Military Parade Magazine-02

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F I R S T L I N E
EDITORIAL
YOU have in front of you the second issue of our magazine on

Russian defense equipment. Much has been written about it, information collected and money
made by so doing. However, it has been done by anyone, but us. Not our country and, above
all, not those who created this technology.
Today, as before, there is very keen interest in the Russian defense industry. You will find
many visitors from abroad in our design offices and defense enterprises. They buy little, tend-
ing rather to concentrate on obtaining technical data and information about new models. Some
foreign publishers closely connected with the military-industrial complex in the West are also
quite active. This curiosity is easy to understand: competition on the world arms market is very
high and weaponry is expensive. So collecting information in good time about promising pro-
jects and finding out which models are to be shown at exhibitions can be used to reduce a
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competitor's chances. The arms market demands a very careful approach. And it is accessible
to us, without a doubt. For many of our models are superior to the goods offered by our com-
petitors. Our magazine can assist in promoting Russian equipment on the world market.
Trade, like everything else, has its own strict laws. One of these is the unquestionable need
to advertise goods, services and opportunities. So we address our invitation to cooperate, first
and foremost, to Russian heads of the defense industry, creators and producers of military
equipment and dual-purpose high technologies. You were known in the past too, of course,
mainly to special services in the West. Today you and your offers should be heard by military
and business circles the world over. Russia has only recently begun to trade in arms as an ordi-
nary commodity. Here high-quality, professionally designed and printed advertisement of your
produce and proposals can be a guarantee of success. This is why we prepare our magazine
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in Moscow and print it at one of the world's top printing bases in Italy. The world is used to high
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quality in advertising and magazines. It's the norm. And if we were to try to sell a piece of mil-
itary equipment costing, say, ten million dollars with the help of an advertising prospectus print-
ed in black and white on newspaper-quality paper, any potential client might think that the
quality of what we are selling is the same as that of the prospectus. Particularly if they were not
already familiar with our produce.
At the same time we are also addressing ourselves to foreign business circles, companies •
and banks. Our magazine is distributed widely in the CIS among enterprises of the military-
“Military Parade”
industrial complex. It provides an ideal opportunity to tell Russian producers about your firms
and cooperation offers. Our magazine is a commercial publication and we shall be happy to
place your advertisement on its pages.
Our offers are also intended for manufacturers of civilian produce. In Russia and other
countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States military production is being reduced and
an extensive program of the conversion of defense enterprises to civilian production is being
carried out. Foreign business circles could undoubtedly find some interesting partners here.
To give readers a fuller idea of the possibilities of our defense complex we are planning
shortly to publish special supplements of ten to twenty pages devoted to enterprises manu-
facturing arms and military equipment according to regions and primarily those regions where
military production has been concentrated historically: Tula, Nizhni Novgorod, St. Petersburg
and the Urals. Timely information about exhibitions on weaponry and conversion in the regions
could be helpful in both attracting attention to the exhibitions and to the region's potential.
Nikolay Spasski
We see interesting possibilities for improving our magazine further. We shall do our utmost Deputy Editor-in-Chief
to make it better, more informative and promotional. With your help, of course. ( of “Military Parade”
MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 1

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F I R S T L I N E

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Electronintorg ltd.
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Oleg Soskovets
First deputy chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation

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В О Е Н Н Ы Й П А Р А Д
Dear readers,
The present age is characterized by major positive changes aimed ogy is an objective goal today.
at strengthening the peace and security of nations. There has been
a significant decrease in the level of military-strategic confronta- In accordance with recent Decree issued by the President of the
tion, and mutual understanding and trust have grown between Russian Federation, the exclusive right to sell Russian weaponry on
peoples and states. For the first time in the history of mankind the the international market has been granted to the State Corporation
tendency to reduce offensive weapons has begun to be imple- ROSVOOROUZHENIE.
mented in practice. These processes enable Russia to share its
achievements in the military-technical defense sector. Created out of three foreign trade associations OBORONEXPORT,
SPETSVNESHTEKHNIKA and the General Department for

Today the Russian Federation possesses the most up-to-date Cooperation (GUSK), the new state corporation has inherited their
defense systems, which it is ready to supply to interested coun- rights and obligations, as well as their finest traditions. These tra-
tries. These systems have been and continue to be developed by ditions are reflected in ROSVOOROUZHENIE's motto "Partnership
the finest minds in the nation, scientists and designers whose in Confidence".
names are known world-wide. The weaponry they have created can
ensure any state's security and sovereignty. In its military charac- Our readers will most probably be interested to hear that the cre-
teristics it ranks with the weaponry and military technology of the ation of ROSVOOROUZHENIE guarantees the consolidation of the
leading companies in the world, and even excels them. Russian state monopoly on the export and import of weaponry and military
weaponry can operate successfully in all climatic conditions. technology. I should like to add that weaponry is not only a strate-
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gic commodity, but also Russia's national property and the fruit of
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When it organizes military-technical, cooperation with foreign its advanced technology. We consider arms sales political and
countries, Russia proceeds from the need to balance its military- commercial. Consequently this important and, I would add, deli-
political and economic interests. Supporting as it does a policy of cate sphere of the Russian state's foreign trade will henceforth
openness with regard to the supply of military technology and come under the direct control of the President and Government of
weaponry, Russia provides annual data for the United Nations Russia.
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international register. It also adheres strictly to international agree-
ments on the non-proliferation and reduction of certain types of The State Corporation ROSVOOROUZHENIE is taking its first, albeit
weapons. This applies to nuclear, chemical and biological weapons fairly confident steps. May I express the hope that it will now quick-
and missile technology, and also to its compliance with UN sanc- en its pace along the complex path of military-technological coop-
tions on the supply of conventional weapons to certain countries, eration with foreign countries. May each new step by the State
including "trouble spots". Consequently the establishment of strict Corporation augment Russia's wealth and military might and well-
state control over the export of Russian arms and military technol- being of its citizens.
Wishing you success and prosperity!

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F I R S T L I N E
RUSSIAN MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX:
A VIEW FROM THE INSIDE

T
he new year had hardly begun, before military equipment in Russia was only 47.8% of that for
people were talking about a new 1991. In that period aircraft and helicopter production
"Russian miracle". This time the surprise dropped 3.8 times, armored materiel more than 5
in the form of the super-new Su-34 front- times, ammunition 4.5 times, and the share of military
line bomber was presented by the production in the electronics industry 5.4 times. Today
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Sukhoy Moscow Special Design Bureau. I Russia spends only 23% of its defense budget on pur-
shall not list all the bomber's merits, of chasing arms, whereas in past years this item account-
which there are many, believe me. But to ed for 70% of budget funds. By comparison, in the
put it in a nutshell, there is today no United States the reduction of expenditure on pur-
other aircraft in this class which could chasing arms and military equipment is only 5% - 6%
surpass the Su-34. per annum.
As we can see, the rumors about the Thus, the Russian rates of reducing expenditure on •
total collapse of the Russian military arms production are several times higher than the
industrial complex and its lack of scientific and tech- American ones. Even for a country with a fairly stable
nological prospects have proved yet again to be some- economy such upheavals would be bound to make
what exaggerated. However, it must be confessed, themselves felt. All the more so in Russia during this
that they were based on some rather serious prob- transitional period of deep economic crisis.
lems, with which Russia's defense industry has been At the end of 1993 the state debt to the defense
confronted recently. industry for manufactured technology and completed
The end of military-political confrontation, the research and development work was around one tril-
opposition of blocks, has meant the beginning of lion roubles. This exacerbated even more the position
large-scale structural changes in the industry of the of our enterprises and their personnel, whose salaries
world's leading countries, irrespective of their political remained 1.6 times lower than those in civilian branch-
hue. In the last two or three years there has been a es of industry. This resulted in a permanent exodus of
drop in the level of the militarization of the economy highly qualified staff, which at the end of 1993
practically everywhere. But perhaps only in Russia has amounted to around 30% of the overall total.
this process assumed such a drastic nature. This is by no means a full list of the highly complex
In 1993 the volume of production of armaments and economic problems facing the Russian Federation's

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State Committee on the Defense Sectors of Industry. its, without which the implementation of the 14 feder-
We realize that in the new conditions the military- al conversion programs (ecology, transport, medicine,
industrial complex needs serious reform. The domestic communications, etc.) would be impossible. I am con-
arms market has shrunk considerably, making the pro- fident that investments in the defense industry will be
duction of certain types of armaments and military profitable. We possess unique technologies, which
technology unprofitable. have aroused great interest abroad as well. They refer
Russia's new military doctrine has a clearly to new materials, means of transport, and medical
expressed defensive nature. With respect to military instruments and equipment. In June some of them will
production, it envisages the creation of an optimal be on view at our exhibition in Seoul.
system of armaments, which will ensure the country's The Russian military-industrial complex can finance
security. In other words, fewer armaments will be pro- its reform itself, and here too I should like to say a few
duced in terms of classification and quantity. This words about the export of Russian military technology.
means that Russia's military-industrial complex will The world arms market exists, as long as there is a
have to lose its "surplus weight" and we are preparing demand for arms. And the winner is the one who makes
for this. Not more than 500 enterprises (out of 2,000), better and cheaper arms than the rest. I can say con-
which hold key positions in the development of military fidently that on the basis of these criteria Russia's
technology, are to remain in state ownership. They will chances are pretty high and we intend to win a worthy
form the nucleus of Russia's future defense potential. place on this tough market. At the beginning I men-
The rest wilt be privatized both with the participation of tioned the Su-34 frontline bomber. I can add that in

the state as a shareholder and without. By the end of the sphere of aviation technology alone we are ready
1993 the number of privatized enterprises in defense to offer the Su-27, MiG-29 and MiG-31 fighters, the A-
sectors of industry was getting on for 500. This year 40 "Albatros" amphibian aircraft, and the Ka-50 and
another thousand will be added to them. Some of them Mi-28 combat helicopters. In firing range and projec-
will be utilized for the production of components of tile power the "Smerch" multiple launch rocket system
military equipment on a contractual basis. But most of has no equal. At firing displays in Abu Dhabi 63 of the
them will be totally reorganized for the manufacture of 64 shells fired by it hit the target. The specialists were
civilian products. They have good technologies, equip- also most impressed by our T-80 tank, the armored
ment and qualified personnel, yet the nature of many BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle, the "Tochka-U" tacti-
defense enterprises makes it difficult for them to cal missile and the S-300PMU and "Tor" air defense
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switch over quickly to the manufacture of civilian prod- systems.
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ucts, which are in demand both on the home and for- This is only a small part of the list of high-technol-
eign markets. For the reasons outlined above, most of ogy military produce, which we could offer on the
our enterprises unfortunately have neither the time nor world arms market. But in returning to it Russia does
the money. And the state should bear not only the not want to make use of the dubious methods that are
moral, but also the material responsibility for making being wrongly attributed to her. Observing the stan-
sure that the reform of the military-industrial complex dards of the world community, our country will at the
is effective, and that its research institutes, design same time take all the necessary steps, including •
bureaus and plants become the driving force of the those at governmental level, to protect its own arms
Russian economy. producers. (

This is a question, first and foremost, of state cred-
Victor Glukhikh,
Chairman of the State Committee on the Defense Sectors of Industry of the Russian Federation

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F I R S T L I N E
MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION OF RUSSIA WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES:
TODAY AND TOMORROW
ilitary-technical cooperation of the Russian scheduled sales of this equipment as part of intergovernmental agree-
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Federation with foreign countries implies inter- ments.
state relations in the supply or sale of military pro- These organizations ensured the implementation of a whole range
duce, provision of services and investments in this of tasks of military-technical cooperation with foreign countries. The
domain. Russia's military-technical cooperation strict division of their responsibilities allowed customers to settle their
is, as that of most countries, subject to state problems on time and reliably.
monopoly. Exports of arms and military technology involve the employment of
Military-technical cooperation aims to ensure production and intellectual capacities and consolidate the stance and
Russia's national security, economic, military and interests of the Russian Federation on the international arena. They
political interests via the receipt of hard currency created and continue to create favorable conditions for development of
for state needs and the proper maintenance of its trade and economic relations. These exports constitute a reliable and
defense potential. effective source of hard currency. On average, the former USSR
Military-technical cooperation comprises earned two US dollars for every rouble spent on military-technical
delivery to foreign countries of arms, combat cooperation programs during the period 1981-1990. It should be
equipment and technologies, as well as the provi- noted here that a considerable share of these programs was carried
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sion of military-technical services. This coopera- out for free or on terms of credit. These credits have stilt not been
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tion is carried out by the state authorities in repaid. Default payments for previously delivered special equipment to
accordance with decisions adopted by the President of the Russian Iraq and Libya were caused in part by UN sanctions against these
Federation in the framework of corresponding decrees, directives, and countries. Libya and Iraq amount for 20% of total hard currency pro-
instructions. ceeds. In 1990-1992 direct economic losses sustained by Russia
One criterion determines the necessity and nature of military-tech- owing to the stoppage of arms deliveries to these countries amounted
nical cooperation with specified foreign countries: the attainment of to $10 billion. Russia did not receive adequate compensation from the
profits for Russia, conformity of such cooperation to its national inter- world community.
ests in the political, economic and military spheres as well as consoli- In 1991-1992, the special foreign trade organizations attached to •
dation of its national security. the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations (MFER) underwent restruc-
For several decades military-technical cooperation with foreign turing during a worsening crisis of the military sector, caused by the
countries was carried out by special state organizations. The General break-up of the Warsaw Treaty Organization. Owing to these factors,
Engineering Department (GED), attached to the Ministry of Domestic coupled with a curbing in state financing, the state company
and Foreign Trade, was set up in the former USSR in 1953. The GED "Spetsvneshtechnika", organized from the General Technical
exported arms and combat equipment. It comprised specialized divi- Department of the MFER, and the General Department for Cooperation
sions, which settled a whole range of tasks related to military-techni- of the MFER failed to discharge their previous duties and began to
cal cooperation, including the preparation and implementation of gov- tackle problems, falling within the jurisdiction of the foreign trade asso-
ernmental directives, intergovernmental agreements and contracts to ciation "Oboronexport", which in its turn began to discharge duties of
deliver special equipment. They also carried out market research, the former GED.
ensured the delivery of special equipment and its transportation in the Owing to ineffective coordination of these three organizations'
country and abroad, helped clients master and maintain this special activity by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of Russia,
equipment, arranged payments with foreign customers and so on. unnecessary competition emerged among these special organizations
As the volume of work in the field of military-technical cooperation exporting weapons on the international market. This caused economic
increased, the GED set up a General Technical Department (1968) and damage to Russia, as such "competition" brought export prices down
General Department for Cooperation (1988). These organizations and disoriented manufacturers and foreign customers. The lack of a
established solid, traditional ties with local developers, manufacturers solid legal base and appropriate mechanism for ensuring the coopera-
of arms and combat equipment and foreign partners. They created a tion of all Russian organizations in the military-technical sector had
vast, effective network of representative offices abroad, which helped serious negative consequences.
procure reliable information on the needs of foreign customers, pro- The state organizations of foreign countries interested in buying
mote our arms and combat equipment on their markets, and undertake our arms often wondered: "Who in Russia is authorized to negotiate

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arms sales?" They were at a loss when "businessmen", people's a decree to set up ROSVOOROUZHENIE, a state corporation to export
deputies, entrepreneurs and representatives of various regional foreign and import arms and combat equipment. This was done to enhance the
trade organizations, who had no experience in this domain, burst on effectiveness of military-technical cooperation with foreign countries
the arms market. and guarantee the state monopoly of exports and imports of arms and
Their surprise was genuine, as all competent foreign customers combat equipment. ROSVOOROUZHENIE is successor to Russia's state
realized that arms sales should remain the state's prerogative, provid- foreign trade association OBORONEXPORT, the state foreign trade
ing proper guarantees and control. company SPETSVNESHTEKHNIKA and the General Department for
This competition between Russian organizations developed, as the Cooperation. ROSVOOROUZHENIE is a state-owned corporation, act-
battle between leading foreign arms-exporters intensified. Most ing under the direct authority of the Government of Russia. This decree
promises and assurances by western politicians, who voiced their sup- eliminates the aforementioned shortcomings, including unscrupulous
port of the reforms in Russia via the restructuring and stabilization of competition among Russian exporters. The corporation has set itself
its economy, formulated in writing by the "G-7", International Monetary the following tasks:
Fund, the World Bank and the European Bank of Cooperation, and in - to export and import all types of arms, combat equipment, logis-
bilateral treaties between Russia and a number of foreign countries, tic equipment and dual-purpose equipment and technology;
not to mention other documents, were in fact mere declarations, which - to create infrastructural facilities, provide material and technical
were not backed up by practical acts. Credits are often conditioned by supplies, and perform technical maintenance of the arms and combat
terms, which are totally unacceptable in terms of relations between equipment abroad throughout their service life;
equal partners. Overt attempts are being made to impede Russia's - to determine contract prices on exported arms and services as
penetration of international weapons markets and undermine the compart of military-technical cooperation;
petitive capacity of our exports. - to invest in enterprises and research organizations to develop
At the same time, some Western governmental, military and busi- and manufacture competitive weapon systems, and tackle other tasks.
ness circles pursue a coordinated policy aimed at blocking Russia's Some state functions of management and control of military-tech-
penetration onto new arms markets and actively hampering our activi- nical cooperation, previously discharged by the Ministry of Foreign
ties to safeguard Russia's position in its traditional regions. Economic Relations, will be delegated to the corporation.

Unfortunately, recent measures in this direction were fairly suc- Military-technical cooperation between Russia and foreign coun-
cessful. During the past three years the USA more than doubled its tries is impossible without the state's support. The most important
arms sales and now amounts for at least half the world arms sales. In steps are now being discussed. The experience of Russian enterprises
1993 Great Britain ranked first among European countries in terms of in the domain of the military-technical cooperation with foreign coun-
arms sales. tries over the past two years has revealed the impracticability of
The results of Persian Gulf War were used for launching an effec- attempts to sell at a profit arms and combat equipment on foreign mar-
tive propaganda campaign aimed at discrediting Russian arms and kets without competent personnel, research into arms markets, a
attempting to portray the superiority of American arms. At the same developed infrastructure abroad, and a number of other provisions.
time, they hushed over the fact that it took 6 AD "Patriot" missiles to Most large local manufacturers of military produce now realize this
destroy one Iraqi "Scad" tactical missile, while Russia's similar defen- fact and prefer the services offered by specialized organizations, as
sive system, for instance, the S-300PMU or S-300V could have they believe them to be experienced and reliable partners. The eco-
destroyed the "Scad" missiles with its first missile, during the repulsion nomic interest of manufacturers comes first, if only because they
of a massive enemy assault rather than a single attack. Such propa- receive virtually all the export proceeds.
ganda quickly yielded results: whereas in 1989 Russia enjoyed parity Consequently, the centralization of exports of arms and combat
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with America in arms trade, in 1992 it was pushed back to rank 6th equipment in one state corporation ROSVOOROUZHENIE has created
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among Western exporters. the requisite conditions to implement the concept of the state monop-
The emergence of new organizations and enterprises, which oly on exports and imports of arms and combat equipment. This is a
enjoyed their right to trade arms on the international markets, wors- flexible concept. It promotes adaptation to market economy's manage-
ened the situation and sharply hampered the state's prerogative in this ment and effective coordination of Russia's participants in military-
specific domain, as it clearly led to: technical cooperation, primarily of the leading developers and manu-
- a loss of effective state control over arms deliveries to foreign facturers. This comprises all operations, from the organization of exhi-
countries. Consequently, our own weaponry could have appeared in bitions of military systems to the receipt of corresponding profits after
hot-spots in the CIS, as well as in countries facing economic sanctions the sale of these systems, while giving priority to state interests over •
imposed by the world community and supported by Russia. This could private ones.
have led to accusations from the international organizations like the The mechanism for such cooperation, which was partially tested by
UN, CSCE and others that Russia was involved in arms contraband; some exporters, has been created in the form of coordination and
- a drop in stable prices of our arms and combat equipment. This supervision councils, including a specialization section attached to
led to a decline in hard currency proceeds from arms exports; ROSVOOROUZHENIE. The participation of all these bodies in the devel-
- the unauthorized transfer of state-of-the-art technology used to opment and implementation of current and future expert programs in
develop and produce arms, when developers and manufacturers were the sphere of military-technical cooperation is envisaged.
allowed access to the arms markets; Naturally, the practical experience of this new corporation will
- damage to Russia's reputation as a reliable and honest partner in prompt rational ways to its further development aimed at creating
the domain of military-technical cooperation. Naturally, to gain the financial and industrial groups, including the establishment of filials
upper hand in the competition, Russia's arms exporters had to display and branches.
more flexibility, smartness, fastidiousness and, most of all, competi- All we need is the good will of Russia's participants in military-
tiveness and unity actions. Obviously, a clear-cut state concept of arms technical cooperation. We must all bear in mind the projected increase
exports should ensure the priority of national goals. The first step in in exports and services, including the discovery of new markets and
this direction has been taken. support of traditional ones.
In November 1993, the President of the Russian Federation issued
VICTOR SAMOILOV
Director General of ROSVOOROUZHENIE State Corporation

