Highlights of Computing: From The Ancient Indian Vedic Literature To Modern Practical Cryptography

Numeral Systems
Vedic Mathematics
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Highlights of Computing: From the
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Ancient Indian Vedic Literature to
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Modern Practical Cryptography
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Uwe Wystup
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uwe.wystup@mathfinance.com
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1. Numeral Systems
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2. Vedic Mathematics
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5. Cryptography
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6. Definitions
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1. Numeral Systems
• Fundamentals: Any integer has a unique represen-
Numeral Systems tation as a weighted sum of powers of a chosen base.
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1. Numeral Systems
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1. Numeral Systems
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that
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1. Numeral Systems
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that
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JJ II • The Mayas also used the feet (base=20), see http:

J I //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_numerals.
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1. Numeral Systems
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that
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or on, base 2) or a hexadecimal system
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(0, 1, 2, . . . , 9, A, B, C, D, E, F ) for memory size:
1 byte = F F .
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1. Numeral Systems
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that
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or on, base 2) or a hexadecimal system
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(0, 1, 2, . . . , 9, A, B, C, D, E, F ) for memory size:
1 byte = F F .
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• More on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
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1.1. Exercise
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Write the hexadecimal number CAF E in the dual, dec-
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imal and Maya number system.
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Definitions 2. Vedic Mathematics
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1. Introduction
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2. Multiplication
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3. Squares
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5. Divisibility
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6. Square Roots
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2.1. Introduction
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Rigveda Ayurveda
Title Page Samaveda Gandharvaveda
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Atharvaveda Sthapatyaveda
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Table 1: Vedas and Upavedas (supplementary vedas)
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2.1.1. The 16 Sutras
are part of a Parisista (Appendix) of the Atharvaveda
1. By one more than the one before
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2. All from 9 and the last from 10
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4. Transpose and apply
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6. If one is in ratio the other is zero
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11. Specific and general
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12. The remainders by the last digit
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13. The ultimate and twice the penultimate
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14. By one less than the one before
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15. The product of the sum
16. All the multipliers

2.1.2. Jagadguru Swami Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji
Maharaja
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Vedic Mathematics Explained the sutras in his books.
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Maharaja (March, 1884 -
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February 2, 1960) was the
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Jagadguru (literally, teacher
of the world; assigned to
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heads of Hindu mathas)
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J I of Puri during 1925-1960.
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He was one of the most
significant spiritual figures
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in Hinduism during the 20th
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century. He is particularly
Close known for his work on Vedic
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Example with working base 10:
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Definitions 9 - 1
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×
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7 - 3
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6 / 3
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Definitions 9 - 1 7 - 3
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× ×
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6 / 3 3 /1 2
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Definitions 9 - 1 7 - 3 13 + 3
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× × ×
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7 - 3 6 - 4 12 + 2
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6 / 3 3 /1 2 15 / 6
J I = 63 = 42 = 156
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Definitions 9 - 1 7 - 3 13 + 3 12 + 2
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× × × ×
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7 - 3 6 - 4 12 + 2 8 - 2
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6 / 3 3 /1 2 15 / 6 10 / 4̄
J I = 63 = 42 = 156 = 96
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Definitions 9 - 1 7 - 3 13 + 3 12 + 2
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× × × ×
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7 - 3 6 - 4 12 + 2 8 - 2
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6 / 3 3 /1 2 15 / 6 10 / 4̄
J I = 63 = 42 = 156 = 96
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Reason: (x + a)(x + b) = x(x + a + b) + ab
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Definitions 9 - 1 7 - 3 13 + 3 12 + 2
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× × × ×
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7 - 3 6 - 4 12 + 2 8 - 2
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6 / 3 3 /1 2 15 / 6 10 / 4̄
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Reason: (x + a)(x + b) = x(x + a + b) + ab
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Origin of the ×-sign comes from this method
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91 - 9
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96 - 4
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87 / 36
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91 - 9 111 + 11
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96 - 4 109 + 9
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87 / 36 120 / 99
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91 - 9 111 + 11 108 + 8
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96 - 4 109 + 9 97 - 3
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87 / 36 120 / 99 105 / ¯
24
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Page 10 of 55 = 8736 = 12099 = 10476

