OPEN

ENDED
LAB
NAME: AYYAN AHMAD

REG NO: 2018089

GROUP: 1-A

SUB-GROUP: 2

INSTRUCTOR: PROF.ZAFAR IFTIKHAR

APPARATUS:
 BAR PENDULUM
 STOP WATCH
 METER SCALE
 KNIFE EDGE

THEORY:
In Compound Pendulum, A rigid body is fixed about an axis and can displace with an angle ‘θ’
from its equilibrium position. The point P is above the point of Centre of gravity ‘G’. The
restoring torque for angular displacement θ is:

τ =−mg h sin θ
For small amplitudes of θ :

d2θ
I =−mghθ
dt 2

d2θ
Whereas, α = 2
dt
by rearranging the equations 1 ^ 2

−mghθ
α=
I

Time period is given by,

I
T =2 π
√ mgl
By parallel axis theorem,

I =I G +ml 2

where IG is the moment of inertia at the point G and by the definition of radius of gyration,

I G=m K 2

Now we have I =m K 2+ ml 2
By putting it in the time period equation we have

m K 2 +ml 2
T =2 π
√ mgl

( K ¿ ¿ 2+l 2 )
T =2 π m
√ mgl
¿

K2
T =2 π
√ l

L
g
+l

T =2 π
√ g
Where,

K2
L= +l
l
This is the length of “equivalent simple pendulum”. If all the mass of the body were
concentrated at a point O. This point is known as the ‘Centre of Oscillation’,

The value of g is given by,

L
g=4 π 2
T2

By determining L, l 1and l 2 graphically for a value of T, the acceleration due to gravity g at that
place of the compound pendulum can be determined.
 PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the apparatus of compound pendulum.

2. Find the center of gravity of the bar.
3. Take Point G on bar as a reference point and point A and B as end points, put the
knife edge or pin in the first hole of bar and note the distance of pin from the
reference point and mark that hole as hole 1.
4. Measure the time for 20 oscillations from hole 1.
5. Now repeat this process for several holes and take care also that when the knife
edge passes the point of center of gravity the bar will turn and the direction become
negative.
6. Note that the turning angle for pendulum must not be more than 5 degrees
7. Calculate the mean time for one vibration.
8. Draw a graph as Length on x-axis and time period on y-axis.
9. Measure the length from graph and calculate the value of ‘g’.

TABLE:
No of readings Length from Centre Time For 20 Time Period T/20 (s)
(Holes) of Gravity (cm) Oscillations (s)

1(1) 45 31.77 1.588

2(3) 35 30.67 1.533
3(5) 25 30.26 1.513
4(7) 15 32.99 1.649
5(9) 5 51.63 2.581
G 6(11) -5 54.19 2.709
7(13) -15 33.98 1.699
8(15) -25 30.34 1.517
9(17) -35 30.54 1.527
10(19) -45 31.69 1.584
GRAPH:
Y-Values
2.15

2.05

1.95

1.85
TIME

1.75
1.7
1.65
1.65
1.58 1.59
1.53 1.55 1.53
1.52 1.51

1.45
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

LENGTH

CALCULATIONS:
From the graph, AC = 63 cm.
BD = 62 cm.
LX = AC+BD=l1+l2
L X AC + BD 63+62
Total Length, L= = =
2 2 2

L = 62.5 cm
Corresponding time period, T = 1.57 sec.
Acceleration due to gravity,

π 2∗L
g=4
T2

62.5
¿ 4 π 2× 2
1⋅57

cm
¿ 1001.01
s2

¿ 1001.01/100

m
valueof g=10.01
s2

10.01−9.8
% Error=( )∗100
10.01

% Error=1.99 %

Result:
The resultant value for acceleration due to gravity is 10.01 m/s 2 and % error in value of g is 1.99
%.
Reference:
 www.youtube.com
 http://physicslab-phy1034.blogspot.com
 www.wikipedia.org