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E X C L U S I V E S
"THE INVISIBLE"
BECOMES VISIBLE $ Igor Yatsenko $
The radar boasts one principal plus: its ability to function in the meter-wave band
makes it invulnerable to homing and anti-radar missiles effective in other wave-
bands. Secondly, the radar can detect so-called "invisible" aircraft, including
STEALTH technology planes.
I
t is interesting to note (the plant's first name) commem- Times have changed and now the
that throughout its 78- orated its birthday by producing plant can openly demonstrate its

year-long history, Nizhni military field and outpost tele- weaponry and offer it for sale.
Novgorod Television phone versions for the warring Now, let us consider the
Plant has never kept a army, now the plant specializes in specifics of the radars, which
low profile, despite the the production of unique meter- impressed the specialists, both
fact that nearly 80% of wave radar sets. Russian and foreign, and led
the hardware it produced The latest novelties, the radar them to be frequent guests at the
was ordered by the mili- sets, types 55Zh6-1 and 1L13-3, plant ever since.
tary. Contrary to usual were shown twice, in 1992 and The 55Zh6-1 is a high tech,
procedures, this enter- 1993, at Nizhni Novgorod ground-based, three-coordinate
prise always had fairly International Fair and at circular scanner set operating in
famous names. The MOSAEROSHOW exhibition in the meter-wave band. It detects
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names changed, as did Moscow. They attracted the inter- current (and future) airplanes,
production. Whereas in Spring est of experts at the recent exhi- helicopters, cruise missiles, bal-
1917, the Electrotechnical Works bition of weaponry in Abu-Dhabi. loons and other air objects in the
Diagram depicting the operation of 55Zh6-1 and 1L13-3 meter-wave radar
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1. face of the most intensive clutter greater mass of the aircraft and, The radar may be controlled
The mobile radar on march and electronic countermeasures. consequently, a degradation in its equally well from the radar post
The radar boasts one princi- flying characteristics. located in the van and a remote
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pal plus: its ability to function in The radar reveals its reliability control station equipped with
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the meter-wave band makes it in all meteorological conditions. It seats for the commander (or
invulnerable to homing and anti- ensures failproof performance at operations duty officer), guid-
radar missiles effective in other minus 50 °C and can withstand ance navigator and operator. The
wavebands. Secondly, the radar almost unlimited heat. remote station contains radar
can detect so-called "invisible" Environmental humidity doesn't control equipment and three indi-
aircraft, including STEALTH tech- affect its performance. An appar- cators. It uses a cable link and is
nology planes. Indeed, this air- ently cumbersome antenna mast effective at a distance of 1 km •
craft's invisibility is based on its retains its serviceability under from the radar. In addition, it
special shape, which produces an conditions of an ice-slick and 35 allows connection of another sim-
extremely small signal return. In m/s wind. ilar radar.
the meter-wave band used in The radar reveals good mobil- The radar displays target
radar technology, an aircraft's ity. Its structures, devices and position in a three coordinate
size is commensurate with wave- mechanisms are arranged on system. Its coverage is 500 km in
length, and its shape is no longer eight semi-trailers towed by range, 40 km in height (16 deg.
important. The "invisibility" of trucks and can be moved by rail, in elevation) and is unlimited in
such aircraft is also due to their air and water. azimuth. The guaranteed detec-
radio-absorbent coating. It can be set up by a crew tion ranges for a fighter flying at
However, to attain a marked within less than 24 hours (22 altitudes of 10,000 m and 20,000
decrease in "visibility" in the hours, to be precise) without pre- m are 300 km and 400 km,
meter-wave band, one must liminary training, by merely look- respectively; the targets flying at
ensure a substantial increase in ing in the manual. After turning an altitude of 500 m can be
the thickness of the "smearing". on the power, it is operational detected with confidence at a dis-
This inevitably ends up with a within seconds. tance of at least 65 km. It has a

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fighter detection ceiling of 60 km. when the operator singles out the This is extremely useful during 2.
As well as the numerous indis- targets for tracking, and in auto- the training of radar crews. The 55Zh6-1 three-coordinate
putable advantages of the meter- matic mode - the coordinates of It also comprises a built-in
radar
wave band, the radar also pre- the locked-on targets are pro- functional test and diagnostics
serves a coordinate measuring duced by a special computer. By system. Information can be
accuracy. The rms errors do not sending an interrogation radio obtained on full readiness of the
exceed 500 m in range, 850 m in signal via the "Parol" (password) radar for operation or location of
height and 24 in azimuth. IFF system, the target can be a trouble within the shortest pos-
The electronic altimeter identified to establish its national sible time. As the equipment is
determines target elevation as status. built of units and the optimum
well as range and azimuth, and It also provides for an air sit- number of spares is furnished
also ensures a fairly high rate of uation simulator, which displays with a set of spare parts and
output of the coordinates in two the picture on an indicator screen accessories, the location and
modes: in semi-automatic mode, without emitting radio pulses. replacement of the faulty compo-

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nent do not affect, for all practical boasts an effective fire-protection detected at is 27 km. Like the
purposes, the promptness of the system. An air conditioning sys- 55Zh6-1, the 1L13-3 is equipped
crew's actions. tem contributes to the work's with an automatically controlled
The radar may be supplied convenience during combat oper- anti-jamming system, which uses
with electrical power from indus- ations. multi-channel self-balancing and
trial mains. If such a power The other meter-wave band digital scan-mode selection
source is not available, it can be radar, 1L13-3, is successfully equipment. It is also provided
powered by a self-contained employed to monitor air space with monitoring and automatic
power supply system, consisting and integrated in a system used trouble location equipment.
of two Diesel-driven power plants to ensure air traffic control of mil- The radar may be powered
(four 100-kW and three 50-kW itary and civilian targets. It may from the industrial mains or its
Diesel-generator sets, including also be used in an automated air own electric power plant, com-
the reserve ones) and a distribu- defense or air force control sys- prising two 30-kW Diesel-genera-
tor-converter. The self-contained tem, or may be employed inde- tor sets.
system is energized and con- pendently (e.g., as part of a rapid The air conditioners guaran-
trolled from the radar post. deployment force). tee operators' comfort, while the
The radar's designers took The radar is highly, mobile: automatic fire-fighting system
into account safety and life-sup- its equipment is arranged on and filtering-and-ventilating units
port systems and ensured that three trucks and one trailer. The ensure their safety.

comfortable conditions were pro- crew sets up the radar equipment The most important feature is
vided for the crew. The hermetic within 45 min. The radar makes it its ability to detect "the invisible"
sealing of the work stations and possible to feed at a high rate aircraft.
equipment used to clean the out- data on the positions of flying tar- Clearly, these radars are
side air provide reliable protec- gets in two dimensions: in related to the world's most
3. tion for the crew against the azimuth (unlimited) and in range advanced class of military hard-
The 1L13-3 two-coordinate ingress of the chemical and (up to 300 km). The highest alti- ware. (
radar
radioactive agents. The radar tude a fighter aircraft can be
•
Electronintorg ltd.
•

AB006
E X C L U S I V E S
AIRBORNE
he idea of mass
T
air landings was
developed and
implemented for
the first time in
Russia in the late
1920s. In 1928
M. Tukhachevsky
held at the head-
quarters of the
Leningrad Military
District a war
game, entitled
INFANTRY WEAPONRY $ Sergey Roshchin $
"Actions of Air
Landing Forces in an Offensive
The concept of airborne landings was implemented in Russia with
Operation", i.e., a landing offen-
sive operation mounted by large unprecedented speed and in unprecedented quantities... 7,500
forces (thousands of soldiers with soldiers (1,800 paratroopers and 5,700 landing troops), brought
artillery, tanks and transport vehi-
into the rear of the "enemy" at one of the exercises in the mid-

cles) on a wide front. Soon after-
wards, the word "landing" lost its 30s would constitute a fairly large force even nowadays.
previous meaning (debarkation or
descent), and was interpreted as with unprecedented speed and in 30s would constitute a fairly large
"landing of the ground forces, unprecedented quantities. It force even nowadays.
brought by sea or air, on enemy should be noted that 7,500 sol- Such operations were facili-
territory for the conduct of com- diers (1,800 paratroopers and tated by new equipment, which
bat operations". 5,700 landing troops), brought was designed by the outstanding
The concept of airborne land- into the rear of the "enemy" at designer P. Grokhovsky. Under
ings was implemented in Russia one of the exercises in the mid- his leadership in the early 30s,
•
Electronintorg ltd.
•

AB006
Materiel occupies almost one In 1985 a more sophisticated

whole pavilion. airborne assault vehicle, the
Amidst the wide range of BMD-2, began to be mass-pro-
equipment, a prominent place is duced. It was developed on the
occupied by airborne assault basis of the airborne assault vehi-
vehicles, which remain unique in cle BMD-1, involving a newly
world practice. These vehicles designed single-seat turret
were first developed in 1965. In equipped with an armament simi-
1969 the vehicle designated lar to that installed in the infantry
BMD-1 became operational. This fighting vehicle BMP-2. The
vehicle was a highly maneuver- GROM 73mm smooth-bore gun
able light tracked vehicle. The was replaced by the 30-mm auto-
hull and many of its components matic gun 2A42, and the
were made of high-strength alu- MALYUTKA antitank guided mis-
minum alloy. It was powerfully sile weapon was replaced by a
armed, was adapted for more sophisticated KONKURS
paradropping and could also weapon. The vehicle was also
swim. Our paratroopers took an equipped with a smoke screen
immediate liking to this vehicle. It system. The gun and coaxial

was the first vehicle to be univer- machine gun are stabilized in two
sal in terms of its capacities. All planes. At the same time the ele-
previous vehicles were intended vation angles permit effective fir-
to provide artillery support for ing at air targets. The airborne
1. Russian designers managed to paratroopers in combat and were assault vehicle BMD-2 retained
The BMD-3 airborne assault
develop within only two to three essentially light self-propelled as a whole all prevailing merits of
years, test, mass-produce and open artillery mounts. The assault the airborne assault vehicle BMD-
vehicle
service entirely new and unique vehicle BMD-1 was armed with a 1 and also acquired a number of
2. technology. This success has 73mm gun, an antitank guided new features.
Ammunition for the BMD-3 been continued by future genera- missile launcher and three Further improvements in this
•
tions of Russian designers. Today machine guns, which extended materiel led to the development
Electronintorg ltd.
there are no air-droppable vehi- the range of combat tasks it of the airborne assault vehicle
cles similar to Russian ones else- could attain. In addition, the vehi- BMD-3, which differs essentially
where in the world. Suffice it to cle was simple to operate, service from the preceding models in all
say that the air-droppable combat and easy to master. All these respects. Many novelties were
equipment (production-type merits were exhibited in full mea- used in its design. This vehicle is
items) exhibited in the Military sure during combat operations in a highly mobile air-droppable
History Museum of Armored Afghanistan. light-armored swimming tracked •

AB006
E X C L U S I V E S
vehicle. The vehicle can be trans-

ported by military transport air-
craft and, unlike the airborne
assault vehicles BMD-1 and
BMD-2, can be air-dropped via
palletless multicanopy parachute
system, together with full combat
crew stationed inside the vehicle

•
Electronintorg ltd.
on universal seats. operator's stations. All work sta- •
The combat crew of the air- tions of the driver's compartment

borne assault vehicle BMD-3 are equipped with individual

consists of a crew and landing hatches.
team. The crew includes a The fighting compartment is
layer/operator and driver, while located in the middle portion of
the landing team comprises a the vehicle's hull. It houses a
commander, machine-gun opera- rotating turret, borrowed from the
tor, grenadier, assistant infantry fighting vehicle BMP-2. A
grenadier and rifleman. The hull rifleman and assistant grenadier
of the vehicle comprises three are stationed in the rear of the hull contains a large landing
compartments: a driver's com- fighting compartment near the hatch, which enables the combat
partment, fighting compartment engine bulkhead. The rifleman's crew to leave the vehicle over the
and engine transmission com- and assistant grenadier's stations roof of the engine transmission
partment. The driver's compart- are equipped with ball mounts for compartment. The cover of this
ment houses the driver's, firing submachine guns in lateral hatch is equipped with a ball
grenadier's and machine-gun direction. The aft portion of the mount for firing a submachine

AB006
gun rearward. A great deal has

been done to enhance protection
of the crew and landing team.
Unlike airborne assault vehicles
BMD-1 and BMD-2, the combat
crew of the airborne assault vehi-
cle BMD-3 will not suffer when a
mine, containing up to 2.5 kg of
explosive, explodes under the
track of this vehicle. The radioac-
tive-radiation attenuation ratio is
2.5 compared to 1.5 for preced-
ing vehicles.
The vehicle's armament con-
sists of a 30-mm automatic gun
3. 2A42 stabilized in two planes, a
coaxial 7.62-mm machine gun
BMD-1 airborne assault vehi-
PKT, and a KONKURS antitank
cles mounted on droppable guided missile launcher. This

pallets armament is mounted in the
rotating turret. The vehicle's fire
4.
power was extended substantial-
A BMD-3 airborne assault
ly, using the 30-mm automatic
vehicle negotiates an obstacle grenade launcher AGS-17,
5. installed on the front hull-plate
bow mount to the left of the dri-
Activation of the parachute
ver's station. A bow mount for the
braking system 5.45-mm light machine RPKS is
6. located to the right of the driver's This engine proved highly fuel and on substitute fuels, such
•
station. reliable during trials in high as the jet fuels T-1, TS-1 and T-2
Movement at top speed
Electronintorg ltd.
The engine transmission mountains and, especially, in the and gasolines with an octane
7.
compartment is located in the aft sands of the Kara Kum desert. In number of 72 to 76. This ability to
The basic armament of the portion of the vehicle hull. This one of the first prototypes of the consume all types of fuel is
BMD-3 compartment is separated from vehicle, which was furnished with essential for the vehicle, which is
the fighting compartment by a experimental air-cleaner car- intended for operational employ-
8,9.
heat- and noise-insulating bulk- tridges, the air-cleaning duct ment in the enemy's rear and on
Ground clearance changes head. It houses the power plant became unsealed and the engine its territory. •
and transmission accessories. ran for a long time, sucking in a The engine is provided with a
automatically
The vehicle is equipped with a considerable amount of dust. closed-circuit high-temperature
10.
new high-speed multifuel liquid- However, the performance of the liquid-type cooling system with
The bow mount of the 30 mm
cooled turbo-supercharged six- engine was not markedly forced circulation of cooling liq-
AGS-17 grenade launcher cylinder diesel engine 2V-06-2. impaired. uid.
This engine has another The engine's air-supply sys-
advantage: unlike the V-type
engines used in airborne assault
vehicles BMD-1 and BMD-2, it is
well balanced. This ensured a
substantial reduction in vibra-
tions.
The engine can operate over
the entire ambient temperature
range, both on its main diesel

AB006
E X C L U S I V E S

tem consists of an air intake, air water-jet propellers from the
cleaner and air ducts. The air power drive. It goes backwards
intake is equipped with an exten- by reversing the rotation of the
sion tube, which can be operated impellers. To ensure crew's safe-
remotely from the driver's station ty when afloat, the vehicle is
•
to take in air when the vehicle is equipped with an emergency
Electronintorg ltd.
afloat. During cold seasons the water-pumping system, which
engine is started by efficient can remove from the hull large
heater or burnerless torch heat- amounts of water, which got
ing system. The alert readiness inside owing to damage caused
time of the airborne assault vehi- when the vehicle was afloat.
cle BMD-3 is 5 min at an ambient The vehicle's track and sus- obtained from the infantry fight-
temperature of -25 °C and about pension system has five bearings ing vehicle BMP-1. •
20 min at an ambient temperature and single rubber-covered The vehicle is equipped with a
of -45 °C. wheels. It comprises a tracked remote-controlled hydraulic track

The vehicle has a full-flow running gear, a suspension and adjuster. It ensures the required
hydro-mechanical transmission hydraulic system. The tracks are degree of track tension in case of
with a differential hydrostatic equipped with a rubber-metal any variation in the track enve-
steering mechanism. The trans- series joint. If necessary, the lope, caused by variation of the
mission and steering mechanism track and suspension system can ground clearance.
is integrated with the engine into be provided with anti-skid tires or The vehicle is provided with a
one unit, mounted in the vehicle's asphalt-going shoes. The vehi- filter-ventilating unit, automatic
11.
engine transmission compart- cle's standard equipment fire-fighting system and a smoke-
ment. This mechanism provides includes widened snow- and bog- screen and illuminating flares The BMD-3 is firing on the
five gears and reverse, permitting going track, which permits pas- launching system. To protect the move
both forward and rearward move- sage over soft ground. If neces- crew and landing team against
12.
ment of the vehicle in all gears. sary, the vehicle can be fitted powder gases, the vehicle is pro-
A launch of the "Konkurs"
The vehicle is controlled when with the tracks, road wheels and vided with a line, which furnishes
afloat by disconnecting one of the track drive sprocket wheels, clean air to the half-masks of the ATGM

AB006
13. personnel.
The driver's station At present such combat vehi-
14. cles cannot be found elsewhere
The universal troop seat is used in the world. Only the German
during the parachute dropping WIESEL vehicle may be consid-
of the vehicle complete with ered, albeit with strong reserva-
crew tions, as counterpart. Russia
15. remains leading developer of
The vehicle commander's seat such vehicles. (

CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRBORNE ASSAULT VEHICLES
Type BMD-1 BMD-2 BMD-3
Tracked, swimming, air-droppable Tracked, swimming (also
in sea), air-droppable by
means of palletless para-
chute system with combat
crew stationed inside
Combat weight, t 7.6+2.5% 8.0+2.5% 12.5+3.2%
Combat crew (crew and landing team), men 7 (2 and 5) 7 (2 and 5) 7 (2 and 5)
Additional seats - - 3
Ground clearance, mm 100 to 450 100 to 450 100 to 500
Armament:
•
number, type, caliber, mm 1x2A28x73 1x2A42x30 1x2A42x30
Electronintorg ltd.
3xPKTx7.62 2xPKTx7.62 1xPKTx7.62
MALYUTKA antitank guided 1xAGS-17x30
missile weapon KONKURS antitank guided missile weapon
Ammunition load, pcs:
gun 40 300 500 in belts
360 in rack
antitank guided •
missile launcher 3 3 4
machine guns 4,000 2,540 in belts 2,000

440 in rack
grenade launcher - - 290 in belts
261 in rack
Stabilizer - Two-plane, electromechanical
Gun laying angles, deg.:
direction 360 360 360
elevation -4 to +30 -5 to +56 -5 to +75
Aiming range of fire, m:
gun 1,600 4,000 4,000
machine gun PKT 1,300 1,500 2,000
grenade launcher AGS - - 1,700
antitank guided missile weapon 4,000 4,000 4,000
Engine Diesel 5D20 Diesel 5D20 Diesel 2V-06-2
Power, kW 177 177 331
Traveling speed, maximum , km/h:
highway 62 60 70
afloat 10 10 10

AB007
C O N V E N T I O N A L W E A P O N S
AIR DEFENSE MISSILE SYSTEM
BUK-M1 $ Sergey Samoilyuk $
The BUK-M1 is an improved version of the KUB. It

was first seen by foreign experts at the
MOSAEROSHOW-92 exhibition. The system provides

air defense for troops and installations. It can
engage army, tactical and strategic aviation air-
planes, fire support helicopters, cruise missiles and
remotely piloted aircraft.
I
n the early 60's, the at the MOSAEROSHOW-92 exhi- loaders (LL 9A39M1). All of them
designers of the bition. The system provides air are carried by a GM-569-type
Instrument Making (PRI- defense for troops and installa- standard self-propelled tracked
BOROSTROYENIYE) tions. It can engage army, tactical vehicle. It boasts a powerful
•
Electronintorg ltd.
Research Institute devel- and strategic aviation airplanes, engine, hydromechanical trans-
oped a variety of medi- fire support helicopters, cruise mission, hydrostatic drive and
um-range AD missile sys- missiles and remotely piloted air- independent torsional suspen-
tems KUB (or SA-6, craft. The system can break up sion, which guarantee high cross-
according to NATO classi- mass current air attack raids country capacity, good maneu-
fication), noted at that against the back-drop of inten- verability and smooth running
time for their high relia- sive electronic countermeasures. over broken terrain. All this •
bility and fire efficiency. It can accomplish its combat mis- enables the BUK- M1 to assume
The BUK-M1 is an sion in the most adverse weather fire positions right from a march,
improved version of the KUB. It conditions. The BUK-M1 is a without any preliminary organiza-
was first seen by foreign experts multi-channel equipment. Owing tion of the area. All the compo-
to its fire capacity, it can simulta- nents of the system use
1,2,4.
neously engage up to six targets autonomous electric power sup-
The 9A310M1 self-pro- with each target being locked on plies driven by gas turbine or
pelled launcher by up to four missiles resting on traction engine. They are provid-
one launcher. The system pro- ed with navigation aids, topo-
3.
vides circular fire coverage in graphic control and orientation
The Buk-M1 air defense azimuth. gear, tying in weapon's compo-
missile system on march The system includes a com- nents to the unified system of
mand post (CP 9C470M1), target coordinates.
5.
acquisition radar (TAR 9C18M1), Commands, operational and
The 9C470M1 command
six self-propelled launchers (SPL technical information are
post 9A310M1) and three launcher- exchanged in the system by wire

AB007
PERFORMANCES OF TAR
Detection zone, km:
in height 25
in range (with zero dead angles and target
flight altitude of 100 m) 35
in range (with target flight altitude of 1 to
25 km) 100
Detection zone in angular coordinates, deg:
azimuth 360
elevation 40
Resolution:
in range, m 400
in angular coordinates, deg 3-4.5
Weight, kg 35,000
and radio communication links. the automated work stations of scan.