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Other working bases (division case)
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Definitions 100/2=50
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49 - 1
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49 - 1
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2)48 / 01
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Definitions 100/2=50 100/2=50
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49 - 1 54 + 4
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49 - 1 46 - 4
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2)48 / 01 2)50 / 1̄6̄
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Definitions 10× 2=20
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19 - 1
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19 - 1
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× 2)18 / 1
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Definitions 10× 2=20 10× 6=60
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19 - 1 62 + 2
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19 - 1 48 - 12
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× 2)18 / 1 × 6)50 /2̄ 4̄
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2.2.1. Exercises
Multiply the following
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a 94 × 94
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b 97 × 89
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c 87 × 99
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d 87 × 98
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e 87 × 95
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f 95 × 95
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g 79 × 96
J I h 98 × 96
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i 92 × 99
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j 88 × 88
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k 97 × 56
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m 92 × 196
Multiply the following mentally
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a 667 × 998
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b 768 × 997
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c 989 × 998
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e 883 × 998
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f 8×6
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g 891 × 989
J I h 8888 × 9996
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i 6999 × 9997
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j 90909 × 99994
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k 78989 × 99997
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Multiply the following mentally
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a 133 × 103
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b 107 × 108
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c 171 × 101
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e 132 × 102
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f 14 × 12
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g 18 × 13
J I h 1222 × 1003
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i 1051 × 1007
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j 15111 × 10003
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k 125 × 105
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2.3. Squares
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Using the sutra Ekadhikena Purvena (“by one more
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152 = 1 × 2/25 = 2/25 = 225
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252 = 2 × 3/25 = 6/25 = 625
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352 = 3 × 4/25 = 12/25 = 1225
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1152 = 11 × 12/25 = 132/25 = 13225
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Definitions a 652
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b 852
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c 0.52
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d 7.52
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f 10502
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g 1752
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2.4. Division
• Lots of tricks are available. We do only some high-
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2.4. Division
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lights.
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1
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• Find the exact decimal representation of 19
.
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2.4. Division
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1
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.
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2.4. Division
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lights.
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1
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.
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Contact Information • Using the “Ekadhika Purva” Sutra it is easy:
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• Start with 1 and then work from right to left mul-
tiplying by 2.
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2.4. Division
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1
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.
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Contact Information • Using the “Ekadhika Purva” Sutra it is easy:
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• Start with 1 and then work from right to left mul-
tiplying by 2.
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. 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8
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1 1 1 1 1 1
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/ 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1
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Numeral Systems • A further shortcut is the insight that
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. 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8
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+ 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1
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Contact Information = 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
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1
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• The same works for all periodic decimals, e.g. 7
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+ 8 5 7
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= 9 9 9
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Compute the exact decimal number of
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b 49
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2.5. Divisibility
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2.5. Divisibility
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2.5. Divisibility
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Definitions
Contact Information • For 3, 13, 23, 33 etc. multiply them by 3 and you
get 1, 4, 7, 10, etc. as the Ekadhikas.
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2.5. Divisibility
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Definitions
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• For 7, 17, 27, 37 etc. multiply them by 7 and you
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2.5. Divisibility
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2.5. Divisibility
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• Now test if 112 is divisible by 7 osculating by 5:
2 × 5 + 11 = 21, which is divisible by 7.
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• Therefore: yes
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2.5. Divisibility
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• Now test if 112 is divisible by 7 osculating by 5:
2 × 5 + 11 = 21, which is divisible by 7.
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• Therefore: yes
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Is 2774 divisible by 19? Osculate by 2:
Zero Search Methods
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2 8 5
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+ 1 0
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+ 1 6
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1 9
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Credit Cards • One more example: Is 5293240096 divisible by 139?
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Definitions • The Ekadhika (osculator) is 14.
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5 2 9 3 2 4 0 0 9 6
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139 89 36 131 29 131 19 51 93

