COURSE UNIT 6: INFERENTIAL TESTING: TESTS OF 1008 - 2(32) = 944 [-2SD]

DIFFERENCE 1008 + 3(32) = 1104 [+3SD]

1008 - 3(32) = 912 [+3SD]
TYPES OF STATISTICS/ANALYSIS

• DESCRIPTIVE- Describing a phenomena How THE STANDARD DISTRIBUTION CURVE

many? How much? BP, HR, BMI, IQ, etc. • The standard curve has a mean = 0 and a standard
- Frequencies deviation = 1
- Basic Measurements • The standard curve is the graph of an infinite number
of z-scores
• INFERENTIAL- Inferences about a • Standardized counterpart of any observation from the
phenomena/conclusions; Proving/disproving theories; raw data set.
Association bet. Phenomena; If samples relates to • To use the standard curve to make probability
larger population; E.g. Diet Health statements, think of the area under the curve as 100
equal portions
- Hypothesis testing • 50 lie on each side of the mean
- Correlation
- Confidence intervals
- Significance testing
- Prediction

x−μ
z=
σ

z: z-score/value
X: value of any particular observation (of interest)
μ: Population mean
σ: population SD

SAMPLE PROBLEM

Kongpob, a Thai national who wishes to study in the

Philippines, scores 85% on the Mathematics part of UPCAT.
The distribution of math scores in UPCAT from a reference
population is symmetric and single-peaked with the mean 90
and SD 4.8. On the other hand, he scored 89% in the English
part of the same test which also has a symmetric and single-
peaked distribution whose mean is 93 and an SD of 3.2. In
which subject did Kongpob perform better?

x−μ
z=
1008 + 1(32) = 1040 [+1SD] σ
1008 - 1(32) = 976 [+1SD]
1008 + 2(32) = 1071 [+2SD]
MATH vs ENGLISH score

Math: Z= -1.04
English: Z= -1.25
∴ Kongpob performed better in Math than in English.

THE NORMAL CURVE AND PROBABILITY

1. What is the probability of a z score equal to or greater

than 0?
= P (Z > 0 ) = 50 / 100 = 1/2 OR 50%

3. What percentage of the area under the normal curve

lies between 0 (Z = 0) AND 1.36 (Z = 1.36)?
• Using table 2.9, Z of 0 = 0 and Z of 1.36 = 41.31
• P (Z BETWEEN 0 AND 1.36) = 41.31 / 100
• P = .4131 OR 41%

2. What percentage of the area under the normal curve

lies between 0 (z = 0) and 1.36 (z = 1.36)?
4. What is the probability that z is equal to or greater
than 1.03?
• P (z ≥ 1.03)