High-speed digital computers the CP commander and opera- The self-propelled launcher
automate combat operation. The tors. This ensures monitoring of seeks out targets both in pre-
computers distribute the targets, the air situation and combat scribed and designated sectors,
process target information, and operation of the system. The CP identifies their national status,

produce the requisite data for can operate in independent con- launches the missile, illuminates
missile launches and their guid- trol mode and as part of a cen- the target, and updates radar
ance in flight. It takes five min- tralized system (in this case the data. Its launching rails carry four
utes to set up and close down the higher CP acts as the center). missiles ready for firing. The
system, while transfer from The TAR is essentially a three- launcher's construction allows it
standby to combat status coordinate circular-scan radar, to rapidly change combat posi-
requires no more than 20 sec- involving a multi-channel digital tions, moving at a top speed of 30
onds. processing of incoming signals. km/h over a distance of several
The BUK-M1 revolves around Functioning together with the kilometers with its equipment in
the command post, which con- digital computer, it also detects live mode and ready to operate
•
trols and coordinates the activi- PERFORMANCES OF SPL
Electronintorg ltd.
ties of all system's components. Target detection range, km 85
It collects and processes the Detection zone in independent mode:
information received from the tar- azimuth, deg +60
elevation, deg 7, moving in eleva-
get acquisition radar and self-
tion from minus 10
propelled launchers, locks on and
to plus 80
tracks up to 15 targets, automat- Number of targets engaged at a time 1
ically distributing the six most Time of readiness for combat from march,
•
dangerous among the launchers. min 5

The core of the command post is Time of readiness for combat after chang-
ing position, s 20
a digital computer interfaced with
Number of carried missiles 4
Weight, kg 32,340
targets and identifies their

national status. Then it transmits
this information to the CP over
the communication links.
Depending on the nature of the
prevailing interferences, the TAR
automatically selects its operat-
ing mode (up to 40 or 60 degrees
in elevation) and the rate of the

AB007
loading and unloading of the SPL radio correction link is used. A

and LL. The system uses a sur- special channel is allocated to
face-to-air, medium-range, sin- receive the radio signals required
gle-stage, solid-propellant guid- for flight correction. This channel
ed missile (AAGM 9M38M1), is used to receive and process
which uses coasting at the initial incoming information.
stage and homing on the final Combat operations of the

leg. It is also employed with the system include target detection
SHTIL ship-borne multi-channel and identification by the TAR,
air defense missile system. The transmission of the data to the
missile has a maximum flying CP, where the route is deter-
PERFORMANCE OF AIR DEFENSE GUIDED MISSILE

within at least 20 s. This feature
Destruction zone, m 17
reduces its vulnerability to preci-
Weight of warhead, kg 70
sion. guided weapons. In addi- Length, mm 5,550
tion, the self-propelled launcher Weight, kg 690
includes a multi-functional radar
•
set, TV-optical tracker, digital speed of 1,200 m/s. The AAGMs mined, the potential threat pre-
Electronintorg ltd.
computer, and missile guidance are supplied to ground and naval sented by the target is assessed,
channel. Most control operations forces in glass-reinforced plastic and the SPL or LL is selected to
are carried out by the computer. shipping containers, ready for attack and engage the target to
The radar set provides special combat employment without the the maximum effectiveness. On
operating modes, ensuring, good checks of missile-borne equip- receipt of the target data, the SPL
protection against various types ment. They do not require main- seeks out the designated target,
of active jamming signals and tenance during an extended peri- identifies it and determines its •
clutter suppression. The SPL can od of service (up to 10 years) in class, determines the firing tasks
function as part of the system (in varying climates. and generates the flying mission
this case it receives target data The missile is fitted with a for the missile, sets the launcher
from the CP), or as an semi-active homing head, an at computed firing angles in
autonomous unit operating in a autopilot, active radio fuze, frag- azimuth and elevation, and fires
prescribed sector of responsibili- mentation warhead, two-mode the missile at the target as soon
ty. solid-propellant motor, turbo- as the latter reaches "in-range"
The launcher-loader is used generator and hot-gas-driven line. The SPL illuminates the tar-
to transport and store missiles. It actuators. Before a missile's get and transmits radio com-
carries eight missiles: four are launch, its flight mission is gener- mands to correct the missile's
resting on the launching rails, ated by the respective systems of flight path. Then the missile is
while the others are placed on the SPL or LL. To fully exploit the placed at the estimated point,
transport cradles. If necessary, it missile's capabilities and expand where it starts homing flight, and
can launch a missile on command the destruction zone of the sys- its radar homing device locks on
from the SPL. The LL incorpo- tem, additional information trans- the target. When the missile is
rates a crane, which is used for mitted to the missile over the located at some preset distance

AB007

•
6.
Electronintorg ltd.
The 9A39M1
launcher-loader
7. PERFORMANCES OF TAR
Maximum target killing range, km 35
Loading missiles Minimum target killing range, km 3
onto the launcher- Maximum target killing height, km 22 •
Minimum target killing height, km 0.015

loader Number of targets engaged at a time 6

8. Maximum target speed, m/s 830
Rate of fire, s 3
The 9C18M1 target Minimum time from target detection to missile lift-off from SPL, s 20
acquisition radar Maximum number of carried missiles 48
Maximum speed on march, km/h 65
9. Maximum fording depth, m 1
The 9A310M1 Maximum terrain gradient on march, deg:
- longitudinal 35
launcher prepares - lateral 20
for firing Maximum gradient of combat position, deg 6

AB007

10.
•
Combat firing
Electronintorg ltd.
to the target, its radio fuze system depend on the specific treatment of parts in unusual
responds and detonates the war- requirements and local conditions configurations, made of all types
head. and may vary in terms of the of metal alloys, high-precision •
To maintain the BUK-M1 in a number of the SPLs (from two to assembly, as well as the assem-
state of permanent combat readi- six) and LLs (from three to six) bly of sophisticated electronic
ness, several systems are supple- used. Individual SPLs and hardware. According to military
mented with maintenance facili- SPL+LL sets may be used as self- experts, the system has revealed
ties and a set of non-standard- contained combat units. high reliability and high-strike
ized instruments, an automated To sum up, it should be noted effectiveness. For example, dur-
test station (for a certain lot of here that the BUK-M1 air defense ing military exercises named
missiles), a vehicle to carry the missile systems are produced in DEFENSE-90, DEFENSE-92,
missiles (the number depends on the Russian Federation at the AUTUMN-93 and demonstrations
the local missile supply condi- Ulyanovsk Mechanical Works in of the system to various foreign
tions), as well as maintenance cooperation with a number of military delegations, over 80 dif-
trucks to service and repair the other enterprises. The ferent class test targets were
CP, TAR, SPL, LL and tracked Ulyanovsk Mechanical Works destroyed. (
vehicles. The number and types boasts up-to-date production
of components comprised in the facilities, which allow mechanical

AB008
pecialists have
S
never doubted
Russia's priority
development of
multiple launch
rocket systems
(MLRS). Hitler's
army witnessed it at
first sight, over-
come by its salvo
fire near the town
of Orsha. This was
the famous
"Katusha" MLRS.
Furthermore, the patent for this
invention was granted in 1938 to
three Russian designers: Gway,
Kostikov and Kleimenov.
For the first time they man-
aged to attain an acceptable

degree of combat effectiveness in
rocket fire. They did so by salvo
fire. In the 1940s single rockets
could not be compared with
artillery shells in terms of fire
accuracy and consistency.
Designated BM-13 by its devel-
opers, this combat multiple
MULTIPLE LAUNCH launch rocket system fired rock-

ets along its 16 rails in a salvo
within 7-10 seconds, with posi-
•
tive results.
Electronintorg ltd.
ROCKET
During World War II a number
of multiple launch rocket systems
were developed in the USSR. As
well as the "Katusha" (BM-13),
BM-8-36, BM-8- 24, BM-13-N,
BM-31-12 and BM-13 SN were •
developed. Elite mortar units
contributed a great deal to the

victory over Germany.
S Y S T E M S $ Alexei Nedelin $
After the war, developers of
combat rocket systems continued
their work. In the 1950s the BM-
14 (cal. 140 mm, range of fire 9.8
km) and BM-24 (cal. 240 mm and
range of fire 16.8 km) were
According to the Director General of the "Splav", Academician of developed. Their fire consistency
the Russian Academy of the Rocket-Artillery Sciences, Nikolay was increased due to in-flight
rocket rotation. In the late 1950s
Makarovets, this class of artillery weapon fits in with the new most foreign specialists were
Russian military doctrine and that of any other countries, which sceptical about the prospects for
multiple launch rocket systems.
want to create mobile and powerful Armed Forces in smaller num- They held that the MLRS had
bers but boasting more effective manpower strength. attained a maximum level of com-

AB008

•
Electronintorg ltd.
•
bat effectiveness and could no rocket system, which was adopt- folding fins, which ensured in-
longer play the main role in the ed by the Soviet Armed Forces. flight rotation. The fins started to
missile-artillery armament of the For the first time, developers rotate inside the launching tube,
Army. incorporated in this system a when the rocket's guiding pin
However, designers from the number of technical innovations, slid along the groove.
Tula "Splav" enterprise thought which later became standard The "Grad" system was
otherwise. The talented designer items and were used in one form widely used by the Armed
Alexander Ganichev and his fol- or another in all developed rock- Forces. In addition to a 40-tube
lowers took the lead in multiple et systems in the world. These launcher, mounted on a "Ural-
launch rocket systems develop- affected, first of all, the actual 375" vehicle, a number of its
ment. They were commissioned design of the rocket. The rocket modifications were introduced
to develop a combat system, 2-3 1. body was no longer cast from a for various combat operations.
times as effective as operational steel piece. It was made via car- For instance, the "Grad-V" was
The "Grad" battery at the firing position
ones. tridge-production technology designed for Airborne Troops;
In 1963 they developed the 2. from rolled or drawn metal "Grad-M" - for the landing ships
"Grad", a new multiple launch "Uragan" prepares for firing sheets. The rockets also had of the Navy; "Grad-P" - for guer-

AB008
rilla activity.
In 1974 a 32-tube (120 mm)
launcher, mounted on a track-
laying vehicle and designated
"Grad-1", was developed to
enhance its cross-country
capacity in joint actions with
armor units.
The high combat effective-
ness, displayed by the "Grad" in
various wars and local conflicts,
evoked the genuine interest of
foreign specialists. Some pro-
duced multiple launch rocket
systems under licence and oth-
ers bought them in the Soviet
Union. Others developed this
weapon and then sold it abroad.
At the "IDEX-93" exhibition,
some countries, including South

Africa, China, Pakistan, Iran and
Egypt displayed almost identical
weapon systems. Their similarity
with the "Grad" was so close that
some manufacturers advertised
the ability of their "developed
product" to launch Soviet-made
rockets.
In the 1960s, owing to a
number of changes in the mili-
tary doctrine, some require-
•
ments imposed on the weapon's
Electronintorg ltd.
combat effectiveness were
reviewed. Increased troop mobil-
ity on the battlefield led to a dra-
matic increase in the tactical
depth of mission and damage
areas. Consequently, the "Grad" •
could no longer deliver preven-
tive blows to the tactical combat specialists during the develop- system also includes cluster
formations of the enemy. ment of this weapon system. heads for various purposes,
This could only be achieved They were the first in the world including incendiary heads,
with a new 220 mm army multi- to design a cluster head and high-explosive above-surface-
ple launch rocket system, desig- develop its combat components. detonated heads, combat com-
nated "Uragan" (Hurricane) by They incorporated many innova- ponents for remote mining (anti-
its developers from the town of tions in combat and transporter- personnel, anti-tank and all-pur-
Tula. The "Uragan" was adopted loader vehicles mounted on a pose mines), and a number of
in the early 1970s. This "ZIL-135LM" truck. other warheads.
weapon's specifications remain The "Uragan" differs from Successful application of the
impressive even today. The the "Grad" in its all-purpose multiple launch rocket system
"Uragan" covers an area of over employment. This is specified by (MLRS) and its high marks made
42 ha at a range of 10-35 km an increased range of fire and a missile-minded American devel-
with one salvo (16 rocket tubes). diversified use of ammunition. As opers review their outlooks.
A number of scientific problems well as conventional high-explo- 3. The MLRS was adopted by
were resolved by the "Splav" sive (HE) heads, this weapon The BM-21 "Grad" launcher
the USA Army and its allies in the

AB008
early 1980s. It hardly differed reliable flight control system, "Prima", developed recently by
from the "Uragan" in terms of which corrects flight trajectory in the "Splav" enterprise and adopt-
design and specifications. Some pitch and yaw. Gas vanes control ed by Russia's Armed Forces,
MLRS components even sur- the flight. The vanes are fed with constitutes a further development
passed the "Uragan": it was easy high-pressure gas produced by of the "Grad" system. The new
to maintain, some of its opera- the onboard gas-generator. Most multiple launch rocket system
tions were automatic and new importantly, the rocket rotates in produces a damage area 7-8
materials were used in its devel- flight about longitudinal axis at times as large as its predecessor;
opment. This was not surprising, high speed. Russian designers and its time of stay on the firing
as the MLRS was developed 10 were the first to develop a rotated position is reduced 4-5 times.
years after its Russian counter- guided rocket for a multiple Therefore, this doesn't affect the
part. In technology, especially launch rocket system. They man- range of fire. Two more innova-
military developments, ten years aged to synchronize the moment tions incorporated in the new sys-
is equivalent to a whole epoch. of impulse generation in the con- tem considerably increase its
However, the range of fire and trol mechanism, when it was in combat efficiency. First of all, the
damage area of the American the correct position in the air. weapon comprises 50 launching
MLRS (30 km and 33 ha) were It led to the appearance of a tubes. Secondly, the "Prima"
smaller than those of their "gas-dynamic machine gun", fires more effective rockets.
Russian counterpart. which corrected the rocket's This system can fire all types
Upon developing a MLRS of flight direction. Due to this sys- of "Grad" rockets, as well as

their own, American developers tem, the dispersion of rockets in some more effective new types.
concluded that the range of fire salvo fire doesn't exceed 0.21% Thus, the HE rocket of the
of 30-40 km was the most that of the range of fire. "Prima" has a separable head. On
could be achieved with a multiple As well as the flight control the homing leg of the trajectory
launch rocket system. They system, it incorporates a number the head drops to the ground vir-
assumed that any increase in the of other innovations, including an tually vertically. Developers have
range of fire would lead to a up-to-date sustainer engine, set the remote-impact fuze
greater dispersion of the rockets burning more power-generating instead of an impact one. Such a
and reduced combat effective- propellant, and boasts an design of the HE rocket provides
ness. Developers from Tula did advanced design cluster head, circular dispersion of fragments,
not agree and developed a new containing 72 submunitions, 2 kg which increase the killing zone.
•
rocket for the "Smerch" capable each. Attempts are still being made
Electronintorg ltd.
of throwing its 280 kg head over The ratio of the overall rocket to increase the combat effective-
a distance of more than 70 km. It weight (800 kg) to the weight of ness of salvo fire of multiple
offered 2-3 times higher accuracy its head (280 kg) serves as an launch rocket systems. According
than foreign counterparts. index of the state-of-the-art to the Director General of the
The world became aware of design of this unique rocket. "Splav", Academician of the
the existence of such a rocket at The combat vehicle can open Russian Academy of the Rocket- •
an exhibition of weaponry orga- fire within 3 minutes after its Artillery Sciences, Nikolay
nized in Malaysia and later on at arrival at the firing position, via Makarovets, this class of artillery
demonstration firings in Abu the automation of initial data pro- weapon fits in with the new
Dhabi. The night salvo of cessing and pre-launch opera- Russian military doctrine and that
"Smerch" greatly impressed spe- tions. The salvo of fire from 12 of any other countries, which
cialists. tubes takes only 38 seconds. want to create mobile and power-
Numerous single launches Consequently, the "time of retali- ful Armed Forces in smaller num-
and salvo firings convinced suspi- ation" by the enemy side is bers but boasting more effective
cious guests of the authenticity of reduced to a minimum. The manpower strength. Small com-
the unique specifications "Oplot" combat and transporter- bat crews enjoy the destructive
declared by the weapon's design- loader vehicles are mounted on might of the weapon they control.
ers. powerful MAZ-543M trucks capa- Nobody is competitive with the
How was this feat achieved? ble of moving on all kinds of multiple launch rocket system
The answer was both simple and roads and off the road. This facil- during engagements in tactical
complicated. The "Smerch" rock- itates their timely arrival at new depth.
ets are guided. Each rocket launching positions. Each service of the ground
includes a relatively cheap, but The new rocket system force missile-artillery is assigned

AB008

•
Electronintorg ltd.
•

AB008
to perform its own combat mis- Brief specifications of the AK-630M gun mount are:
sions. The missiles are assigned Grad Prima Uragan
the task of defeating enemy Caliber, mm 122 122 220
objects of special importance Number of tubes 40 50 16
located in the rear, including Range of fire, km 20.5 20.5 35
Weight of rocket, kg 66.5 70.0 280
depots, control posts, rocket
Weight of warhead, kg 18.4 26.0 100
launchers and the like. Multiple
Area covered by salvo, ha 3.5 19 46.2
launch rocket systems are used
strike complex capable of tions at combat position will lead
against tank groupings, troops
defeating small targets within its to a reduction in the combat
assembled over large areas,
operating range. Such steps are crew and time for setting up and
front airfields, and in the remote
being taken. For instance, tests closing down of the weapon. All
laying of mine fields.
on the joint employment of mul- this will increase its survivability.
New modifications and mod-
tiple launch rocket system units Last but not the least, increase in
els of multiple launch rocket sys-
with reconnaissance and strike the range of ammunition being
tems will no doubt possess a
systems (the "Zoopark" system used will considerably extend the
number of new innovations,
and aircraft A-50, AWACS type) range of combat missions
making them even more effec-
are on the brink of completion. assigned to multiple launch
tive. According to Nikolay
Third, use of more power-gener- rocket systems.
Makarovets, rocket systems can
ating propellants and the incor- Russia retains the lead in the
be perfected in terms of their

poration of some new design development of multiple launch
"intelligence". First, homing and
innovations will soon increase rocket systems. Today the
self-aiming submunitions must
the range of fire to 100 km with- "Splav" enterprise is ready to
be developed. Secondly, the
out adversely affecting the accu- offer multiple launch rocket sys-
weapon must be made compati- 4. racy of the weapon. Fourth, the tems and modernize for
ble with new systems of recon-
The "Smerch" multiple launch rocket potential reductions in the com- prospective customers their own
naissance, target acquisition and
bat crew of multiple launch rock- multiple launch rocket systems,
combat control. Thanks to such system
et systems have not been or develop a new system to meet
a combination the weapon will be 5. exhausted. The automation of their combat and technical spec-
used as a reconnaissance and
"Uragan" delivers fire loading and preliminary opera- ifications. (
•
Electronintorg ltd.
•

AB009
GRENADE LAUNCHERS,
IN BURSTS, FIRE! $ Yuri Stepanov $
This weapon is intended to defeat enemy manpower and lire means on open
terrain, in trenches, and behind accidents of terrain (ravines, depressions,
back slopes, and the like).

The AGS-17 automatics oper-
ates on the principle of free-bolt
recoil energy. A comparatively
•
weak explosive charge of the
Electronintorg ltd.
grenade, low rate of the muzzle
energy and short barrel enabled
designers to use a simple layout
for the grenade launcher auto-
matics. A quick-change rifled
barrel of the AGS-17 is fixed by a
lock with a pin in the receiver. •
The ribs near the breech ensure

odern weapons mounted grenade launcher AGS-
M
rapid dissipation of the heat dur-
enjoy a life and 17, "Plamya" (Flame), is still in
ing prolonged firing. In later
destiny of their service with the troops after
modifications designers devel-
own. Many twenty years. This unique weapon
oped thicker barrels with ring-
soon become stands on a par with its foreign
grooves, which played the role of
obsolete, to be counterparts in terms of specifi-
replaced by cations and even outdoes them to
more advanced a certain extent.
generations, The AGS-17 was developed in
which emerge the precision engineering design
as a rule every bureau. This weapon is intended
five or seven to defeat enemy manpower and
years. There fire means on open terrain, in
are, however, trenches, and behind accidents
exceptions to of terrain (ravines, depressions,
this rule. The 30 mm automatic back slopes, and the like).

AB009
ribs.
The AGS-17 has a selective-
fire lever, regulating the rate of
fire. Its upper position indicates
the maximum rate of fire (350-
400 rds/min) and its lower posi-
tion - the minimum rate of fire
(50-100 rds/min). The two hori-
zontal hinged grips serve as the
main grenade launcher control.
The key-shaped trigger is placed
between these two grips. The
loading mechanism is fixed within
the receiver.
The AGS-17 is fired in short
(up to 5 rounds), long (up to 10
rounds) bursts, and automatical-
ly, as long as the trigger is held The tripod comprises traversing ed in 1980. This grenade launch- 1.
back. Grenades fly along flat or and elevating sector mecha- er is mounted in an enclosed pod
The 30 mm AGS-17
steep trajectories. The design of nisms, an ejector, and fine level- of the production-type Mi-24

the firing-trigger mechanism per- ing mechanism. In traveling posi- helicopter. In terms of design it is "Plamya" grenade
mits single-shot fire. There are tion the tripod is folded and car- similar to the AGS-17, albeit with launcher
two types of rounds: VOG-17A ried by the crewman No. 2. In some differences. The AG-17A is
2,3,4.
and VOG-17M. The grenades combat the grenade launcher is equipped with an electric trigger.
have a fragmentation jacket with carried, mounted on the tripod by To cool the barrel during pro- The AGS-17 proves reli-
prefabricated elements in the slings and legs. longed firing, a special appliance able in any seasons
form of springs manufactured The AGS-17 is serviced by a made of aluminum alloy is used.
from cut wire. The grenades have layer and his assistant. The third This grenade launcher weighs 22
an explosive charge, weighing number carrying ammunition may kg. The pitch of the barrel rifling
some 0.036 kg, and a direct- be included in the crew. The is reduced from 715 to 600 mm.
action nose fuze. The VOG-17M AGS-17 can be fired from prone, The AG-17A is belt-fed. The
•
has a self-destruction device. The sitting, kneeling positions and metallic link belt has a 300-round
Electronintorg ltd.
weight of the round is equal to from standing position in a capacity. The rate of fire is
0.35 kg and of the grenade is trench. The AGS-17 can also be increased up to 420-500 rds/min.
0.28 kg. When fired, the grenade mounted on various vehicles fit- The lower part of the grenade
is expelled from the barrel under ted with special equipment. For launcher houses a rounds
the pressure of powder gases example, the AGS-17 is installed counter to determine the amount
with an initial velocity of 185 on a bow mount on the BMD-3 of ammunition spent.
m/sec. Within a preset period of (assault vehicle) to the left of the To conclude, it is worth not- •
time, the fuze is armed in flight. driver. In case of need, it can be ing that the AGS-17 and AG-17A
Upon impact with an obsta- dismounted and used as an have proved that they are effec-
cle, the fuze detonates the explo- infantry weapon. tive and reliable infantry support
sive charge. The grenade The automatic AG-17A weapons. They stand out owing to
explodes together with the frag- grenade launcher was developed the simple design, consistency
mentation jacket hitting the by the same design bureau by and accuracy of fire. (
enemy's manpower. The radius of order of the Air Force and adopt-
the killing zone equals seven SPECIFICATIONS AGS-17 AG-17A W87 MARK 19
meters with 0.9 kill probability. RUSSIA RUSSIA CHINA USA
The AGS-17 is equipped with Caliber, mm 30 30 35 40
Effective range of fire, m 1,700 1,700 1,500 1,600
an optical sight PAG-17, which
Rate of fire, rds/min 350-400 420-500 - 325-375
has 2.7X magnification. The
Initial grenade velocity, m/sec 185 185 170 240
metallic 29-round link belt feeds Cartridge box capacity, rds 29 300 9/12 belt
the ammunition to the grenade Grenade launcher weight, kg 18 22 12 34
launcher from the metallic ammu- Weight of the mount, kg 12 - 8 -
nition box. The AGS-17 is mount- Weight of loaded belt-box, kg 14.5 - - -
ed for firing on a tripod SAG-17. Weight of sight, kg 1.0 - - -

AB010

"KEDR"
SUBMACHINE GUN
•
$
Mikhail Dragunov $
Electronintorg ltd.
Candidate of Science, Expert-Designer at Izhevsk Mechanical Plant
According to its specifications, the "Kedr" submachine gun is third genera-

tion weapon. Its foreign counterparts are: Czech "Scorpion M65", Israeli
"Mini-Uzi", American "Ingram M11" and "CF-S-AMP".
n the early 1970s, the Czech "Scorpion M65", Israeli main spring. The "Kedr" is •
I
designer, Eugene "Mini-Uzi", American "Ingram intended for automatic and sin-
Dragunov, developed a M11" and "CF- 3-AMP". gle-shot fire. Its weight and size
test prototype of the sub- The submachine gun func- characteristics ensure that the
machine gun chambered tions on the basis of free-bolt "Kedr" can be fired from hand
for the 9 mm cartridge of recoil energy. The "Kedr" has a and shoulder (with butt).
the Makarov's pistol. In classic design with the ammuni- Despite the classic image of
1991-1992 it was modi- tion magazine located in front of this weapon, the designer incor-
fied in terms of techno- the trigger guard. During field porated many unique innovations
logical modernization and stripping, it can be broken up into to improve the prototype's relia-
was then mass-pro- seven parts and assemblies: a bility and easy handling. The
duced. This weapon was magazine, barrel with receiver "Kedr" has a combined sight,
1. nicknamed "Kedr". and butt, receiver cover, recoil which is automatically switched
According to its spec- mechanism, bolt, firing-trigger during the folding of the butt
The 9 mm "Kedr" submachine
ifications, the "Kedr" submachine mechanism and safety lever. The from portage to firing position
gun with different capacity
gun is third generation weapon. firing-trigger mechanism is of and back. With the butt unfolded,
magazines Its foreign counterparts are: hammer type, provided with a the sight-point with the diopter

AB010
mechanism is up; when folded, The "Kedr" is characterized

the front sight-point comes up. by good consistency of fire dur-
This facilitates aiming at the tar- ing automatic and single-shot
get when firing both from hand fire. At a distance of 25 meters, it
and shoulder (due to the short provides 100% hits within a circle
distance between the eye and of R = 5 m during single-shot fire
sight-point). and 50% hits during short-burst
The safety lever, placed in the fire. All this warrants that major
"Safety" position, blocks the trig- targets are hit by the first shot or
ger and pushes the bolt stop into first burst during close-quarters
its lower groove, thereby prevent- fighting. (
ing the reloading of the subma-
chine gun. In this case, the safe-
ty lever pin slightly protrudes
from the hole for the operator's
fore finger in the trigger guard,
which makes it possible to deter-
mine in darkness the readiness of
the weapon to open fire. The

safety lever resting in the middle
position ensures single-shot fire.
The "Kedr" is fired automatically,
when the safety lever is in up
position. When the ammunition is
exhausted, the magazine follower
raises the stop, which fixes the
bolt in rear-end position. Despite
the high rate of fire (some 1000
rds/min), the "Kedr" is fired in
•
short bursts of 3-4 rounds.
Electronintorg ltd.
SPECIFICATIONS OF 3RD GENERATION SUBMACHINE GUNS
"Scorpion" "Ingram" "Mini-Uzi" "Yati-Matic" "Kedr"
Country of origin Czechia USA Israel Finland Russia
Caliber/cartridge length, mm 9 x 18 9 x 17 9 x 19 9 x 19 9 x 18
Length, overall, folded/unfolded butt, mm 270/513 248/460 360/600 375 305/530
Barrel length, mm 112 129 197 203 120 •
Weight w/o cartridges,
with full magazine of max. capacity, kg 1.35/- 1.59/2.10 2.70/- 1.65/2.25 1.43/1.87
Magazine capacity, crt. 10; 20 16; 32 20; 25; 32 20; 40 20; 30
Initial velocity, m/sec 317 293 350 360-400 317
Rate of fire, rds/min 800 1,200 950 600-650 850-950
Mode of fire Single shots or automatic fire

AB011
A I R F O R C E
MiG-29M:
O
n October 6,
1977, the
renowned test-
pilot, Alexander
Fedotov, made a
maiden flight on a
new-type MiG-29
fighter. The highly
maneuverable,
THE FIGHTER
two-engine air-
craft with an inte-
grated aerody-
OF THE FUTURE TODAY
$ A n a t o l y B e l o s v e t $
namic configura-
First Deputy Designer General of the ARPC MiG
tion and a thrust-to-weight ratio
exceeding one unit carried power-
ful medium-range (R-27) and
The MiG-29M performance characteristics sur-
short-range (R-73, R-60) missiles pass those of the modified foreign "Mirage-2000-
used to defeat maneuvering air 5", F-15, F-16 and F-18 fighters, as well as new

targets, a highly effective integrat-
ed aiming system, comprising a models, developed under the EFA program, and
foolproof radar, a quantum optical are practically similar to the characteristics of
radar, a helmet-mounted sight,
the US F-22 fighter (the ATF program).
navigation and computing
devices. Its combat performance,
both in long-range and close air
combat, and particularly the use
of the gun during attacks, sur-
passed the characteristics of con-
temporary F-14, F-15, F-16,
•
Electronintorg ltd.
"Mirage" fighters.
Several years later flight test-
ing was successfully completed
and the fighter, together with its
combat-trainer variant MiG-29UB,
was put into mass production
(about 2,000 aircraft had been •
manufactured by 1993). This is

the main operational fighter in

Russia, a number of CIS and for-
eign states (it was supplied to 13
countries: Bulgaria, Hungary,
Germany, India, Iran, Iraq, China, fighter's performance characteris- time with radar homing missiles.
Cuba, Poland, Romania, Syria, tics instrumental in securing air The fighter was fitted with addi-
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia). A superiority. For that purpose the tional external fuel tanks, and its
number of states have acquired an aircraft was fitted with six new bomb load was increased to 4
aircraft production license. medium-range missiles, compris- tons.
However, life goes on, and in ing active radar homing heads. Consequently, the upgraded
the second half of the 1980s the Additional electronic counter- MiG-29S air combat-fighter out-
fighter development proceeded in countermeasures improved the performed America's F-16C, F-
two directions. One line of mod- performance of the airborne 15C, F-18C fighters, armed with
ernization, comparatively smaller radar. The new fire mode enabled the AMRAAM missiles, and the
in scope, aimed to enhance the one to engage two targets at a "Mirage-2000-5", with Mika mis-

AB011
detection and the engagement of jamming station, a decoy ejection

air as well as small ground and device, "air-to-radar" missiles
surface targets and radars. including the X-31P supersonic
These objectives necessitated ones. In addition, the domestic
considerable structural changes, "Stealth" technologies reduce the
even though the exterior design of fighter's radar detectability 10-12
the fighter sustained few alter- times, thereby minimizing the risk
ations, including the development of losses from enemy antiaircraft
of a new multipurpose "Zhuk" units and improving conditions for
radar, an optical radar, comput- combatting enemy fighters.
ers, and a weapons control sys- To improve the power-to-
tem. The multichannel Doppler weight ratio with somewhat
pulse radar makes it possible to increased take-off weight, the
track up to 10 targets and simulta- engines also had to be modern-
neously engage up to four targets, ized. The improved thrust-to-
as well as carry out terrain map- weight ratio, the new electronic
ping. It can also perform other remote flight control system, and
functions required to ensure navi- the local structural reinforcements
gation, fighting and safe flying. improve the fighter's maneuver-

The number of armament sus- ability and increase permissible g-
pension points has been increased loading. The electronic indication
to nine, while the total bomb load system makes it considerably eas-
has reached 4.5 tons. The fighter ier for the pilot to handle the
can use a whole range of domes- equipment and armament.
siles. tically produced "air-to-surface" The use of some new materi-
The MiG-29S is now mass missiles, including guided missiles als, including composite materi-
produced and can be exported. with laser and TV homing heads, als, as well as pioneer process
Technology ensures transforma- guided aerial bombs, and other technologies improved certain
tion of existing MiG-29 fighters precision guided weapons. The operational characteristics, reduc-
1.
•
into modified MiG-29S. MiG-29M armament also includes ing the weight of some units and
Electronintorg ltd.
The MiG-29M fighter The second modernization a 30 mm aircraft gun, boasting a the labor intensity of their produc-
2,3. program, which was wider in high strike accuracy and 80, 130 tion. For instance, the forebody
scope, aimed to extend the air- and 240 mm rockets. and the first two lateral sections
The three-view drawing of the
craft's flight range by increasing The fighter is fitted with an are now all-welded aluminum-
MiG-29M fighter its fuel capacity and to impart it integrated electronic countermea- lithium alloy constructions.
4. multifunction capability, i.e. sures system, which incorporates In general, the aircraft's com-
Swift flight
around-the-clock all-weather a radiation alarm system, an active bat potential has increased con- •

AB011
A I R F O R C E

THE MiG-29M FIGHTER ARMAMENT VERSIONS FOR DEFEATING GROUND AND AIR TARGETS
6 x X-29T(L) + 2 x R-73 + ET (external tank)

siderably, especially in air-to-sur-
•
4 x X-29T(L) + 2 x R-73 + 3ET face warfare. The fighting and
6 x KAB (guided bomb)-500 Kr + 2 x R-73 + ET
Electronintorg ltd.
4 x KAB-500 Kr + 2 x R-73 + 3ET strike capabilities of the new fight-
6 x X-25ML + 2 x R-73 + ET er (the latter concerns strikes
6 x S-24 + 2 x R-73 + ET
11 x FAB(HE bomb)-500 + 2 x R-73 against surface and waterborne
10 x FAB-500 + 2 x R-73 + ET targets) exceed 2 and 3.5 times,
6 x FAB-500 (3B-500, RBK-500) + 2 x R-73 + 3ET
16 x FAB-250 + 2 x R-73 + ET respectively, those of the MiG-29.
4 x B-13 cluster + 2 x R-73 + ET
4 x B-8 cluster + 2 x R-73 + ET
In other words, the MiG-29M per-
formance characteristics surpass •
FOR DEFEATING SEA AND AIR TARGETS

those of the modified foreign
4 x X-31A + 2 x B-73 + ET "Mirage-2000-5", F-15, F-16 and

2 x X-31A + 2 x B-73 + 3 x ET
F-18 fighters, as well as new mod-
FOR DEFEATING ON-THE-AIR RADAR AND AIR TARGETS els, developed under the EFA pro-
4 x X-31P + 2 x R-73 + ET gram, and are practically similar to
2 x X-31P + 2 x R-73 + 3ET the characteristics of the US F-22
6 x X-25MP + 2 x R-73 + ET
4 x X-25MP + 2 x R-73 + 3ET fighter (the ATF program).
THE MIG-29M FIGHTER "AIR-TO-AIR" ARMAMENT VERSIONS
The first MiG-29M left the
ground in 1986 piloled by Valery
8 x RVV-AE
8 x RVV-AE + ET (external tank)
Menitsky. The fighter's flight tests
5. 6 x RVV-AE + 3 x ET (more than 1,000 flights) proved
4 x RVV-AE + 4 x R-73
A MiG-29M during testing 2 x R-27ER(T) + 2 x R-27R1(T1) + 4 x R-73 + ET the most successful. The Moscow
4 x R-27R1(T1) + 4 x R-73 Aviation Production Group (MAPG)
6. 4 x R-27R1(T1) + 4 x R-73 + ET
2 x R-27ER(T) + 6 x RVV-AE enterprise has already manufac-
MiG-29M fighter's outboard 6 x R-73 +3 x ET tured an assigned batch of the air-
8 x R-73 + 1ET
weaponry

AB011
COMPARATIVE DATA OF MiG-29S, MiG-29M, F-18C

MiG-29S MiG-29M F-18C
Standard take-off weight, kg 15,300 15,800 16,800
Thrust (with afterburner), kg 2x8,300 2x8,800 (10,000)* 2x7,260
Thrust-to-weight ratio:
test bed/mission, H=0, M=1,0 1.09/1.5 1.1/1.45 0.86/1.05
Maximum speed, km/h
- at sea level 1,500 1,500 1,300
- at high altitude 2,450 2,500 1,900
Rate of climb at H=1 km, m/sec 300 310 240
Ferry range, km 2,800 3,200 950
Flight range without external fuel tanks, km
- at sea level 710 900 2,200
- at high altitude 1,500 2,200 7.5 at 50%
Maximum g-loading 9 after take-off 9 after take- off of fuel reserve
Airborne radar detection range for fighter-type targets, km
- free space 75 90 65
- earth background, rear/forward hemisphere 35/65 40/90 40/60
Channels, targets tracked/attacked 10/2 10/4 10/4
Detection range for surface targets with effective
area=3000 m2, km - 120-150 120-150
Optical radar:

- detection range for air targets, rear/forward hemisphere, km 15/- 30/10 -
"Air-to-air" 2xR-27R(T)/50 4xR-27Z(T)/50 4xAIM-7M/40
weapon, type/ 2xR-27ER(ET)/60 2xR-27ER(ET)/60 4xAIM-120/50
launch range 6xRVV-AE/50 8xRVV-AE/50
for targets with effective 6xR-73/20 8xR-73/20 4xAIM-9M/18
area = 3 m2, km 6xR-60MK/12 6xX-25ML
"Air-to-surface" 4xX-29T(L) 4 x Maverick
weapon 4xX-31A(P) 4 x Harm
6xKAB-500KR 2 x Harpoon
2xGBU-8/10
Suspension points 6 9 8
Maximum bomb load, t 4 4.5 3.8
•
Failure-free probability per mission 0.97 0.97 0.9
Electronintorg ltd.
Mean time between failures, h 13.6 13.6 3.7
Combat potential factor (with MiG-29 = 1) in missions:
- air-to-air 1.3 1.5 1.15
- air-to-surface 1.1 3.8 3.75
* Test-bed proved
craft. In 1992-1993 the fighter "MiG" is completing its develop- - installation of the equipment, •
was exhibited at prestigious air- ment of a fighter variant, boasting fully adapted to the client's infra-
shows in Farnborough, Le Bourget Russian equipment and weapons. structure, i.e. instrument dials in
and Moscow. The fighter is available for export the British measuring system;
The Aviation Research and and the designers and manufac- - installation of auxiliary multi-
Production Complex (ARPC) turers are ready to consider any functional containers, for
proposals from potential cus- instance, for reconnaissance pur-
tomers, including further aircraft poses and launching night attacks
modifications: against small non-radar-contrast
- installation of additional targets;
armaments, for instance, long- - improvement of performance
range and super-long-range "air- characteristics, organization of
to-air" missiles; licensed production of the aircraft
- installation of equipment and or its units and/or parts, perfor-
armaments, manufactured in the mance of overhaul repairs, main-
client's country or any other spec- tenance and the establishment of
ified state; training centers. (

AB012
A I R F O R C E
"MYSTIC"
n 1982 an American
I
reconnaissance satellite
photographed a Soviet
aircraft of unknown
design at the Zhukovski
airfield near Moscow.
According to the NATO
classification system, air-
craft first detected in the
Ramenski Region (the
airfield is located in this
CLEANS THE SKY

$ Stanislav Smirnov, Sergey Reznichenko $
region) are given the
designation "RAM". At
first, the unknown air-
craft was named "RAM-M".
Several years later, when it
became clear that work on the
aircraft was nearing its comple-
tion, it acquired the code name

In less than one month the factory pilots flying the "Mystic".
"Stratosphera", managed to substantially improve 25 world Developed at the V.
Myasishchev Experimental
records on altitude, speed and load-lifting capacity of such Machine-Building Factory, the M-
aircraft. Some of them are entered in the Guinness Book of 17 "Stratosphera" aircraft owed
Records. its birth to the global conflict
•
Electronintorg ltd.
•

AB012

between two superpowers: the borne for the first time through The specific outlines of the
USSR and USA. The Soviet plane the factory's pilot Kir "Stratosphera" are even percepti-
was created as a component of Chernobrovkin. Subsequently, ble to people, with little contact
the reconnaissance and strike the manufacturing process was with aviation. Aerodynamics spe-
system similar to the American transferred to the company's cialists of the Myasishchev com-
PLSS system, developed under workshops: their location next to pany managed to retain the two-
the "Assault Breaker" program. the general-purpose airfield boom configuration of the high-
•
Such systems were intended allowed the "Stratosphera" air- altitude reconnaissance aircraft,
Electronintorg ltd.
to kill with high accuracy the most craft to "jump" into the sky. featuring a short fuselage and a
important stationary and moving Witnesses recall how after a short "clean" wing with a 40 meter
targets. To implement this pro- take-off run the aircraft roared span. Two-boom configured air-
gram, the combination of an aeri- sharply upwards and disappeared craft are no longer rare in Russia
al reconnaissance system with like a mythical bird, owing to its and abroad. However, when the
ground-based tactical missile camouflage coloring. In May M-17 was ordered by the Ministry
control centers was planned. 1982, the M-17 launched an of Defense, it had only one coun- •
Reconnaissance data, received intensive flight testing program. terpart: America's TR-1 Lockheed
from one or several reconnais- This was when it was first detect- aircraft, which used a standard
sance aircraft, would be ed by the American satellite. configuration.
processed in real time in the air or In less than one month the Thanks to the renown of the
on the ground. This would ensure factory pilots flying the Myasishchev company and,
rapid receipt of data, thereby "Stratosphera", managed to sub- above all, the scientific and tech-
guaranteeing accurate hits. If stantially improve 25 world
guided weapons were used, the records on altitude, speed and
reconnaissance aircraft could load-lifting capacity of such air-
1.
perform the functions of fire craft. Some of. them are entered
Wide wings of the adjustment planes. in the Guinness Book of Records.
"Geophysika" The first machine was assem- For example, the old record for
bled in 1978 at the helicopter the time required to climb to an
2.
building factory in Kumertau. In altitude of 12,000 m was sur-
The M-55 "Geophysika" in
December 1978 it became air- passed almost twofold.
flight

AB012
A I R F O R C E
nical potential of its design

bureau, it has been able to create
a machine boasting better flight
performance. Experts are attract-
ed by its unique wing design,
rather than the airframe configu-
ration. A high-lift supercritical
wing was designed specially for
the M-17 aircraft. To perform
flights at a high altitude in the rar-
efied atmosphere, one needs a
wing, which provides a high
degree of lift and also possesses
a drag, thereby ensuring the
attainment of preset flight speeds
and maneuvering. Its American
counterparts, the TR-1 aircraft
and U-2 prototype, both devel-
oped by the Lockheed company

and Kelly Johnson, have a larger
wing area and are therefore
restricted in terms of maneuver-
ability and piloting modes: the
minimum and maximum speeds at
some altitudes are virtually the the "Stratosphera" uses an counterparts, as confirmed by a
same. adjustable trailing edge. The vari- inventor's certificate issued in
To avoid the specific "dis- able-edge wing, also called an 1971. One can also use high-lift
ease", peculiar to the U-2 high- adaptive wing, was used in the M- devices on the leading edge,
altitude reconnaissance aircraft, 17 much earlier than in foreign which may expand aircraft's pilot-
•
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•

AB012
3-

The M-17
"Stratosphera" parked
at the Monino Air Force
Museum
4.
The M-17
"Stratosphera" in flight
ing characteristics. require a special power plant. In nance of the U-2 foreign counter-
•
The "Stratosphera" employs such conditions a type turbojet part gave its pilots and mainte-
Electronintorg ltd.
an original wing tip with variable engine can achieve only 3% of the nance personnel a lot of trouble.
leading edge sweep, which thrust, which is normally achiev- The American machine can only
ensures an increase of the lift- able on the ground. The take off and land in still, practical-
drag ratio by more than one unit. "Stratosphera" used a RD-36-51V ly windless weather. This process
In terms of weight and aerody- modified engine, which was first is duplicated by another aircraft,
namics this novelty proved to be designed by the Rybinsk Design flying on a parallel course.
more advantageous than the Bureau for the Tu-144 supersonic During take-off the machine •
Whitcomb tip, which gained fame passenger airliner. The time jettisons underwing struts. The U-
with aviation specialists at virtual- required to create the M-17 did 2 plane's airframe boasts a high-
ly the same time. Owing to these not allow for the construction of a aspect wing and faired aerody-
technical solutions, the special power plant, which could namics, fuel-weight ratio of 0.5,
"Stratosphera" acquired the high- account for the peculiarities of and carries a fixed minimum of
est level of lift-drag ratio, the new machine. light-weight equipment.
enabling it to glide from an alti- The company's chief pilot According to some sources, Kelly
tude of 1,000 m over a distance notes: "The potentials of the Johnson's creation has limited
of almost 30 km, with the engine "Stratosphera" aircraft's engine take-off characteristics and out-
remaining inoperative. At the have been fully exhausted, board temperature range.
same time, the machine can be whereas those of the airframe The "Stratosphera" is built
efficiently piloted over the entire have not. The installation of a like a normally operated aircraft.
range of altitudes from 0 to more powerful engine will enable Take-off at minus 20 °C presents
25,000 m. the aircraft to climb still higher". no difficulties. The flight and nav-
Flights in the stratosphere The operation and mainte- igation complex of the M-17 is

AB012
A I R F O R C E
designed specially for this Earth. Consequently, the problem any closure of airports and air
machine, enabling to accomplish of protection against hard ultravi- routes during the operation.
tasks placed on the precision- olet radiation is now of paramount Operating from one base, the air-
location and strike system. The importance. High-altitude aircraft craft can protect an area over a
pilot's cockpit comprises a stan- will play a leading role in the solu- radius of 100 km, amounting to
dard set of indicators. The air- tion of this problem. The Russian three million hectares.
craft's avionics contains a set of M-55 "Geophysika" is a special At present, the efficiency of
reconnaissance equipment, which aircraft used to accomplish such airborne hail protection methods
operates on various wavebands, functions. Insignificant external in the USA, Canada, Austria, FRG
as well as a special communica- differences between this machine and Greece does not exceed 45
tions and navigation complex. and its predecessor M-17 to 50%. This can be attributed to
One M-17 aircraft incorporated a "Stratosphera" made it possible the absence of special aircraft,
built-in 23-mm cannon with a to designate the M-55 in the West which may carry the reagent into
small ammunition supply. as "Mystic-A". the zone. For hail protection, the
Work on the development of The M-55 has another wing front and wings of the plane are
the Soviet reconnaissance and and a slightly altered fuselage. usually armored, thereby drasti-
strike system lasted a long time, The power plant, consisting of cally reducing the operating
but was finally stopped in 1987. two engines each with a thrust of radius of conventional aircraft.
When the famous phantom U- 5,000 kg, provides a flight dura- According to foreign sources,

2 and its modifications engaged tion of 6.5 hours at an altitude of such aircraft can only reach the
in radioelectronic reconnaissance 17,000 m. The plane is designed hail formation zone in three out of
as part of the "Desert Storm" for hail protection. However, it five cases, owing to powerful
operations, the Soviet counter- also can spray ozone into the airstreams in the clouds. The
part was already functioning in upper layers of the atmosphere, Russian "Geophysika" flies far
peaceful mode. By 1990 the M- when it has respective on-board above the upper edge of a cloud.
17 "Stratosphera" was converted equipment. In one mission it can "clear" away
into a high-altitude ecological A basically new hail protection a strip 10 km wide.
reconnaissance plane in accor- system, based on the Russian Today, special equipment is
dance with the "Global ozone Myasishchev aircraft, reduces the being developed for the M-55
•
reserve" project. The M-17, bear- cost of protecting one hectare of "Geophysika" plane, thereby
Electronintorg ltd.
ing the inscription "Happy the area by 190% and the extending the aircraft's capabili-
Christmas" on its fuselage, was strength of personnel 50- to 100- ties in the ecological monitoring
blessed by the hierarchs of the fold. The system is simple and of the air media, water basin and
Orthodox Church and took off into safe for the population, animals land. (
Moscow's sky to reconnoiter the and buildings. It does not require
ozone layer above the capital. The COMPARATIVE TECHNICAL DATA
refitted "Stratosphera" can use TR-1 M-17 M-55
•
chemical rockets to cause rain USA USSR Russia

during the draughts or "dis- Wing span, m 31.39 40.3 37.5

Length of aircraft, m 19.2 21.085 22.7
charge" hail clouds and take air
Wing area, m2 92.9 151 -
samples. Crew, men 1
1 1
A lone launch of the Space Powerplant power, kgf 1x7,710* 1x7,000 2x5,000
Shuttle can destroy 0.3% of the Take-off weight, kg 18,144 18,400 24,000
ozone content. In the same way Payload, kg - 2,500 1,500
the layer is destroyed by super- Maximum flight altitude, m - 21,300 21,000
Flight duration, h 12 1.5 6.5
sonic jet aircraft, flying at alti-
Maximum flight range, km 4,830 - -
tudes above 20,000 m. The UN Cruising speed, km/h 750
695** 750
report on the environment states Take-off run, m - - 900
that by 2,000 the thickness of the Landing run, m - - 780
ozone layer may decrease by 5 to Notes:
10%, which may engender an * - uninstalled thrust
ecological catastrophe on the ** - maximum thrust at an altitude of 21,650 m

AB013
N A V Y
he development
T
program of large
aircraft-carrying
ships (heavy air-
craft-carrying
cruisers), similar in
parameters to the
aircraft carriers of
the US Navy,
stemmed from

changes in the
strategic military
situation in the late
AIRCRAFT-CARRYING 1970s. However, to

analyze the current build-up of
the Russian Navy, one should
CRUISER
bear in mind that ever since the
missions of heavy aircraft-carry-
ing cruisers and the reasons pro-
posed by the naval authorities for
their continued construction have
•
ADMIRAL KUZNETSOV
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changed radically.
In the postwar period it was
$ $
assumed that Europe constituted
Igor Sutyagin
Scientist, Military Policy and Systems Analysis Center, The USA and the most likely theater of military
Canada Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences operations, with ground forces,
front-line and long-range air
Owing to considerable reductions in land-based aircraft, in accor- forces and air defense forces •
dance with the Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces in providing the main combat
grouping. The tasks to be

Europe, and a simultaneous contraction of aircraft basing areas, assigned to the Navy in warfare in
ensuing from the return of our troops to Russia, air supremacy in the European theater were con-
the combat area of naval forces can no longer be achieved, even fined to operational support of
sea-based flanks.
in coastal areas, by the Air Force and Air Defense Forces and is At that time it was assumed
therefore now being assured with the Navy's help. This factor pre- that groups of front-line, long-
determines the need to equip the Navy with aircraft-carrying range and air-defense air forces
would attain all set tasks in the
ships, comprising a full-strength fighter park, in numbers suffi- theater of land operations, and
cient to carry out the tasks assigned to the Navy. also provide air cover for naval
units in their combat areas. This
objective was assigned to land-
based aviation. The leadership of
the Air Force and Air Defense

AB013
the USSR, and the military circles ing a full-strength fighter park, in
stopped debating the need to numbers sufficient to carry out
possess aircraft carriers until the the tasks assigned to the Navy.
mid-1980s. The ADMIRAL KUZNETSOV
The task of operating on heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser is
enemy communications was not already operational with the
completely withdrawn in subse- Russian Northern fleet. The sec-
quent years, as can be deduced ond VARYAG ship is still under
from the draft military doctrine of construction.
Russia presented by the military The 1143.5 project cruisers
leadership. However, in the new represent an improved version of
conditions, another weighty sub- the aircraft-carrying ships, creat-
confirmed their readiness to stantiation of the need to intro- ed in the Soviet Navy in the form
achieve this goal. As the Soviet duce aircraft-carrying ships in the of MOSKVA antisubmarine cruis-
war doctrine never comprised Navy appeared. ers (project 1123) and succeed-
combat operations in overseas Following the break-up of the ed by the type KIEV cruisers (pro-
theaters, the idea of developing Warsaw Pact, state defense jects 1143 - 1143.4). All these
aircraft carriers did not enjoy the efforts were shifted onto the ships were equipped to employ
backing of the General Staff. At international plane. Therefore, VTOL aircraft and helicopters. In

some stages this idea was the Navy's provision of Russia's this respect the 1143.5 project
blocked by the leadership of the military security acquired an cruisers can for good reason be
Air Force and Air Defense. importance, which had not exist- named aircraft carriers, as the
However, the situation varied ed in previous conditions. Naval shipborne aircraft take off and
perceptibly in the late 1970s. The actions have become far more land in a running mode.
build-up of NATO's military power complicated. Owing to consider- The standard displacement of
led military experts to assume able reductions in land-based air- the 1143.5 project cruisers is
that the war in the European and craft, in accordance with the 55,000 tons, while their total dis-
other theaters would be protract- Treaty on the Limitation of Armed placement is 65,000 tons. The
ed and that its progress and out- Forces in Europe, and a simulta- main power plant is a boiler-tur-
•
come would increasingly depend neous contraction of aircraft bas- bine plant, which has a total
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upon manpower and materiel ing areas, ensuing from the power of about 200,000 hp. The
supplies from the North America. return of our troops to Russia, air cruisers have a through flight
The potential convoy combat supremacy in the combat area of deck. The bow portion terminates
areas were located beyond Soviet naval forces can no longer be in a springboard inclined at a 15°
land-based aviation, which sub- achieved, even in coastal areas, angle. The aft portion of the flight
stantiated the need to introduce by the Air Force and Air Defense deck is provided with wire
into the Navy aircraft-carrying Forces and is therefore now arresters. The aircraft landing on •
ships with air groups of mostly being assured with the Navy's the deck catches the arrester
fighters. The weightiness of this help. This factor predetermines wire via its ventral hook and
substantiation was adopted by all the need to equip the Navy with decelerates at a g-force of up to
services of the Armed Forces of aircraft-carrying ships, compris- 3.5 g, thereby reducing the land-
1.
"Admiral Kuznetsov" heavy
aircraft-carrying cruiser
2.
The Su-27K fighter takes off
from the deck
3. In the cruiser's hangar
4.
Landing of the Su-27K fighter

AB013
N A V Y
alternation of line-ups from near 5.

and far positions (with respect to
The Su-25UTG makes a final
the bow) is correlated with the
approach. Note the KA-27
quickness of retraction of the jet
deflector of the near line-up posi- helicopters in the foreground
tion. 6.
As the OREL cruisers are not
On the flying deck
equipped with catapults, they
cannot compare with America's
modern aircraft carriers in terms
of rapid air group lift-up capacity.
American aircraft carriers are
equipped with four aircraft-
ing strip to 80-100 m. In the bow from the deck by accelerating its launching catapults, located in
underdeck portion of the ship engines at augmented power. At pairs at an angle to one another
there are twelve launchers for the the end of its take-off run, the in the bow and in the angular
GRANIT antiship missiles. aircraft comes to the spring- section of the deck. This scheme
According to original project board, which establishes the permits the lifting of aircraft into
of the OREL cruisers (which was required angle of climb and facil- the air at very short intervals of

revised on many occasions), the itates the take-off. Before the 15 seconds.
ship would be equipped with engines develop full thrust, the The standard air group,
steam catapults: one of them was aircraft is held in place on deck based on a heavy 1143.5 project
even constructed on land. by special undercarriage catches, aircraft-carrying cruiser includes
However, the projectors failed to which then sink under the deck, 52 aircraft: 18 type Su-27K air-
provide the requisite structural thereby enabling the aircraft to craft, 18 type MiG-29K aircraft
rigidity of the catapult track. begin its take-off run. To deflect and 16 type Ka-27 helicopters.
Consequently, the track buckled the jet of the lined-up aircraft, a Shipboard fighters Su-27K
when the cruiser was subjected jet deflector is raised above the included in the air group are
to torsional loads on a rough sea, deck. assigned the prime task of pro-
•
and the catapult failed to func- The OREL heavy aircraft-car- viding antiaircraft defense for a
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tion. Therefore, two 1143.5 pro- rying cruiser has three line-up naval force. These aircraft have a
ject cruisers were equipped with positions: two of them are located maximum take-off weight of 32 t
springboards. The new aircraft- along the starboard consecutively and a maximum allowable combat
carrying ship, the ULYANOVSK at a distance of about 85 meters. weight of 6.5 t, and are equipped
nuclear-powered 1143.7 project However, as takeoff is performed with long-range air-to-air missiles
cruiser, was equipped with cata- from one springboard, only one R-27ER, R-27ET, R-27EM and R-
pults. However, the building of aircraft can take off at a time. 77 (missiles R-27EM have a max- •
this ship was never completed Naturally enough, to speed up imum launching range of 170
and the ship was scrapped. the aircraft lift-ups, the line-ups km). Aircraft Su-27K can also be
According to the springboard from the port and starboard are equipped with close air combat
scheme, the aircraft takes off rapidly alternated. The rapid missiles R-73. In addition, provi-
sions are made to equip such air-
craft with MOSKIT heavy antiship
missiles. The maximum unrefu-
eled range of aircraft Su-27K is
3,000 km, provided that the com-
bat load is less than its limit
value.
The MiG-29K aircraft includ-
ed in the air group of 1143.5 pro-
ject cruisers, act as fighter-
bombers. These aircraft, which
have a maximum take-off weight

AB013
to 12%. Therefore, it is reason-

able that shipboard aircraft Su-
27K and MiG-29K are equipped
with aerial refueling units. The
line-up conditions may well
require aerial refueling immedi-
ately or almost immediately after
take-off, particularly if these air-
craft are assigned to carry out
prolonged flying missions or
deliver a heavy payload (e.g., the
4.5-ton MOSKIT antiship missile).
The cruiser can also carry modi-
fied attack aircraft Su-25.
World practice of aircraft car-
riers indicates that radar picket
and guidance aircraft or heli-
copters should be included in the
air group to ensure the efficient

operation, of ship-based aviation
and accomplish successful
defensive missions. The air group
of a heavy aircraft-carrying
1143.5 project cruiser may so
well include the radar picket and
guidance aircraft projected by the
S. Yakovlev Design Bureau. For
the time being, cruiser-borne
picket and guidance aircraft are
•
replaced by Ka-27RLD heli-
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copters, which perform similar
functions. The air group includes
two or three such vehicles.
Two to four Ka-27PS search
and rescue helicopters are also
based on the cruiser. They can lift
up to 13 people during rescue •
of 17,700 kg and a maximum range of this aircraft equipped operations. The remaining vehi-
7.
allowable combat load of 3,000 with external tanks is 2,600 km, cles (Ka-27PL helicopters) are
The "Island" of the "Admiral
kg, are equipped with suspension provided that the payload is less intended to seek out, detect and
Kuznetsov" cruiser
points for aerial bombs (including than its limit value. destroy submarines. Each vehicle
8. guided bombs), antiship missiles The aircraft take-off run over has a three man crew, a maxi-
Inside view of the cruiser's X-31A and antiradar missiles X- the deck of the heavy aircraft- mum take-off weight of 12 tons
31P. MiG-29K aircraft, acting as carrying cruiser comes within
combat information center
fighters, can make a major con- 102-105 meters for the line-up
tribution to the antiaircraft positions located near the bow
defense of a naval force, employ- and 190 meters for the line-up
ing air-to-air missiles R-73, R- positions located far from the
27ER, R-27ET and R-77. The bow. To enhance the take-off
"Zhuk" airborne radar installed in dynamics of the aircraft's ship-
MiG-29K aircraft permits the board versions, they are
engagement of up to four targets equipped with engines, enjoying
at a time. The maximum flight a thrust rating augmented by 10

AB013
N A V Y
and is equipped with two 2,200- of the Ka-27 helicopter. They aerial bombs) at altitudes ranging
hp TVZ-117 shaft-turbine permit the transportation and between 4,000 m and the lower
engines. The Ka-27 helicopter landing of a marine squad, and limit. The combat module of each
has a maximum flight speed of provide post-landing backup fire system includes two six-barrel 30
270 km/h, a cruising speed of for the landing team. mm AO-18 automatic antiaircraft
230 km/h, a maximum allowable The heavy aircraft-carrying guns (with a total rate of fire of
flight range of 800 km and an cruiser is defended by four KLI- 10,000 rds/min and a maximum
endurance of 4 h. All modified NOK all-weather close-in air firing range of 4,000 to 5,000 m)
Ka-27 helicopters are equipped defense missile systems and and eight air defense guided mis-
with special gas bags, which eight KASHTAN missile/artillery siles 9M311 stowed in launching
enable the helicopters to perform systems. and transporting containers.
water landings. The KLINOK system will be Another 16 air defense guided
As well as antisubmarine mis- used to protect the ship against missiles stowed in launching and
siles APR-2E and guided aerial massive attacks by low-altitude transporting containers are kept
bombs C-3V, the Ka-27 heli- antiship missiles and other under the deck for reloading. Full
copter may also be equipped with unmanned and piloted air assault automation of combat operations,
antiship missiles X-35. In case of weapons. right from target detection to its
need, the heavy aircraft-carrying The KASHTAN systems were actual destruction, enables the
cruiser can receive transport and developed to protect the ship KASHTAN system to engage up to

combat helicopters Ka-29, which from precision air assault six targets at a time. (
are also developed on the basis weapons (cruise missiles, guided
•
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•

AB014
N A V Y
LANDING FORCE
must be equipped with special
control systems. In many coun-
tries promising mobile coastal
systems comprising such fire
control means are being devised.
At present, experts rank as one of
the most perfect coastal defense
WON'T GET BY $ Igor Dubrovin $

systems that of the Coastal
Artillery of Sweden. The coast of
this country is defended by 70
special batteries equipped with
artillery mounts with a caliber of
It is pertinent to note that conventional self-propelled artillery mounts 25 to 210 mm: more than one-
currently in service with land forces cannot be used to solve coastal third of these artillery mounts are
mobile.
defense problems. The control systems incorporated in these artillery Not surprisingly Russia,
mounts are not intended to solve specific problems associated with whose sea frontiers extend for
sea-target firing. Consequently, to ensure rapid hitting of small several thousands of kilometers,
devotes a great deal of attention

amphibious targets (lighting vehicles, tanks, boats) normally used for to the development of mobile
naval landings, the artillery mounts must be equipped with special coastal systems. Much good can
be said about the antiship missile
control systems.
systems, which have already
been successfully employed in
the Navy for years. The high
power and long range of their
cruise missiles and the jamming
immunity of their fire control sys-
tems make sure that these mobile
systems can reliably hit ships of
•
Electronintorg ltd.
any class.
Despite continuous improve-
ment in cruise missile coastal
systems, the creators of combat
equipment do not forget the
capabilities and advantages of
oastal defense is larger area, not limited by gun fir- various calibers of artillery sys- •
C
ensured by spe- ing ranges, and can be impercep- tems to defend sea frontiers. One
cial coastal tibly transferred to other areas. novelty of the Russian defense
defense units: It is pertinent to note that industry is the 130 mm BEREG
one of their major conventional self-propelled self-propelled artillery system,
components is artillery mounts currently in ser- which can defeat surface ships
coastal artillery. vice with ground forces cannot (including fast ships going up to
Current coastal ensure efficient coastal defense. 200 knots) and landing forces
combat require- The control systems incorporated and destroy ground targets. The
ments contribute in these artillery mounts are not BEREG system comprises a cen-
to the develop- intended to solve specific prob- tral station incorporating a fire
ment of mobile lems associated with sea-target control system, a combat support
1. coastal batteries. firing. Consequently, to ensure vehicle, and six self-propelled
These mobile bat- rapid hitting of small amphibious artillery mounts equipped with
The "Bereg" 130 mm self-pro-
teries have decided advantages targets (fighting vehicles, tanks, 130 mm guns. All vehicles of the
pelled artillery system on the
over fixed artillery systems, as boats) normally used for naval BEREG system are mounted on a
march they provide defense of a much landings, the artillery mounts similar cross-country chassis,

AB014
MAZ-543M, having a 8x8 wheel

arrangement. The high cross- COASTAL 100 to 305 mm GUN FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM
country capacity of the chassis
and the use of night vision kits
and navigation equipment enable
the vehicles to change rapidly the
firing position on the accomplish-
ment of a combat mission and
move in a dispersed manner to a
new area in the presence of
active and passive jamming
employed by the enemy at any
time of the day in any weather
conditions.
Sea and ground targets can
be sought, tracked and the fire of
the self-propelled artillery mounts
can be adjusted both by the cen-
tral station's fire control system

and from one or two observation
posts or a fire adjustment heli-
copter. Furthermore, the self-
propelled artillery mounts can
deliver fire decentralized and
independently by using their opti- The two-channel jamming-proof fire control system is intended to accurately deter-
cal/electromechanical sights, mine the movement parameters of sea targets (including fast-moving targets) and
commander's vision and designa- ensure effective firing at once at two out of four tracked targets, using discrete
tion devices, ballistic computers information supplied by the all-round radar.
and laser rangefinders to obtain The system ensures:
- continuous 360° sea-surface situation surveillance and target acquisition
•
target data.
- TV-optical surveillance of sea and coast situation in a sector of ±135°
Electronintorg ltd.
The systems of the central - automatic tracking of up to four radar-contrast targets, computation of their movement parame-
station placed in a firing position ters
are supplied with electrical power - generation of angles of elevation and traverse for six guns with pointing correction
from the diesel generators of the - fire control and fire correction against two targets simultaneously
combat support vehicle. In addi- - independent fire of each gun
- printing-out of fire parameters
tion, all fighting vehicles of the
- personnel training
BEREG system have self-con- •
tained power supplies, which

enhances their survivability con-

siderably and enables them to be
kept in a state of advanced oper-
ational readiness for several
days.
CENTRAL STATION
The central station (CS) of the
BEREG artillery system consists
of the fire control system BR-
136, with radar and optoelectron-
ic acquisition and target-tracking
channels, and auxiliary equip-
ment intended to maintain com-
munications with the vehicles of
the artillery system and provide

AB014
N A V Y
transfer of the fire onto the next cator is used to display radar
of the targets under tracking. information on the surface situa-
Using the parameters of tion.
motion of tracked targets, the fire The fire control channels of
control system computes total the BEREG artillery system also
laying angles for six guns in a operate in several modes: tie-in
central laying mode, with due of the components of the artillery
allowance made for ballistic and system, operation against sea or
meteorological corrections and coastal targets. At this time, the
the separation between each gun fire control system BR-136
and the central station. In this enables the artillery mounts to
case, provisions are made to fully fire both in succession and at
automate all parameter computa- rates of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 rounds
tion processes, including auto- per minute. The firing process
matic adjustment of fire, using can be monitored by the com-
radar-observed shell splashes. mander of the artillery system,
During the operation of the either by observing the azimuth-
central station, the information range indicator or obtaining perti-
obtained by circular scanning is nent information from observa-

displayed on a rectangular tion posts or a fire adjustment
azimuth scan indicator. This indi- helicopter. The firing results are
cator also displays two electrical logged with the aid of digital
cursors associated with the first printers.
and second tracking channels. The central station van is
They appear as two thin lines, divided into five compartments:
which can be moved by the oper- engine, antenna station, high-fre-
1. normal living conditions for the ators by manual ball-type con- quency, radio operator and oper-
personnel. trols. When the electrical cursors ator. The engine compartment
The "Bereg" 130 mm self-
Fire control system BR-136 are brought into line with the houses a diesel-electric set to
propelled artillery system on
•
provides circular or sector radar blips of detected targets, the provide standby power (in the
Electronintorg ltd.
the march and TV-optical scanning of the automatic tracking is initiated. absence of power from the com-
2.
sea surface at any time of the The data obtained from the bat support vehicle or centralized
day. It can operate satisfactorily TV/laser tracking channel are dis- power lines) rated at three-phase
The 130 mm self-propelled
in the face of passive and active played on a TV indicator. AC power of 30 kW, a voltage of
artillery mount jamming. The fire control system Information about the distance to 380/220 V 50 Hz and comprising
3. permits automatic tracking of up detected objects, obtained from an insulated neutral and rotary
to four radar targets: two of them the laser rangefinder, is displayed converter to feed the fire control •
The combat support vehicle
can be hit simultaneously. After on a special readout panel. system rated at a power of 15 kW
4. hitting a target, the fire control Either of two tracking chan- and a secondary voltage of 220 V
The central station system permits virtually instant nels can operate in three opera- 400 Hz.
tor-controlled modes (manual The antenna station compart-
laying, aided tracking and coast- ment houses the receiving and
ing) and two automatic modes transmitting devices of the fire
(programmed target lock-on and control system: a circular-scan
automatic tracking). In addition, radar antenna with its own rotator
the first channel has provisions and an optoelectronic target
for the TV/laser tracking of any detection/tracking channel
detected targets. When the oper- range-finding and sighting
ators are in controlled mode and device, mounted on an extensible
the quality of automatic tracking base. The antenna-station drive
is being monitored, a special pre- system permits the securing of
cision azimuth-range sector indi- the antenna station in its traveling

AB014
position, its raising and lowering extinguishing system control pan-

in the automatic and manual els.
modes through a van-roof open- The operator's compartment
ing, closed by covers in the trav- houses stations for the comman-
eling position. The antenna sta- der of the BEREG self-propelled
tion is supplied with microwave artillery system, central station
power through a special movable commander, fire control man,
waveguide transmission line. artillery electrician and radiome-
Some fire control system ter operator. The artillery system
devices, including the transmit- commander's station is equipped
ter, polarization controller and with navigation, communication
waveguide pressure controller, and signaling facilities, an obser-
are contained in the high-fre- vation and target designation
quency compartment, which is sight, folding tables for work on
provided with special microwave- topographic maps, a standby fire
radiation shield and equipped control director and a telephone
with a special shielded door. set to maintain communications
The radio operator's com- with observation posts. To reduce radiometer operator's stations.
partment houses a primary the blind zone during the opera- These stations include a range-

processor, a microwave receiver, tion of the observation and desig- finding and sighting device con-
a digital computer and the equip- nation sight, the commander can troller and communication equip-
ment of the radiotelegraph oper- raise it via lifting mechanisms, ment.
ator's and electrician-driver's which are mounted on the van's To facilitate the setting-up of
stations. The radiotelegraph roof. the central station on rough ter-
operator's station is equipped The CS commander's station rain, the van is provided with spe-
with a radio set, intercommunica- is equipped with a first fire-con- cial jacks, enabling the crew to
tion switchgear devices, a line trol channel director and commu- ensure horizontal antenna rota-
communication unit (used to nication equipment to ensure tion. Since the jacks are provided
maintain communications with communications with the artillery with both electromechanical and 5.
•
the combat support vehicle), an mounts. Similar equipment, used manual drives, the crew can level The 130 mm A-222 gun is
Electronintorg ltd.
individual fan and heater. to enable the self-propelled off the central station even in an
ready to fire
The radio set's antenna can artillery mounts to fire on the emergency. Two air conditioners
be stowed in the traveling posi- basis of data obtained from the are mounted in the front of the 6.
tion during any movement of the second channel, is installed at van above the driver's cab: one The self-propelled artillery
central station. Special controls the fire control man's station. The for the instrument-ventilation mount in traveling position
are provided in the driver's cab. guns can be redistributed among system and the other for the crew
7.
The electrician driver's station is the fire control channels. life-support system. •
also equipped with a diesel-elec- Devices associated with the SELF-PROPELLED

Deploying the "Bereg"

tric set remote control panel and first and second target tracking ARTILLERY MOUNT artillery system
power-supply, life-support, channels are located at the
instrument-ventilation and fire- artillery electrician's and
PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL SYSTEM

Surface-target detection range, km more than 35
Error in determining total laying angles,
maximum, mrad 3
Readiness time, maximum, min 3
Power drawn from 380-V 50-Hz line, kW 15
Mass, kg:
- fire control equipment 5,000
- antenna station 470
- TV/laser station 235
Antenna speed, rpm 15 to 25
Service life, minimum, yrs 20

AB014
N A V Y
with a night channel, a quantum ves two rotary amplifiers of the

rangefinder, ballistic data com- gun laying system, a generator
puter and a plotting board for providing direct current to the
independent operations, radio jacks, which ensure the rigidity of
set, internal and external line the chassis during firing, and
voice communication control storage batteries and power-sup-
equipment and lighting, heating ply units, laying and fire-control
and ventilating equipment. systems. This area of the turret
The gun layer's station is also contains a fan, which
equipped with an optical sight, a reduces the gas content in the air
light signal unit and lighting, and during firing. The required venti-
intercommunication equipment. If lating air is taken in through a
obstacles may get in the field of pipe, which is raised above the
fire, the gun layer allows for this roof.
possibility by entering pertinent COMBAT SUPPORT VEHICLE
The 130 mm gun of self-pro- information into a special no-fire This vehicle continuously pro-
pelled artillery mount A-222 is area coordinate input unit, locat- vides regulated power for the
mounted in a turret, which can ed at his station. BEREG coastal artillery system. It
rotate on a rotary support in the The stations for two front houses a removable power supply

form of a special roller bearing. loaders are arranged symmetri- unit with two diesel-electric sets:
Consequently, naval landing cally near the round feed trays each one is rated at a voltage of
forces can be engaged over a about the gun bore axis. The sta- 380/220 V 50 Hz and a power of
wide sector of ±120°. The gun tions for the rear loaders are 30 kW. The capacity of the fuel
can be laid for elevation in a arranged, near ammunition tanks located nearby ensures
range of -5 to +50°. Laying of the stowage racks and their loading continuous operation of the
gun on a target can be carried gear. Two stowage racks are diesel-electric sets for seven
out either automatically on the located at these stations for the days.
digital codes received from the storage and transportation of at In addition, the extensive
central station or in aided mode least 40 rounds. capacities embodied in the
•
with the sighting device of the A power compartment is design of the combat support
Electronintorg ltd.
artillery mount. In the latter case mounted on the chassis adjacent vehicle permit the use of this
it is assumed that self-propelled to the movable turret. It houses a vehicle for other purposes.
artillery mount A-222 is engaged power-generating set, which dri- Consequently, the turret
in independent combat and does PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF-PRO-
not maintain contact with the PELLED ARTILLERY MOUNT
central station and combat sup- Caliber, mm 130
port vehicle. The potential inde- Rate of fire, minimum, rds/min 10 •
Firing range, minimum, km 20

pendent functioning of each of
Ammunition load, minimum, rds 40

the six self-propelled artillery Type of round Fixed
mounts enhances substantially Types of shells HE frag. with base
the survivability of the entire fuze AA with nose
BEREG artillery system. fuze Practice (for
The turret has specially practice firing)
equipped stations for the com- Training (for training
crews and checking
mander, gun layer and four load-
materiel)
ers. The commander's station is
PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBAT SUP-
equipped with a control unit to
PORT VEHICLE
control the operation of all sys-
Generator power, kW 2x30
tems (i.e., fire control, laying, Voltage, V 380/220
ammunition supply, case extrac- Frequency, Hz 50
tion, life-support and fire-extin- Machine-gun caliber, mm 7.62
guishing systems), an optoelec- Field of fire, deg 260
tronic commander's vision device Elevation angle, deg -8 to +10

AB014
machine-gun mount, equipped area. Convenient two- and four- The van accommodates a
with 7.62-mm machine gun PKT, berth compartments provide mess and a kitchen. The mess
mounted on the roof, has proven good rest for the personnel of the can feed four men at a time.
itself capable of providing close entire artillery system, according Owing to the availability of a fold-
defense of the vehicle. to a flexible schedule. The van is ing table for games, books,
Furthermore, the special equip- provided with special cabinets for newspapers and magazines, the
ment and navigation equipment drying clothes and footwear with mess can also be used as a per-
mounted in the van ensure a electric heaters and a fan and for sonnel recreation room. The food
timely warning of the crew about stowing personal anti-gas equip- stock and equipment of the
radioactive and chemical contam- ment, an ammunition load, gas kitchen enable the kitchen to
ination and the arrival of the masks, personal arms and cater for ten men for seven days.
artillery system (or some of its portable storage battery lamps The combat support vehicle is
vehicles in case of dispersed and tanks containing drinking and manned by a crew of four. (
movement) in any designated service water.

•
Electronintorg ltd.
•

AB015
eamen adhere to a
S NAVAL AIR
long-standing
belief that naval
ships are the visit-
ing cards of their
states. There is
something behind
this view. Indeed,
the construction of
a ship capable of
providing defense
far from the native
seashore and deal-
DEFENSE SYSTEMS
ing crushing blows $ $
Oleg Anatoliev
to an enemy, requires a powerful
defense industry. This can only be
The specialists of the ALTAIR Association believe
afforded by a developed state.
The ships ploughing the that the SHTIL system is the most efficient naval
waters of the world ocean may be weapon against omnidirectional attacks of current

attacked by other ships, sub-
marines and aircraft. They may be
and prospective air attack weapons. The system
engaged by torpedoes, missiles, boasts the best technical and economic charac-
mines and many other combat teristics for a naval medium-range air defense
means, which ship crews need to
defend themselves against. guided missile weapon. The system is mass-pro-
In Russia the ALTAIR State duced and can be installed on the ships, which
Research and Production
are being constructed or refitted.
Association has developed air
defense systems capable of
ensuring a reliable defense of
•
Electronintorg ltd.
ships, which are some of the best
in the world. They include the KLI-
NOK naval antiaircraft missile and
artillery self-defense system,
which immediately drew the atten-
tion of experts at international
exhibitions, as it has no equal in •
terms of its technical characteris-

tics. The system will provide indi-

vidual self-defense for naval and
civil ships against massive attacks
by low altitude antiship missiles
and pilotless and piloted aircraft.
The system can hit up to four tar-
gets at a time, by launching air
defense missiles in a space sector
of 60 x 60° and by firing 30 mm
artillery mounts.
1. The multichannel operation of
the KLINOK system is based on
The "Klinok" air defense
the use of electronically controlled
missile system: launcher
phased antenna arrays and a
hatches high-speed computer with devel-

AB015
N A V Y
underdeck launcher, comprising get.

three or four drum-type launching The missiles are accommodat- 2.
modules. Each launching module ed in transporting-and-launching
Work stations of the
contains eight missile transport- containers, which ensures their
ing-and-launching containers. The preservation, instant operational "Klinok" AD system
ammunition load of the air readiness, convenient transporta- operators
defense system may comprise 24 tion and launcher-loading safety.
3.
to 64 missiles, depending on the The missiles do not require checks
number of underdeck launchers for 10 years. Work station of the bat-
installed on the ship. The KLINOK air defense mis- talion commander
At the moment of lift-off, the sile and artillery system requires a 4.
gas dynamic system deflects the crew of 13. The KLINOK system
An underdeck launcher
missile towards the target. Once can be operated in various climat-
the missile has reached a safe alti- ic zones. It can defeat targets
tude, its engine is started. The effectively even in rough sea (up
high level of allowable g-loads and to five points). The modular
high flight speed of the missile design of the air defense system
ensure effective destruction of means that it can be mounted on
both straight-flying and high- ships and other vessels of various

oped software. The system's air speed maneuvering targets. The classes, with a displacement of
and sea target-detection radar high-penetration HE-fragmenta- more than 800 t. At present the air
facilities ensure its full indepen- tion warhead weighs 15 kg. Its defense system is installed on the
dence and on-hand firing in the detonation is accomplished via a Navy's most modern ships.
most adverse conditions. To pro- command from the pulse radio The ALTAIR State Research
vide fuller interpretation on the air fuze, in close proximity to the tar- and Production Association enjoys
and surface situation, information TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KLINOK SYSTEM
can be drawn from any other tar- Target killing range, km 1.5 to 12 (from 200 m
get designation systems. in case of use of 30
The air defense system mm artillery mount)
Target killing altitude, m 10 to 6,000
•
employs overall automated func-
Target speed, m/s 0 to 700
Electronintorg ltd.
tional testing. In addition, the TV-
Number of targets engaged at a time 4
optical target tracking equipment Number of missiles guided at a time 8
built into the antenna post Missile guidance method Telecontrol
enhances its noise immunity Target detection range, km 45
under severe ECM conditions. Response time, s 8 to 24
In view of the high speeds of
the targets attacking the ship and •
subsequently short time available

to take a decision on the employ-

ment of the self-defense equip-
ment, the designers of the KLI-
NOK system have automated the
combat process of this antiaircraft
system as much as possible.
Consequently, the main mode of
missile and artillery-mount firing is
automatic.
Missile firing is accomplished
by the use of TV-controlled air
defense missiles, weighing 165
kg. The missiles are launched ver-
tically via a catapult. For this pur-
pose, the ship is equipped with an

AB015

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHTIL SYSTEM 5.
Number of targets engaged at a time 2 to 12 A destroyer equipped with "Shtil" air
Target bearing zone, deg 360
Target speed, m/s defense missile system
330 to 830
Target altitude, m 10 to 15,000 6.
Target killing range, km 3.5 to 25
Work stations of "Shtil" air defense sys-
Missile speed, M 3
Weight, kg: tem operators
-missile 690 7.
-warhead 70
A launcher of the "Shtil" AD missile sys-
tem
•
Electronintorg ltd.
good standing as designer and massive enemy air attacks (for an system, which is also unique in
manufacturer of air defense mis- order of ships on an escort mis- the world. The association has
sile systems intended for various sion), the association has devel- framed the concept and specific
purposes. To ensure reliable col- oped the SHTIL medium-range structure of a multichannel naval
lective defense of ships against multichannel antiaircraft missile air defense guided missile weapon
of a modular type, which guaran-
tee the weapon's survivability and •
operational simplicity and provide

an opportunity to set up the

ordered number (up to 12) of
channels on its carrier ship,
depending on the ship's displace-
ment and the customer's require-
ments. The failure of most devices
and even their accidental or com-
bat damage do not render the
modular system operationally
inactive.
The ammunition load of the
SHTIL system may include 24 to
96 missiles, depending on the set
purchased by the customer. The
single-stage solid-propellant mis-

AB015
N A V Y

8.
A launching container
and antenna station of
the "Rif" AD missile sys-
tem
9.
Loading launching con-
tainers
•
Electronintorg ltd.
guidance of one, two or three mis- weapon against omnidirectional
siles (selected automatically) to attacks of current and prospective
each target. air attack weapons. The system
The time needed to prepare boasts the best technical and eco-
the air defense missile system for nomic characteristics for a naval
combat does not exceed 3 min- medium-range air defense guided •
utes. During combat, the system missile weapon. The system is

can be controlled both in a cen- mass-produced and can be

tralized manner from the general installed on the ships, which are
siles are launched automatically ship air defense control systems being constructed or refitted.
via quick-fire single-beam launch- and independently. The system Specialists of the ALTAIR
ers. The missiles are guided by can also control the combat oper- Association have developed a RIF
semiactive radar guidance ations of the shipboard artillery. collective air defense missile sys-
method. Missile homing ensures The specialists of the ALTAIR tem for large surface ships, which
pinpoint firing accuracy in adverse Association believe that the SHTIL usually lead various striking
environmental conditions, while system is the most efficient naval forces. This air defense system is,
the use of a powerful HE-frag- TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RIF SYSTEM
mentation warhead, equipped with Killing range, maximum, km 90
an adaptive proximity fuze Target speed, maximum, km/h 4,200
ensures effective strikes on vari- Number of engaged targets 6
ous types of targets. Provisions Number of missiles guided at a time 12
are made for the simultaneous Firing interval, s 3

AB015
cruising missiles at altitudes of 25 boast one distinctive feature: use

or less meters. of phased antenna arrays. The
The missiles are stowed in Association's scientists and
underdeck drum launchers. They designers have managed to draft
are launched vertically from a adequate techniques for calculat-
transporting-and-launching con- ing and building phased antenna
tainer. Their cruising engines are arrays, obtain unique design deci-
started after they leave the con- sions and develop simple low-cost
tainer. This ensures the fire and know-how to manufacture these
explosion safety of the missile antenna arrays. This has enabled
magazine. After the lift-off of the the designers to use phased
missile, the drum brings the next antenna arrays in the development
missile to the lift-off line. The ver- of conversion marine navigation
tical lift-off of the missile obviates systems and air traffic control
the need to lay the launcher. The radar systems.
missile's direction and depression Our scientists have mastered
angle after lift-off are determined current methods of mathematical
in particular, used on the SLAVA by the program coded into the and semiscale modelling used to
guided-missile cruiser which is missile during final preparation. move object control systems, and

well known to sailors all over the The missiles are loaded into developed the mathematical mod-
world. Unlike the KLINOK and the launcher via a special loader els of radio control systems. This
SHTIL systems, the RIF air which carries the transporting- permits a substantial reduction in
defense missile system can hit air and-launching containers with the time required to design and
10. targets at long ranges well beyond missiles from the ship deck to the test prototypes.
the self-defense zone of the ships missile magazine and installs them During the equipment's man-
The work station of the
of the order. Furthermore, the RIF on the guides of the drums. The ufacture, thin- and thick-film
"Rif" AD missile sys- system can track up to six targets missile magazine loading opera- techniques, microassemblies,
tem's operator at a time and guide up to 12 mis- tion is thereby mechanized almost microstrip lines and multilayer
siles to these targets. completely. printed-circuit boards are
11.
•
The system uses a single- The ammunition supply com- employed.
A "Rif" AD missile sys-
Electronintorg ltd.
stage solid-propellant missile, prises 48 to 64 missiles, depend- Such air defense systems as
tem missile in its with a maximum flight range of 90 ing on the complement of the air the RIF, SHTIL and KLINOK were
launching container. km. The high-speed missile with defense system. displayed many times at various
its powerful warhead and proximi- The air defense missile sys- international exhibitions and are
Sectional view
ty fuse permits effective engage- tems developed at the ALTAIR well known outside Russia. (
ment of fast-moving aircraft and Association in the 70s and 80s
•

AB016
A E R O S P A C E I N D U S T R Y
AVA Multimedia
A NEW ROLE
FOR "OKA" $ Alexei Mesyatsev $
•
Electronintorg ltd.
• u bi ll ii ts ah ri yn gP aG rr ao du ep ”
One of the best accomplishments of Russia's military-industrial com-

plex might have disappeared, if it were not for conversion. Based on
design work and know-how obtained during the development of military
tactical missiles, the bureau's designers offered a brand new article -
“P M
the "Sphera" geophysical rocket complex.

AB016
I AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

n 1980 a new tactical mis- of special measures to reduce its 1.
sile system, fitted with the warhead's probability of detec-
The OTR-23 "Oka" tactical missile
OTR-23 "Oka" missile tion by radars made it virtually
(SS-23 or "Spider", invulnerable to the fire of hostile 2.
according to the Western- air defense systems. The OTR-23 missile's launcher
terminology), entered Clearly the missile's perfec-
•
Electronintorg ltd.
service with the Rocket tion, coupled with its extraordi-
Forces and Artillery of the nary combat efficiency and sur-
Soviet Ground Troops. vivability, made our "potential
Developed at the Kolomna enemy" at that time seriously
Machinery Design Bureau worried. Therefore, during the
under the supervision of preparation of the medium-range
chief designer Sergei and shorter-range missile treaty, •
Nepobedimy, this missile the American side insisted on the

system was unique and remains inclusion of the OTR-23 missile

as such up to date. Owing to its system in the list of weapons sub-
outstanding performance charac- ject to destruction.
teristics, easy operation and high Consequently, the Russian
combat efficiency, the "Oka" has army lost a weapon, which could
TECHNICAL DATA
proved a masterpiece of domestic have ensured reliable defense of Length of rocket, m 7.5
and world rocket building. the state borders. It remains one Diameter of rocket, m 0.92
With a launch weight of less of the world's best in its class. Launch weight of rocket, kg 3,300
than five tons, the missile carried One of the best accomplish- Weight of head, kg 265 to 415
a 450-kg warhead over up to 400 ments of Russia's military-indus- Weight of payload, kg 80 to 230
Injection height, km:
km. Its autonomous inertial guid- trial complex might have disap-
- 265-kg head 330
ance system and on-board digital peared, if it were not for conver- - 415-kg head 275
computer ensured a hit with a sion. Based on design work and Deviation from design trajectory at 0.9 maxi-
high accuracy. The introduction know-how obtained during the mum height, km, max. 1
Rocket fragments dropping radius, km, max. 15

AB016
3.
Measuring atmosphere and
ionosphere parameters in development of military tactical

the area of influence of missiles, the bureau's designers
offered a brand new article - the
heavy launch vehicle
"Sphera" geophysical rocket
exhaust products
complex.
4. The complex uses a single-
Measuring parameters of stage solid-propellant rocket. The
complex's launch equipment can
local disturbances in the
be mounted on all types of trans-
upper atmosphere and port. Coupled with easy operation
ionosphere, caused by nat- and servicing and operability in
any climatic conditions, the
ural processes or a previ-
transportability of the complex
ously launched rocket
makes it possible to select any

5. sites to carry out research work.
Measuring parameters of The use of a solid-propellant
rocket, apart from the ease of
the upper atmosphere and
handling and its safe employ-
ionosphere, affected by ment, exerts a less harmful effect
products left by spacecraft on the environmental situation in
the launch site area and on the
(or substances, which simu-
condition of the ozone layer
late these products)
above the launch site, than the
6. launch of rockets, which burn
•
Modeling the influence of highly boiling propellants. The
Electronintorg ltd.
launch vehicle, possessing a
anthropogenic near-space
comparatively low launch weight,
contamination on the opera- can inject a payload of up to 415
tion of spacecraft kg into the upper layers of the
atmosphere, the ionosphere and
7.
even low-orbit space to carry out
Creating large-scale ionized
a wide range of scientific and •
technical experiments. On the

inhomogeneities and diag-
nosing them on the "Space passive leg of the trajectory, the

on-board equipment is placed in
- Earth" route
microgravitational conditions for
approximately 450 sec, depend-
ing on the preset flight altitude.
The compartment space,
accommodating the payload,
allows one to install various
equipment and instruments.
It goes without saying that the
"Sphere" geophysical rocket
complex offers ample scope for
conducting high-altitude experi-
ments. (

AB016

•
Electronintorg ltd.
•
8.
Diagram showing
practical application
of the "Sphera"
geophysical rocket
complex
9.
The "Sphera" geo-
physical rocket

AB017
SPACE & AVIATION

ENGINES
Engine designers all over the world are extremely
sion process. Now we can talk Victor Chuiko
about progress in this area. At President of the Association of
present, the aeroengine plants of
Aeroengines Manufacturers
interested in cooperation. At the exhibitions we the former Soviet Union are some
of the largest motor cultivator
have been organizing since 1990, you can sell producers. They produce annual-
know-how, buy a license, and even sign contracts ly 150,000 units. Engines for the

Moskvich cars are made in Ufa,
on individual engine specimens.
while the clutches are manufac-
ENGINE SHOW 1,000 °C and over. All this tured in Tyumen and gear boxes
IN MOSCOW requires special technologies and in Omsk. The snowmobiles, man-
The interview was taken by Alexander Mozgovoi materials. One should also bear in ufactured by the enterprises of
Between May 11-15, 1994 mind the ecological factors and Rybinsk and Ufa, are in high
inclusive, the international exhibi- try to diminish the negative demand. By now aeroengine
tion "Engines 94" will be held at effects of the running engines on manufacturers have mastered
Moscow's Krasnaya Presnya the environment. Such problems production of many other sophis-
complex. Victor Chuiko, President are better solved in one go. ticated consumer items.
of the Association of Aeroengines Consequently, engine designers However, I feel that conver-
•
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Manufacturers (ASSAD) and all over the world are extremely sion is two-faceted. As I already
Chairman of the Exhibition's interested in cooperation. At the said, it must cater for the needs
organizing Committee, explains exhibitions we have been organiz- of the rank-and-file consumer,
the exhibition's aims. ing since 1990, you can sell and also develop and adapt high
- Until recently no specialized know-how, buy a license, and technologies used to build mili-
exhibitions have been held on even sign contracts on individual tary engines for its goals.
engine manufacturing. This can engine specimens. Consequently, the continuity •
be attributed to the treatment of - What makes this exhibi- must be preserved in the field of
engines as mere components. tion so different front those science and technology. Whether
Naturally, technical exhibitions previous shows organized in we like it or not, aircraft and mili-
quite understandably focus on the Moscow in 1990 and 1992 ? tary engine building was, is and
finished product, be it an aircraft, - The first exhibition in 1990, will remain for the foreseeable
automobile, locomotive or ship. At held in the former Soviet Union, future vital to industrial techno-
the same time, engine manufac- placed emphasis on the conver- logical progress in this country
turers have problems of their and in the rest of the world. The
own, related first and foremost to most recent innovations in gas-
the actual functioning of engines, dynamics, strength calculations
which are noted for exceedingly and materials science, technolo-
high pressure levels, peripheral gies, management of production
velocities and high temperatures. and servicing, all flow from the
For many engine parts function same source. A one-off lumpsum
red-hot; in other words, they are contribution to research and the
heated to temperatures of up to creation of a perfect engine can

AB017
lead to the production of a range

of sophisticated items, such as
civilian aeroengines, turbines for
power engineering, ships, gas
pumping, etc. Incidentally, today
60% of gas in this country is
pumped by the aviation drives,
developed by the company, head-
ed by Chief Designer
Academician Nikolay Kuznetsov.
Russian aeroengine manufac-
turers are currently implementing
the Russian Government's
Resolution "On Initial Measures to
Develop Aeroengine
Manufacturing in the Russian
Federation". Experience has
shown that spending on such pro-
grams may be effected in two

ways: one-off contributions and
many times. We have proposed
the one-off approach. First of all,
we develop next generation mili-
tary engines and then use them
as the basis for the creation of a to the engine manufacturing busi- western standards...
whole range of civilian engines. ness. It goes without saying that - Such assertions are far from
Such an approach saves money aviation technology does not sincere. Our engine makers
and resources. always provide the right answer to always produced on command
Dual-purpose technology car or tractor manufacturing splendid engines for the airmen.
•
constituted the highlight of the problems. And there are areas, However, one must consider the
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second Moscow exhibition of which may interest specialists in tasks they were set and the way
aeroengines in 1992. At that time these industries. Take, for exam- the engines were subsequently
the exhibition was already inter- ple, high-precision casting and treated. For example, an engine
national, reflecting the fact that the turbine blades, based on the with a high bypass ratio, type D-
wide international cooperation in use of directional crystallization 18, was built way back in 1980. It
engine manufacturing was not a or monocrystals. At the same was then used with the military
current trend: rather a fait time, aviation engine designers cargo plane An-124 "Ruslan". •
accompli. The forthcoming exhi- may obtain a lot of useful infor- Unfortunately, no "Boeing-747"
bition will also focus on innovative mation, when they become class passenger plane with this
technologies in the field of aero- acquainted with the work of their engine on board was ever built.
engine manufacturing and the colleagues, who are developing Why? I don't know. Admittedly,
development of missile, automo- other types of engines. We aim to recently the IL-96, equipped with
bile, tractor and ship engines, arrange a meeting of scientists, the PS-90 engine, began regular
power plants, mobile and station- designers, manufacturers, sellers flights. However, ten years were
ary power stations and turbine and buyers at one exhibition, needlessly wasted. Or you may
engineering. Building and fuel enable them to make contact and hear some people say over and
and lub materials, test stands and do business together. over again that domestic engines
boat engines will also be exhibit- - Our aeroengine makers are not economical. First of all, it
ed. are frequently subjected to should be borne in mind that they
- Is it worth combining scathing criticism that while were designed to assure aircraft
such different things? Russian aircraft are among take-off from short landing strips.
1.
- Each business has top stan- the world's best, Russian This implies a comparatively high-
The NK-93 engine dards. Naturally, this also refers engines stilt lag way behind er thrust. Secondly, the aerody-

AB017
namic standards of Russian ate with engine designers and ry. Engine manufacture is a far 2.
planes have not always been on a manufacturers in Russia and more complicated and labor-con-
Base units and
par with high international levels. other CIS countries. Not surpris- suming business than aircraft
This led to increased fuel con- ingly, the ASSAD has become an manufacturing. A new generation engines used in
sumption. In short, we always had international organization, includ- aircraft can be developed within 4 pilot-controlled
to produce what we were ordered ing such leaders of the world to 5 years: it requires 8 to 12 spacecraft.
to. engine manufacturing industry as years to make an engine. The
3.
However, we can produce the British corporation "Rolls- designs of the next century's
engines, which satisfy the newest Royce", America's "Pratt & engines have already been decid- Various types of
requirements for weight, life, reli- Whitney", "Pratt & Whitney of ed. However, the approaches are rocket engines used
ability, operability and economy. Canada", the French firm SNEC- different. Consequently, for the
in automatic inter-
The value of officially registered MA, Germany's MTU and South sake of economy, efforts must be
specific fuel consumption for the Korea's "Halla". The South pooled to develop unified con- planetary stations,
aforesaid PS-90 is 0.595. Now, Korean firm has become our part- cepts. The second symposium will artificial satellites
this parameter for the stock-pro- ner in the joint venture focus on ecological problems and pilot-controlled
duced engines leaving the plant is "RosKorturbo", which develops related to engine manufacturing.
spacecraft.
equal to 0.58. One version has it power plants, using aircraft gas It will provide a lot of food for
set at 0.57. In similar western turbines. thought and help us to determine
engines this value ranges from - Will they all take part in criteria. As part of the program,

0.61 to 0.57. In other words, we the exhibition ? we plan to stage an aeroshow in
satisfy world standards and also - Yes, together with most Kubinka near Moscow. The
keep near the top. ASSAD members from Russia and engines will be demonstrated in
Our pilots impress the specta- other CIS countries. Now the real work on various aircraft.
tors all over the world with their organization incorporates about I would like to point out that
flying skills, managing the Su-27 80 enterprises and companies. the exhibition was welcomed by
and MiG-29. However, such aero- We think companies, which are the Russian government. The
batic figures as the "Bell" and not members of the ASSAD, will holding of such a vast exhibition
"Cobra" should not be attributed also participate, including small and symposiums will enable their
merely to the skill of the aviators firms specializing in casting, forg- participants to determine integra-
•
and aircraft's high aerodynamics. ing and servicing. Many of these tion trends in the engine manu-
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Equal credit is due to the engine's companies will find that this exhi- facturing business. Application of
makers. This fact is often ignored. bition is the only chance to new technologies, acquisition of
The L-31 and RD-33 engines demonstrate their production know-how, research into the mar-
installed on the Su-27 and MiG- potential to a wide range of spe- kets of the CIS and other coun-
29 aircraft allow our pilots to use cialists. tries, and the establishment of
such power settings, which west- - What events do you plan new partnerships - these are
ern aces flying their fighter planes to organize as part of the some of the results we hope to •
cannot even venture. exhibition? achieve at the exhibition. (

We enjoy an undisputed lead - There will be two scientific WHAT DO WE KNOW

in the design of a hypersonic symposiums. The first one is ded- ABOUT THE KHIMMASH
engine, now being developed at icated to the development DESIGN BUREAU?
the Central Aeroengines Institute prospects of the engine manufac- Sergey Medved
(TsIAM). The TsIAM engine suc- turing industry in the 21st centu- According to an enduring tra-
cessfully passed all trials on test
beds and aboard missiles. A
speed of 5,000 to 6,000 km/h was
attained. Consequently, an air-
craft, equipped with such an
engine, can reach America within
1.5 - 2 hours.
The western manufacturers of
engines hold our achievements in
high esteem and willingly cooper-

AB017
SPECIFICATIONS time of 18 months - a unique

4.
Nominal thrust, N DOT-5 DOT-25 DOK-10 DOK-50 DST-25 DST-100 OST-200 accomplishment for those days as
The S5-92 liquid Specific impulse, N.s/kg 5 25 10 50 25 100 200
Starting time, s 2,255 2,300 2,250 2,250 2,790 2,705 2,750
well as present days. Thus, the
propellant engine - minimum 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05 first world cosmonaut Yuri
- maximum 8,000 6,000 600 600 4,000 300 300 Gagarin circled the Earth on the
with turbopump Total operation time, s 1.2x10' 2.5x10' 1.5x10' 1.5x10' 2.5x10' 1.0x10' 1.5x10'
Number of missions 5.5x10' 6x10' 4x10' 4x10' 3x10° 1x10' 1x10' "Vostok" orbital spacecraft and
feed system, used
Energy consumption, W landed in the assigned place
in the automatic - for reactor heating 60 70 40 20 - - -
- for electric valve drive 15.8 7.9 7.9 16.2 15.8 10.8 21.6
thanks to the descent engine,
interplanetary sta- Mass, kg 0.9 1.3 0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.3 developed by the bureau's spe-
dition all state space exploration first and later models of air cialists. The showroom also
tion "Phobos".
programs are implemented by defense and airborne guided mis- boasts a photograph presented
5.
some anonymous entities under siles are displayed. They have and inscribed by Yuri Gagarin,
The low-thrust liq- the aegis of the Academy of ensured reliable aerospace which says: "To the employees of
uid mono- and Sciences, the Space Research defense of the country. the Experimental Design Bureau
Institute, and lately Glavkosmos The history of the Design wishing it success in the design of
bipropellant
or the Research & Production Bureau is intrinsically linked with new engines". Similarly designed
engines. Association "Energiya". The its founder, Alexei Isaev, who retrograde rocket engines were
6. names of other contributors have stands in the same row with such used subsequently on all "Vostok"
always been "modestly" omitted. luminaries of the rocket and and "Voskhod" spacecraft.

The first liquid-pro-
Today we can openly speak about spacecraft industry as S. Korolev, The intensive development of
pellant rocket
the work of the Design Bureau of V. Glushko, M. Keldysh, M. cosmonautics in the 1970-1980s
engine RD-1. the Chemical Machine-Building Yangel, G. Babakin, N. Pilyugin. necessitated that space
Industry (the Khimmash DB), The bureau was established in researchers create multirole
designer of rocket engines for vir- 1943, when a small group of engines. Thus, with the help of
tually all the domestically pro- designers headed by A. Isaev the new adjusting-braking rocket
duced spacecraft, stations and began to develop the RD-1 rock- engine KTDU-35, designed by the
modules. Khimmash's designers et engine for the first pilot-con- Khimmash DB, it became possi-
created more than 120 types of trolled jet aircraft of the Bi series. ble to return spacecraft to Earth
liquid-propellant rocket engines The creative potential of the DB and create thrust impulses for
•
and power plants. More than 30 engineers was revealed during their orbit correction, approach
Electronintorg ltd.
of them are currently used in civil work at a joint project with spe- and docking. The KTDU-35
and military aviation. cialists from the S. Korolev design ensures repeated (up to
Now, when the market rela- Experimental Design Bureau: the 25 times) engine starts and oper-
tions penetrate the spacecraft two groups had to ensure the safe ation from several fractions of a
industry, rare visitors both from landing of the first manned orbital second to several hundred sec-
Russia and abroad wonder at the spacecraft. For that purpose a onds. This type of engine was
products manufactured by the descent engine had to be installed on the "Soyuz" space- •
enterprise and exhibited in its designed to ensure the transfer of craft, the "Salyut" orbital stations,
own showroom. There one can the Earth-return spacecraft from the "Progress" automatic trans-
see firstborn engines, reusable circumterrestrial orbit to the port spacecraft and "Kosmos"
boosters for the first jet aircraft descent trajectory and its final series artificial terrestrial satel-
and liquid-propellant engines for landing in a designated area. The lites.
ballistic missiles. Next engines of task was completed in the record A high engineering level of

AB017
design characterizes another "Molniya", "Zond", "Kosmos" and

Khimmash liquid-propellant rock- "Polyot". Another extremely inter-
et engine with a pressure feed esting piece of machinery is the
system, which ensures simultane- S5.51 engine, designed for a
ous fuel supply for the spacecraft lunar manned space complex. It
microengines. It helped improve consists of two self-contained
the spacecraft handling charac- units with pump feed systems:
teristics in pitch and yaw, raised one is a single-chamber multiple
the accuracy of approach and action unit, the other is two- stabilization. The DOT-5 and
docking procedures, allowed chambered with single action. DOT-25 operate on the basis of
orbit adjustment and deceleration This design allows one to create a thermal and catalytic decomposi-
of the space vehicle to ensure its thrust along the vehicle's axis, as tion of hydrazine by a wire cata-
return to Earth. The high opera- well as the forces and moments lyst, electrically heated to a tem-
tional reliability of the engine for its position coordination. The perature of 300 °C. The iridium
results from original engineering S5.51 plant is designed to catalyst used in the DOK-10 and
decisions, application of state-of- pyrotechnically control the DOK-50 makes it possible to start
the-art technologies and new engine's start/stop valves, which the engines without pre-heating
materials. For instance, the ensures an automatic starting of the fuel. This type of engine has
engine of the S5.80 combination one of them, in case the other thrust and power parameters,

plant is fitted with a cardan sus- fails. which meet world standards. In
pension, which ensures simple During the "lunar" program at addition, the high flame trans-
alteration of the thrust force vec- the end of the 1960s, the Bureau parency ensures reliable opera-
tor during spacecraft maneuver- designers created one of the first
ing. The fuel and gas-pressurized oxygen-hydrogen engines in the
feed systems include main and country for a space complex
back-up aluminum tanks and tita- launched by the N-1 space
nium bottles. This type of liquid- launch vehicle. Subsequently it
propellant rocket engine was served as a basic layout model for
widely used in the combination the cryogenic engines currently
•
plants of the pilot-controlled and used in the boosters of the
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pilotless spacecraft "Soyuz" and spacecraft upper stages. They are tion of the airborne astrophysical
"Soyuz TM", which can operate simple and unique in design, reli- instruments. The DST-25, DST-
autonomously or as part of variable in operation, and allow the 100 and DST-200 liquid self-ignit-
ous complexes (e.g. "Soyuz T" - space vehicle to carry large pay- ing bipropellant rocket engines
"Salyut" - "Soyuz", "Soyuz T" - loads. These engines have are designed to control the move-
"Salyut" - "Progress", "Soyuz aroused great interest abroad. ment of space vehicles. They are
TM" - "Salyut" - "Progress M", Indian spacecraft industry experts operationally reliable, effective, •
"Kvant", "Kristall"). have commissioned an oxygen- fast-responsive and multimode.