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5 2 9 3 2 4 0 0 9 6
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139 89 36 131 29 131 19 51 93

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• Answer: yes
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a 32896 is divisible by 29
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c 4914 is divisible by 39
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d 14061 is divisible by 43
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Numeral Systems
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Contact Information • Squares of complements from 10 have the same last
digit; thus 12 and 92 end in 1, 22 and 82 end in 4
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• 2, 3, 7 and 8 are out of court altogether.
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• If the given number has n digits, then the square
root will contain n2 or n+1
2
digits.
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• If the given number has n digits, then the square
root will contain n2 or n+1
2
digits.
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• Systematic computation of an exact square root re-
quires the Dvandvayoga (Duplex) process.
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2.6.1. Duplex Process (Dvandvayoga)
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D(4) = 42 = 16 (1)
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D(43) = 2 · 4 · 3 = 24 (2)
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D(137) = 2 · 1 · 7 + 32 = 23 (3)
D(1034) = 2·1·4+2·0·3=8 (4)
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D(10345) = 2 · 1 · 5 + 2 · 0 · 4 + 32 = 19 (5)
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2.6.2. Square Root of a Perfect Square
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Vedic Mathematics Find 1849.
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Group in pairs, taking a single extra digit on the left as
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extra digit.
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extra digit.
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1 8 — 4 9
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4
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extra digit.
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1 8 — 4 9
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4
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4 is the largest integer whose square does not exceed 18.
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18/4 is 4 with remainder 2.
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Next we divide 24 by the divisor 8. This gives 3 remain-
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der 0, placed as
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8) 2 0
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der 0, placed as
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8) 2 0
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Now we see 09 and we deduct from this the duplex of
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the last answer figure 3, i.e. 09 − D(3) = 09 − 32 =
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09 − 9 = 0. This means that the answer is exactly 43.
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1 3 — 6 9
6) 4
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1 3 — 6 9
6) 4
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Contact Information 3 is the largest integer whose square does not exceed 13.
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der 4, placed as
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1 3 — 6 9
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6) 4 4
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3 7
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1 3 — 6 9
6) 4
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Contact Information 3 is the largest integer whose square does not exceed 13.
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der 4, placed as
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1 3 — 6 9
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3 7
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49 − D(7) = 0, so 37 is the exact square root of 1369.

2.6.3. Exercises
Find the square root of the following.
Numeral Systems a 3136
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e 6889
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f 1296
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2.6.3. Exercises
Find the square root of the following.
Numeral Systems a 3136
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Definitions
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e 6889
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f 1296
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find the square roof of the numbers
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a 119025
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b 524176
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c 519841
d 375769
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3. Zero Search Methods
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1. Newton’s Method
J I 2. Heron’s Square Root Finder
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3. Exercise: Divisions without Dividing
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Sir Isaac Newton
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1643 - 1727
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3.1. Newton’s Method
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Given a differentiable function f (x) we want to deter-
Zero Search Methods mine x̂ such that
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Contact Information Starting with x0 we take the tangent to the curve
through the point (x0, f (x0)) and use its intersection
mathfinance.com with the x-axis x1 as a new starting point. We repeat
Title Page this method until no further changes occur. The recur-
JJ II sive relation is
J I f (xn)
xn+1 = xn − (7)
Page 33 of 55 f 0(xn)
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and the result is
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lim xn = x̂. (8)
n→∞
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mathfinance.com
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JJ II
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Page 34 of 55
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Credit Cards 3.1.1. Problems
Cryptography
Definitions Problems can occur due to
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1. multiple solutions
mathfinance.com
2. non convex f , reflection points
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3. solutions at extreme values