5. What is the probability that Z is equal to or greater

THE NORMAL CURVE AND PROBABILITY than 1.03?
• P (Z ≥ 0) = 50 / 100 0R .50
• P (Z BETWEEN 0 AND 1.03) = 34.85 / 100 =
.3485
 • P (Z > 1.03) = .50 - .3485 = .1515 = .15 OR
15%
6. A teacher always administers 100-point tests and
always gives a’s to scores of 93 and above. On the
last exam the mean was 72 and the standard
deviation was 9. Assuming that the test scores were
normally distributed, what was the probability of
receiving an “A” on that test?
• First need to calculate the z-score
• Z = (score - mean) / standard deviation
• Z = (93 - 72) / 9 = 21 / 9 = 2.33
7. A TEACHER ALWAYS ADMINISTERS 100-POINT
TESTS AND ALWAYS GIVES A’S TO SCORES OF
93 AND ABOVE. ON THE LAST EXAM THE MEAN
WAS 72 AND THE STANDARD DEVIATION WAS 9.
ASSUMING THAT THE TEST SCORES WERE
NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED, WHAT WAS THE
PROBABILITY OF RECEIVING AN “A” ON THAT
TEST?
• P (Z ≥ 0) = 50 / 100 0R .50
• P (Z BETWEEN 0 AND 2.33) = 49.01 / 100 =
.4901
• P (Z > 2.33) = .50 - .4901 = .0099 = .01 OR
1%
8. TO DEVELOP SOME PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS, A TEACHER DECIDES TO USE THE
NORMAL CURVE TO DETERMINE THE TEST
SCORE ABOVE WHICH 7% OF THE SCORES
SHOULD FALL
• To develop some performance standards, a teacher
decides to use the normal curve to determine the test
score above which 7% of the scores should fall
• First determine the z-score above which 7% of the
area under the normal curve falls
• P (z > ?) = 7 / 100
• 50% of test scores lie above the mean where z = 0
• If we are looking for the top 7%, 43% of the test
scores lie between the mean and the score for which
the teacher is looking
• Using table 2.9, what z-score corresponds closest to
43%?
• Z-score of 1.48 corresponding to .4306 lies the closet
to .43
• THEN DETERMINE THE TEST SCORE (X) ABOVE
WHICH 7% OF THE SCORES SHOULD FALL
USING THE FOLLOWING FORMULA TO
CALCULATE X:
X = MEAN + Z (STANDARD DEVIATION)
ASSUMING THE MEAN IS 31.25, STANDARD
DEVIATION IS 5, AND THE CALCULATED Z-
SCORE = 1.48:
X = 31.25 + 1.48(5) = 31.25 + 7.4 = 38.65
TESTS OF DIFFERENCE PART 2
Z-TEST
Parametric Tests of Difference (Two-sample mean)
• Ho: There is no significant difference between the
1. Z-TEST
protoporphyrin levels in the alcoholic population and
2. T-TEST: non-alcoholic population.

2.1. Paired T-test

2.2. Independent T-test • Ha: There is a significant difference between the

protoporphyrin levels in the alcoholic population and
Z-TEST non-alcoholic population.
◍ Use if n1 ≥30 and n2 ≥30

Example:
◍ ALPHA: 1%
◌ Protoporphyrin levels were measured in two sample ◍ Tail: 2 tailed test
subjects. Sample 1 consisted of 35 adult male ◍ Test Statistic:z-Test (because there are more than 30
alcoholics with ring sideroblast in the bone marrow. participants in each group)
Sample 2 consisted of 40 apparently healthy adult ◍ Critical Value:±2.58
non-alcoholic males.

◌ Is there a significant difference between the

protoporphyrin levels in the alcoholic population and
non-alcoholic population? Given the gathered data.
Using 1% level of significance.(Assuming Normal
Distribution)
Z-TEST ◌ The paired t-test calculates the difference within
each before-and-after pair of measurements,
determines the mean of these changes, and reports
whether this mean of the differences is statistically
◍ ALPHA: 1% significant.
◍ Tail: 2 tailed test INDEPENDENT T-TEST
◍ Test Statistic: z-Test
◍ Critical Value:±2.58 Independent t-Test
◍ Area of Rejection:
◍ žA T-test asks whether a difference between two
groups’ averages is unlikely to have occurred
because of random chance in sample selection.

◍ A difference is more likely to be meaningful and “real”

if

(1) the difference between the averages is large,

(2) the sample size is large, and
(3) responses are consistently close to the
average values and not widely spread out

PAIRED t-TEST
t-TEST
Ho: The use of the module does not leads to improvement.
◍ It is a parametric test used to test significant Ha: The use of the module leads to improvement.
difference of small sample size.
◌ Paired t-test
◌ Independent t-test ◍ ALPHA: 5%
◍ Tail: 1 tailed test
PAIRED t-TEST ◍ Test Statistic: t-Test
◌ Determine whether the mean of the differences ◍ Critical Value: ±1.729
between two paired samples differs from 0 (or a ◍ Area of Rejection:
target value)
INDEPENDENT t-TEST

Ho: There is no significant difference….

Ha: There is a significant difference between the
achievements of using usual strategy and strategy x

.
◍ ALPHA: 1%
◍ Tail:2 tailed test
◍ Test Statistic: t-Test
◍ Critical Value: ±2.845
◍ Area of Rejection: