comprising about 55 percent, and contains
water, salts, enzymes, antibodies and other proteins.

Serum is the fluid and solute component of blood which does not play a role in clotting.
It may be defined as blood plasma without fibrinogens. Serum includes all proteins not
used in blood clotting; all electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones; and any
exogenous substances.

8. CML vs. CSF

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is an uncommon type of cancer of the bone
marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. CML causes an
increased number of white blood cells in the blood.
 Cerebrospinal fluid: A watery fluid that is continuously produced and absorbed and that
flows in the ventricles within the brain and around the surface of the brain and spinal
cord. Abbreviated CSF. The CSF obtained during a lumbar puncture is analyzed to detect
disease.

9. Anatomical pathology vs. Clinical pathology

Anatomical pathology or Anatomic pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned
with the diagnosis of disease based on the macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical,
immunologic and molecular examination of organs and tissues.

Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease
based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue
homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and
molecular pathology.

10. Sputum vs. Abscess

A mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract, typically as a result
of infection or other disease and often examined microscopically to aid medical
diagnosis.

An abscess is a pocket of pus. You can get an abscess almost anywhere in your body.
When an area of your body becomes infected, your body's immune system tries to fight
the infection. White blood cells go to the infected area, collect within the damaged tissue,
and cause inflammation. During this process, pus forms.