JJ II
J I 4. |f 0| = ∞
Page 35 of 55 5. pathological cases
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3.1.2. Rate of Convergence
Numeral Systems
Vedic Mathematics Considering all these problems, why is Newton’s method
Zero Search Methods still so popular? The reason lies in the rate of conver-
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gence. Define the error by
Cryptography
Definitions ∆
Contact Information en = xn − x̂ (9)
mathfinance.com
From the definition of the Newton iteration, we have
Title Page en+1 = xn+1 − x̂
JJ II f (xn)
= xn − 0 − x̂
J I f (xn)
Page 36 of 55 f (xn)
= en − 0
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= (10)
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By Taylor’s Theorem, we have
Numeral Systems
0 = f (x̂) = f (xn − en) (11)
Vedic Mathematics
1
Zero Search Methods
= f (xn) − enf 0(xn) + e2nf 00(ξn) (12)
Credit Cards 2
Cryptography
Definitions where ξn is a number between xn and x̂. A rearrange-
Contact Information ment of this equation yields
1
mathfinance.com
enf 0(xn) − f (xn) = f 00(ξn)e2n (13)
Title Page
2
JJ II Putting this in (10) leads to
J I
1 f 00(ξn) 2 1 f 00(x̂) 2
Page 37 of 55 en+1 = 0
en ≈ 0
en = Ce2n (14)
2 f (xn) 2 f (x̂)
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This equation tells us that en+1 is roughly a con-
stant times e2n. This desirable state of affairs is called
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quadratic convergence.
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Numeral Systems 3.2. Heron’s Square Root Finder
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods • Goldman Sachs standard interview question: Find
Credit Cards the square root of 17.
Cryptography
Definitions • The Greek Engineer Heron who lived sometime be-
Contact Information tween 100 B.C. and 100 A.D. had used the recursion

1 R
mathfinance.com
xn+1 = xn + (15)
Title Page
2 xn
JJ II to find the square root of R.
J I
• This is based on Newton’s method.
Page 38 of 55
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• Taking R = 17 and starting with x0 = 4 we
find x4 = 4.123105625617660549821409856 which
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is correct to 28 figures.
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Cryptography
Definitions 3.3. Exercise: Divisions without Dividing
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• Use Newton’s method to determine an algorithm
mathfinance.com that computes the reciprocal of a given number x,
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without ever performing any division.
JJ II • apply your method to compute 191 exact to 8 decimal
J I places.
Page 39 of 55
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4. Credit Cards
Zero Search Methods
Credit Cards We follow An Introduction to the Mathematics of
Cryptography Money by Lovelock, Mendel and Wright [3].
Definitions
Contact Information •
9876
|{z} 5432
| 1987
{z 654} |{z}
3 (16)
mathfinance.com
BIN cardholder ID checksum
Title Page
• BIN: Bank Identification Number
JJ II
J I
Page 40 of 55
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4. Credit Cards
Zero Search Methods
Definitions
9876
|{z} 5432
| 1987
{z 654} |{z}
3 (16)
mathfinance.com
Title Page
JJ II
J I • More on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Page 40 of 55
Credit_card_numbers
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4. Credit Cards
Zero Search Methods
Definitions
9876
|{z} 5432
| 1987
{z 654} |{z}
3 (16)
mathfinance.com
Title Page
JJ II
Page 40 of 55
Credit_card_numbers
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errors, not malicious attacks. How?
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4. Credit Cards
Zero Search Methods
Definitions
9876
|{z} 5432
| 1987
{z 654} |{z}
3 (16)
mathfinance.com
Title Page
JJ II
Page 40 of 55
Credit_card_numbers
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errors, not malicious attacks. How?
Close • Luhn algorithm
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4.1. The Luhn Algorithm
Numeral Systems
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods
Credit Cards
Cryptography
Definitions
Contact Information
Hans Peter Luhn

mathfinance.com
Title Page The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as

JJ II
the modulus 10 or mod 10 algorithm, is a simple check-
sum formula used to validate a variety of identification
J I
numbers, such as credit card numbers and Canadian
Page 41 of 55
Social Insurance Numbers.
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Hans Peter Luhn

mathfinance.com

JJ II
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Page 41 of 55
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Full Screen It was created by IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn and
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described in US Patent 2,950,048, filed on January 6,
1954, and granted on August 23, 1960.
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Definitions
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Hans Peter Luhn

mathfinance.com

JJ II
J I
Page 41 of 55
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Full Screen It was created by IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn and
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described in US Patent 2,950,048, filed on January 6,
1954, and granted on August 23, 1960.
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9876
|{z} 5432
| 1987 3
{z 654} |{z}
Numeral Systems BIN cardholder ID checksum
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods
Credit Cards 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Cryptography
Definitions ×2 ↓ ×2 ↓ ×2 ↓ ×2 ↓ ×2 ↓
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18 8 14 6 10 4 6 2 2
mathfinance.com
Title Page
9 8 7 6 5 4 add up
JJ II
J I ×2 ↓ ×2 ↓ ×2 ↓ digits
Page 42 of 55 9 16 7 12 5 8 82
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Full Screen Table 2: Example of the Luhn Algorithm

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Note: 18 counts as 1 + 8, i.e. count only the digits
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Numeral Systems 9876
|{z} 5432
| 1987 3
{z 654} |{z}
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods
Credit Cards • Add the checksum 3 to the 82 and obtain 85.
Cryptography
Definitions
Contact Information
mathfinance.com
Title Page
JJ II
J I
Page 43 of 55
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|{z} 5432
| 1987 3
{z 654} |{z}
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods
Cryptography
Definitions • If the new total is divisible by 10, then the credit
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card number has passed the validation test.
mathfinance.com
Title Page
JJ II
J I
Page 43 of 55
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|{z} 5432
| 1987 3
{z 654} |{z}
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods
Cryptography
Contact Information
mathfinance.com • our number fails, whereas
Title Page
JJ II |{z} 5432
9876 | 1987
{z 654} |{z}
8
J I
Page 43 of 55
passes.
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|{z} 5432
| 1987 3
{z 654} |{z}
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods
Cryptography
Contact Information
mathfinance.com • our number fails, whereas
Title Page
JJ II |{z} 5432
9876 | 1987
{z 654} |{z}
8
J I
Page 43 of 55
passes.
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• Note: Amex has one digit less and starts with the
second digit.
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Numeral Systems
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods
4.2. Exercises
Credit Cards
Cryptography
1. Implement the Luhn-Algorithm in Excel.
Definitions
Contact Information
2. Apply the Luhn-Algorithm to your own credit card
number.
mathfinance.com 3. In your group think of a credit card number and
Title Page ask another group to verify it.
JJ II
4. Does the Luhn Algorithm pick up any incorrect en-
J I try of a single digit?
Page 44 of 55
5. Will the Luhn Algorithm pick up any incorrect
Go Back transposition of adjacent digits?
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5. Cryptography
Cryptography
Definitions 1. The Inventors of the RSA-Algorithm
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2. Method
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3. Examples
Title Page
4. Exercise
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Page 45 of 55
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5. Cryptography
Cryptography
Definitions 1. The Inventors of the RSA-Algorithm
Contact Information
2. Method
mathfinance.com
3. Examples
Title Page
4. Exercise
JJ II
J I
Page 45 of 55
Go Back 5.1. The Inventors of the RSA-Algorithm (1978)

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Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman [5]
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Definitions
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Title Page
Ronald L. Rivest
JJ II Andrew and Erna Viterbi Professor of Electrical Engi-
J I neering and Computer Science in MIT’s Department of
Page 46 of 55
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/
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Definitions
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Title Page
Adi Shamir
JJ II
Paul and Marlene Borman Professor of Applied Math-
J I
ematics at Weizmann Institute
Page 47 of 55
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http://www.weizmann.ac.il/math/profile04/
scientists/shamir-prof04.html
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Definitions
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mathfinance.com
Title Page
Professor Leonard Adleman
JJ II
Department of Computer Science University of South-
J I ern California
Page 48 of 55
http://www.usc.edu/dept/molecular-science/
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fm-adleman.htm
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5.2. Method
We follow Francis Litterio’ instructions on http://
world.std.com/~franl/crypto/rsa-guts.html.
Numeral Systems
Vedic Mathematics 1. Find P and Q, two large (e.g., 1024-bit) prime num-
Zero Search Methods bers.
Credit Cards
Cryptography 2. Choose E ∈]1, P Q[, no prime factors in common
Definitions with (P − 1)(Q − 1).
Contact Information
3. Compute D (the multiplicative inverse) such that

mathfinance.com DE = 1 mod (P − 1)(Q − 1). (Find an integer X
Title Page
which causes D = (X(P − 1)(Q − 1) + 1)/E to be
JJ II
an integer, then use that value of D.)
J I 4. The encryption function is C = T E mod P Q,
Page 49 of 55
where C is the ciphertext (a positive integer), T
is the plaintext (a positive integer). The message
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being encrypted, T , must be less than the modulus,
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P Q.
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5. The decryption function is T = C D mod P Q,
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where C is the ciphertext (a positive integer), T
is the plaintext (a positive integer).
Numeral Systems
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods
Credit Cards
Your public key is the pair (P Q, E). Your private key
Cryptography is the number D (reveal it to no one). The product P Q
Definitions is the modulus (often called N in the literature). E is
Contact Information
the public exponent. D is the secret exponent.
mathfinance.com
Title Page
JJ II
J I
Page 50 of 55
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Numeral Systems
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods
Credit Cards
Your public key is the pair (P Q, E). Your private key
Cryptography is the number D (reveal it to no one). The product P Q
Definitions is the modulus (often called N in the literature). E is
Contact Information
the public exponent. D is the secret exponent.
mathfinance.com
You can publish your public key freely, because there
Title Page
are no known easy methods of calculating D, P , or
JJ II Q given only (P Q, E) (your public key). If P and Q
J I are each 1024 bits long, the sun will burn out before
Page 50 of 55
the most powerful computers presently in existence can
factor your modulus into P and Q.
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5.3. Examples
Numeral Systems prime 1 P 5 11 37 61
Vedic Mathematics prime 2 Q 7 7 41 53
Zero Search Methods
Credit Cards
public modulus N = PQ 35 77 1517 3233
Cryptography P −1 4 10 36 60
Definitions
Q−1 6 6 40 52
Contact Information
(P − 1)(Q − 1) 24 60 1440 3120
mathfinance.com public exponent E 5 7 7 17
Title Page inverse of E D 5 43 823 2753
JJ II check DE 25 301 5761 46801
J I check DE − 1 24 300 5760 46800
Page 51 of 55
check [DE − 1]/[(P − 1)(Q − 1)] 0 0 0 0
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plaintext T 5 6 100 123
encryption function C = T E mod P Q 10 41 1062 855
Full Screen
decryption function T = C D mod P Q 5 6 100 123

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Numeral Systems
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods 5.4. Exercise
Credit Cards
Cryptography 1. Set up an RSA tool in Excel/VBA and verify the
Definitions examples.
Contact Information
2. Take two prime numbers P and Q between 100
mathfinance.com and 200, e.g. from http://primes.utm.edu and
Title Page
compute E and D.
JJ II 3. Based on a plain text of your choice compute its
J I ciphertext.
Page 52 of 55 4. Give your public key and the ciphertext to the next
Go Back group and determine the plaintext of another group.
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Numeral Systems
Vedic Mathematics
6. Definitions
Zero Search Methods
Credit Cards 6.1. Prime Numbers
Cryptography
Definitions a number that can only be divided evenly by 1 and the
Contact Information number itself.
mathfinance.com
6.2. Modulus
Title Page
JJ II For integers K, R and N the equation

J I
K = R mod N (17)
Page 53 of 55
Go Back
means that R is the remainder of the division of K by
N or alternatively there exists an integer L such that
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Close N · L + R = K. (18)
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7. Contact Information
Numeral Systems
Vedic Mathematics
Professor Dr. Uwe Wystup
Zero Search Methods
Credit Cards
Ansua Dutta-Wystup
Cryptography Managing Directors
Definitions
Contact Information
MathFinance AG
Mainluststraße 4
mathfinance.com
60329 Frankfurt am Main
Title Page
Germany
JJ II Phone +49-700-MATHFINANCE
J I More papers are available at
Page 54 of 55
http://www.mathfinance.com/wystup/papers.
php
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These slides and handouts are available at
Full Screen http://www.mathfinance.com/seminars/vedic.
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References
Numeral Systems [1] Burden, R. L. and Faires, J. D. (1993). Numerical analysis. PWS
Vedic Mathematics Publishing Company.
Zero Search Methods
[2] Datta, B. and Singh, A.N. (1962). History of Hindu Mathematics.
Credit Cards
Asia Publishing House, Calcutta.
Cryptography
Definitions [3] Lovelock, D., Mendel, M. and Wright, A.L. (2007). An Intro-
Contact Information duction to the Mathematics of Money, Springer, New York.
[4] Maharaja, Bharati Krsna Tirthaji (1992). Vedic Mathematics, Moti-

mathfinance.com lal Banarsidass Publishers Private Ltd, Delhi.
Title Page [5] Rivest, R.L., Shamir, A. and Adleman, L.M. (1978). A Method for
JJ II
Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems. Commu-
nications of the ACM 21,2, 120–126.
J I
[6] Schonard, A. and Kokot, C. (2006). Der Matheknüller. http://
Page 55 of 55 www.matheknueller.de.
Go Back [7] Williams, K.R. (2002). Vedic Mathematics - Teacher’s Manual. Ad-
vanced Level. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi.
Full Screen
http://www.mlbd.com
Close
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Numeral Systems Index
Vedic Mathematics
Zero Search Methods
bank identification number (BIN), 40 prime number, 53
BIN, 40
Credit Cards quadratic convergence, 37
Cryptography division, 18, 21
Definitions dual system, 3 RSA-Algorithm, 45
Contact Information duplex, 26
square root, 25
dvandvayoga, 26
squares, 16
mathfinance.com ekadhika, 21 sutras, 7
Title Page Heron’s Square Root Finder, 38 vedas, 6

hexadecimal system, 3
JJ II
Luhn algorithm, 41
J I
Maya numerals, 3
Page 56 of 55
modulus, 53
Go Back multiplication, 9
Full Screen Newton’s Method, 33

numeral systems, 3
Close
osculator, 21
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Numeral Systems

Page 1 of 55 February 2010

JJ II • The Mayas also used the feet (base=20), see http:

JJ II • The Mayas also used the feet (base=20), see http:

Go Back • Computers use a dual system (power off

JJ II • The Mayas also used the feet (base=20), see http:

Go Back • Computers use a dual system (power off

mathfinance.com 7. By addition and by subtraction

16. All the multipliers

Page 10 of 55 = 8736 = 12099 = 10476

139 89 36 131 29 131 19 51 93

139 89 36 131 29 131 19 51 93

Page 26 of 55 Got it?

49 − D(7) = 0, so 37 is the exact square root of 1369.

J I Find out how the method extends to 6-digit squares and

3. solutions at extreme values

Hans Peter Luhn

Title Page The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as

Hans Peter Luhn

Title Page The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as

Hans Peter Luhn

Title Page The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as

Full Screen Table 2: Example of the Luhn Algorithm

Go Back 5.1. The Inventors of the RSA-Algorithm (1978)

3. Compute D (the multiplicative inverse) such that

JJ II check DE 25 301 5761 46801

J I check DE − 1 24 300 5760 46800

decryption function T = C D mod P Q 5 6 100 123

JJ II For integers K, R and N the equation

[4] Maharaja, Bharati Krsna Tirthaji (1992). Vedic Mathematics, Moti-

Title Page Heron’s Square Root Finder, 38 vedas, 6

Full Screen Newton’s Method, 33

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