In addition to pilot-controlled hydrogen engine and are plan- Their operational reliability is
space exploration, the DB is ning to mount the specially devel- ensured by the niobium alloy
deeply involved in the research oped KVD-1 engine with a thrust combustion chamber with over-
and development of liquid-proof 7,5 ton-force in the booster of head protective cover.
pellant and other engines for arti- a space launch vehicle, which will A new line of the Khimmash
ficial satellites and automatic put communication satellites into DB research is channeled to the
interplanetary stations. geostationary orbit. development of an electric rocket
Equipment with the mark of the Another direction of DB engine on the basis of ionic
Khimmash DB is used in virtually research is focused on the devel- accelerators with anode coating.
all programs of near and outer opment of low-thrust liquid-pro- Compared to the liquid propellant
space exploration. They include pellant engines. These are the engine, the latter has higher
engines and base units for the DOT-5, DOT-25, DOK-10 and energy and service characteris-
vehicles of the "Luna", "Mars", DOK-50 monopropellant engines, tics, provides control over a wide
"Venera", "Vega", "Phobos" used for precise attitude control, range of output data, and inter-
series, as well as the satellites orbit correction and spacecraft faces with the other spacecraft

AB017
7. capacities, state-of-the-art engines. In 1948, they created

process equipment, testing facili- the turbojet engine AMTKRD-01
The R27 lift-sustainer
ties, highly qualified engineers with a maximum thrust of 3,300
turbojet two-circuit and wide experience in spacecraft kgf. It was the first time in world
engine provided with research and development create practice that a turbojet engine
opportunities to design liquid- was equipped with an 8-stage
afterburner chamber
propellant-engines with a thrust axial compressor, a reverse-flow
8.
systems. range from several hundred combustion chamber with 22 indi-
The R27V-300 lift-sus- Under conversion, the enter- grams to 60 ton-force, and if nec- vidual flame tubes in a common
tainer turbojet engine prise is manufacturing a range of essary, up to 100 ton-force. ( casing, a single-stage turbine and
consumer and producer goods. ENGINES a motor-driven adjustable jet noz-
9.
Accumulated expertise in the OF THE "SOYUZ" FAMILY zle. This turbojet engine was
The MiG-25P interceptor development and operation of Sergei Samoilyuk intended for an experimental (at
equipped with R15-300 turbopumps for various types of The aero-engine research and that time all-riveted) long-range
liquid-propellant rocket engines engineering complex "Soyuz" is bomber EF-140. Later on, the
engines
enabled the enterprise to form a one of the leading defense enter- AMTKRD-01 served as the basis
10.
subsidiary company to manufac- prises creating aircraft turbojet for the development of a more
The RDK-300 turbojet ture pumping equipment for high- engines. Its history dates back to powerful engine, AMTRD-2, with
temperature corrosive liquids February 18, 1943, when the a thrust of 4,250 kgf.

short-life engine
(including ammonia water), country's first experimental aero- The plant's specialists contin-
hydrocarbons and water. The engine plant No. 300 was estab- ued to work actively in the same
high-pressure jettisonable tur- lished in Moscow. The plant was direction. Within a short time they
bopump extracts oil in off-shore entrusted to develop original pis- designed the most powerful
fields without conventional off- ton engines for aircraft and orga- engine of its time - the AM-3, with
shore platforms and transports it nize their commercial production. a thrust of 8,700 kgf; in later
over distances of up to 200 km to During the Great Patriotic War the modifications the thrust was
coastal terminals or refineries. staff of the plant developed pow- brought up to 11,500 kgf. This
Another highly effective unit is erful aircraft motors AM-39, AM- engine enjoyed a long service life
used for gas and oil well killing in 39B, AM-42, AM-43B, AM-43TR and was convenient for the per-
•
emergencies (e.g. fires, earth- intended for the most popular formance of minor and medium
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quakes) both on land and off- attack planes of the time - the IL- repairs. It used a special arrange-
shore. It operates from a self- 2 and IL-10, and also for MiG-3 ment for the admission of air from
contained power plant. fighters. the compressor, which ensured
However, it should be noted The plant's researchers and its stable operation at all ratings.
that the main line of the KHIM- designers have made a substan- The engines of the AM-3 family
MASH DB activity remains the tial contribution to the develop- were used on Tu-16 long-range
same - spacecraft engine build- ment and commercial production bombers, M-4 strategic bombers •
ing. The available production of various types of turbojet and Tu-104 jet liners, which set
twenty six world records. In 1955,

a Tu-104 plane with RD-3 engines
(a modification of the AM-3)
made an intercontinental flight
from Moscow to New York for 24
hours and 3 minutes, covering a
distance of 18,000 km.
The AM-5 turbojet engine,
which was also designed within a
short period of time, featured a
record low specific mass (0.22
kg/kg thrust): it was half the size
of other turbojet engines pro-
duced at the time in this country

AB017
and abroad. It was the first engine driven by two hydraulic motors. pilotless aircraft. This 350-kgf
to be equipped with an electrical The engine was equipped with a engine is mounted on the pylon or
starter-generator: this marked hydromechanical power control inside the fuselage. It has a sim-
one more step forward in the system. It has a high gas-dynam- ple design and is convenient and
progress of the country's aero- ic stability and operates reliably at reliable in operation. The PDK-
engine industry. The AM-5 was extreme variations of temperature 300 has a state-of-the-art elec-
intended for all- weather high- and air pulsation at the inlet. tronic-hydromechanical automat-
altitude interceptors Yak-25. The Specialists at the "Soyuz" ic system which controls its func-
turbojet engine RD-9B designed complex have designed the tions: starting, adjustment and
at "Soyuz" on the basis of the world's first lift-sustainer dual- stopping. The entire engine
AM-5 featured one more innova- flow turbojet engine, R79, with equipment is enclosed in one
tion - an afterburner. It had a afterburning for the supersonic small area. The engine is provid-
large thrust and was used on all- vertical take-off and landing plane ed with a combustion starter and
weather fighters MiG-19. This Yak-141. The R79 is equipped a small-size built-in electrical
plane was mass-produced as a with an automatic system, which generator furnishing up to 4 kVA
front-line fighter MiG-19 (modifi- controls its operation and ensures for the engine and the aircraft's
cations MiG-19S, MiG-19P, MiG- coupling with the aircraft equip- electrical circuits. "Soyuz" spe-
19PM, MiG-19PF) and a recon- ment. This lift-sustainer engine cialists are now working on
naissance plane MiG-19R. uses a two-shaft flow-mixing improvements to this engine.

The first Soviet-produced arrangement and consists of six They believe that in the near
two-shaft turbojet engine with modules. Its rotatable nozzle future its modifications will find
afterburning, the R11-300, was mixes up the gas flow at all rat- wide application in the light com-
also designed at this enterprise. ings, including the maximum mercial aircraft.
Its thrust was 5,000 kgf: in later reheat rating. Structurally it con- A great deal of energy has
modifications it was raised to sists of four wedge-shaped sec- been devoted by the "Soyuz" spe-
6,250 kgf. These engines were tions: two of them are synchro- cialists to the development of var-
installed on the fighters MiG-21, nously rotated about their axes in ious equipment for the national
Su-15, Yak-28P, bombers Yak- opposite directions by hydraulic economy. They have designed an
28R, and reconnaissance planes motors. The shape of the nozzle electrothermal installation ETU-
•
Yak-25RV. A new turbojet engine, can be changed to deflect the 75/095 based on the RDK-300.
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R15-300, was produced for the thrust vector within up to 95 This installation can be used as
high-altitude interceptor MiG-25. degrees in five seconds. The noz- the main or independent source
The engine featured an afterburn- zle area can be adjusted by eye- of electrical power at medium-
er with an all-rating adjustable lids controlled by hydraulic cylin- sized and small agricultural enter-
nozzle and was intended for ders. To stabilize the aircraft in prises and farms to dry grain and
flights at supersonic speeds. The bank and yaw during take-off and hay, for refrigeration, and the
MiG-25 plane, equipped with landing, the air is tapped through processing of agricultural pro- •
these engines, has set several an annual slot in the compressor duce. A portable TSM welder,
world records. and fed to the jet vanes. The designed at "Soyuz", is now wide-
Since the early 1970s, many thrust of the engine in the aug- ly used in the engineering indus-
aircraft designers in various mented mode is 15,500 kgf. The try for contact spot welding of
countries have concentrated on R79 is equipped with an ecologi- thin-walled parts made from high-
the development of vertical or cally clean combustion chamber alloy and structural steels, titani-
short take-off and landing planes. designed at "Soyuz". This cham- um and nickel alloys. The "Soyuz"
The first such machine produced ber ensures the absence of specialists have designed a
in this country was a carrier- smoke and a low content of harm- unique oxygen-hydrogen genera-
based fighter Yak-38. It was ful substances in the exhaust tor to produce an oxygen-hydro-
equipped with a unique lift-sus- gases. gen mixture for the hard and soft
tainer turbojet engine R27V-300 Specialists at the aero-engine soldering or welding of thin-
with a thrust of 6800 kgf, research and engineering com- walled metal structures made
designed at "Soyuz". Its special plex "Soyuz" have designed a from stainless carbon steels. (
feature involved the provision of short-life dual-flow turbojet
curved jet nozzles with jetevators engine RDK-300 intended for

AB018
FROM DESIGN BUREAUS
he bombs of the Air
PRECISION-GUIDED
T
Force were consid-
ered unguided
weapons for an
extended period of
BOMBS
time. To develop pre-
cision-guided bombs,
it proved necessary to
resolve a number of
factors affecting their
free-fall. To lay a
bomb precisely on its
target, a bomber had
to be navigated so
that it assumes a precise combat
course.
To solve this ballistic task, the $ Sergey Yegorov $
adverse effects of atmospheric fac-

tors were initially reduced and con-

sequently eliminated completely.
Tests revealed that bomb's circular probable error did not exceed
This necessitated creation of a bomb 3 meters. When the bombs were dropped, the pilots were so sure
control and bomb sight airborne of success that, once they had been assigned to destroy their tar-
system. In this way developers man-
aged to introduce corrections to the gets, they warranted the drop on predicted points.
bomb's trajectory and the weapon
became guided.
At present guided bombs are
the most effective Air Force
weapons. They combine high accu-
racy and warhead power with its rel-
•
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atively low cost. Russia produces TV
and laser-guided bombs, depending
on the guidance system. Laser-
guided bombs have a capacity of
500 and 1500 kg.
The powerful guided bomb,
KAB-1500L-Pr (1500 kg) has •
attracted a great deal of attention. It

is suitable for long-range and front-

line aviation aircraft. It can be used This bomb lacks a "tail" in terms Another similar capacity preci-
to bomb various important high- of aerodynamic configuration. It has sion-guided bomb, designated KAB-
strength and underground fortifica- a cruciform fin assembly in the rear 1500L-F, is fitted with HE warhead
tions, nuclear warhead depots, followed by biplane vanes, which produced from the standard unguid-
command posts, and small-size tar- ensure high maneuverability. The ed bomb FAB-1500. Upon explod-
gets. bomb has front and rear folding fins, ing, the bomb produces a blasting
This bomb comprises a laser which permit its external suspension cone some 20 meters in diameter.
semiactive homing device, which and arrangement in the bomb com- This bomb outwardly resembles the
ensures probable round deviation partments of big aircraft. KAB-1500L-Pr bomb. The range of 1.
from the target of up to seven The bomb is fitted with a special 1500 kg bomb dropping altitudes The MiG-27K frontline
meters (the latest modifications subcaliber HE-penetration warhead, varies from 1,000 to 18,000 meters
fighter-bomber armed with
deviate only 3 meters). The greater which can "dig" up to 20 meters in at a carrier aircraft's flight speed of
the KAB-500Kr guided
part of this deviation is due most of the ground and penetrate field forti- 550-1700 km/h.
all to instrumental error. fication overheads 3 meters thick. The huge variety of foreign guid- bomb

AB018
1,100 km/hour and altitudes range

from 500 to 5,000 meters.
The main storage of Russian TV-
guided bombs constitute ammuni-
tion with penetration warheads. The
concept of combat employment of
guided bombs envisages the defeat
of priority targets, which are usually
heavily protected. Housed in the
thick-wall envelope, the penetration
warhead has also a fragmentation
effect. Upon demolishing the obsta-
cle, such a warhead penetrates the
target and hits the environment by
ed bombs is primarily oriented on optically contrast objectives. powerful fragments rather than by a
diversified guidance systems. Prior Consequently, the target may not HE charge. Experts maintain that the
to the "Desert Storm" operation, contrast with the background, and weight of the warhead rather than
Americans employed mainly HE war- the warhead will be guided to the that of the explosive charge is
heads for their guided bombs. When point indicated by the marker. indicative of the fire power of the

the HE warheads struck elevator Tests revealed that bomb's cir- guided bombs.
shafts in administrative buildings, cular probable error did not exceed The firm "Region" has devel-
they destroyed the ground storeys. 3 meters. When the bombs were oped various capacity TV-guided
However, the fortified buildings dropped, the pilots were so sure of bombs with multi-purpose war-
remained intact. Then the developer success that, once they had been heads.
firm intensified development of pen- assigned to destroy their targets, The KAB-500Kr-U training guid-
etration warheads, similar to their they warranted the drop on predicted bomb was developed to practice
Russian counterparts. ed points. When the KAB-500Kr skills on the combat use of the KAB-
For all its merits, the laser guid- bomb was adopted, it turned out 500Kr guided bomb. This bomb per-
ance system for guided bomb war- that even young pilots could hit tar- mitted simulation of a whole cycle of
•
heads also has some drawbacks. As gets easily. air bombing and the recording of its
Electronintorg ltd.
it is semiactive, this system requires The bomb is fitted with a 380 kg results. The KAB-500Kr-U consti-
uninterrupted illumination by the concrete piercing warhead intended tutes a 85 kg non-droppable con-
laser beam up to the bomb's to defeat fortified targets. Versions tainer, 1,830 mm long and 350 mm
impact. In addition, when bombs are of thermobaric warheads are intend- in diameter. The container is
released from high altitudes, the ed to hit personnel both in light shel- equipped with a TV guidance sys-
diameter of the laser spot on the ters and light-armored vehicles. tem, similar to that of the KAB-500Kr
earth surface increases, thereby Although targets may be hidden in guided bomb. It is mounted on •
inducing dispersion. The TV guid- terrain accidents, caves and other external pylons. The service life of
ance system has none of those obstacles, the kill area will make up this training guided bomb is rated at
2. drawbacks. 1500 square meters. The air speeds 300 missions.
The 500 kg KAB-500Kr guided of bomb carriers, dropping KAB- The TV homing heads for various
The KAB-1500L-F laser
bomb is intended to defeat station- 500Kr bombs, vary from 550 to types of guided bombs are devel-
guided bomb with HE war-
ary objectives, including railroad
head bridges, reinforced concrete fortifi-
3. cations, communications nodes and
the like. TV matching guidance
The KAB-1500L-Pr laser
ensures defeat of camouflaged tar-
guided bomb with HE-pen- gets. In direct contrast to foreign
etration warhead counterparts, such as American
guided bombs AGM-62 Walleye,
4.
which lock on optically contrast tar-
The KAB-500L laser guided
gets, the homing device of the KAB-
bomb 500Kr determines mutual location of

AB018
FROM DESIGN BUREAUS
oped and produced by the State

Scientific Production Enterprise
"Impulse". They are designed for
guidance of various capacity preci-
sion bombs, where target is locked
on prior to their dropping. Similar
bombs can be dropped both from
Russian and foreign aircraft, namely
from the French Mirage fighters,
produced by the firm Dassault
Breguet, and England's Jaguar, pro-
duced by the firm SEPECAT. Targets
are picked out and locked on via TV
indicators, located in the pilot cock-
pit.
The TV homing head guides pre-
cisely air bombs on small-size tar-
gets, including mobile launchers of
cruise and air defense missiles, con-

trol centers, ships, bridges and the
like. The TV homing head comprises
a gyrostabilized TV camera, micro-
processor and power supply unit.
The on-board computer correlates
data supplied by the TV camera. At
calculated intervals, determined by
TECHNICAL DATA 5.
KAB-1500L-Pr KAB-1500L-F KAB-500Kr KAB-500Kr-U
The KAB-500Kr guided
Caliber, kg 1,500 1,500 500 85
Length, mm 4,600 4,600 3,050 1,830 bomb
•
Maximum cross-section, mm 580 580 350 350
Electronintorg ltd.
6.
Fin assembly span, mm:
folded 850 850 750 - The KAB-1500 guided
extended 1,300 1,300 - -
bomb with HE or HE-pene-
Type of guidance system semiactive laser semiactive laser TV matching TV matching
Weight of warhead, kg 1,100 1,180 380 - tration warhead
Type of warhead subcaliber, HE armor-piercing -
7.
HE-penetration •
Circular probable error, max., m 7 7 3 - Design of the KAB-500Kr
TV guided bomb
the program, the "picture" of the ing head operates in optical range, it In the course of drills on combat
target is recorded by the TV camera is reliably jam-free. Experts from the employment of guided aerial bombs,
during the bomb's approach to its firm "Region" contend that the the Russian Air Force developed a
target. Consequently, the TV homing Russian bomb, unlike its foreign number of effective tactical methods
head design solves the problem of counterparts, defeats targets, which aimed at hitting various types of tar-
image scaling, comprising only one are even protected by smoke gets during 24 hours a day. (
lens with constant focus distance. screens.
The "Impulse" firm can modernize
its produce to ensure interface with
a specified type of aircraft on the
customer's order, using his hard-
ware.
The TV homing head is tested in
real conditions. The test proved a
total success. Although the TV hom-

AB019
FROM DESIGN BUREAUS
SMALL CALI B ER
t the end of the
A
1950s new battle

tank tactics stipu-
lated effective
support of tanks
from the infantry.
Consequently, a
special infantry
transporter was
developed, capa-
ble of delivering
FOR AIR AND GROUND
$ Victor Vlasov, Yuri Voronov $
fire on the battle-

field, both from its The 30 mm automatic guns (2A42, 2A72) aim to
•
Electronintorg ltd.
organic arma-
hit light armor targets at a range of 1,500 m, AT
ments and by the mounted
infantry. means, unarmored means and enemy manpower
Developers designed two at a range of 2,000 m and air targets flying at
prototypes. One was built on a
chassis with a combined propeller
2,000 m altitude. They can fire both single shots
and armed with a 76 mm gun. and continuously until their ammunition is •
The other was a fully tracked

exhausted.
vehicle armed with a 73 mm
smooth bore gun. The second
prototype was chosen. The vehi-
cle was developed by designers
headed by P. Isakov. Armed with
1. a gun christened "Grom"
The 30 mm 2A42 gun installed (Thunder), it was designed by V.
Silin. The combat vehicle was
on the BMP-2 infantry fighting
known under the code BMP-1.
vehicles The BMP-1 had two compart- an active-rocket round cham- In actual practice the BMP-1
2,3. ments: for the crew and riflemen, bered for the grenade launcher revealed that it had some of the
who could deliver fire from indi- SPG-9 (basic load equal to 38 same shortcomings as its foreign
The-BMD-3 airborne assault
vidual weapons through the rifle shells). As well as the gun, it counterparts. For instance, the
vehicle equipped with the
ports. The BMP-1 was armed comprised an anti-tank (ATGM) "Grom" gun was powerful
2A42 gun with a semi-automatic gun, using system "Malyutka". enough, but not as accurate.

AB019
FROM DESIGN BUREAUS
barrel was shifted rearward dur-

ing firing, together with its muz-
zle brake. The electric trigger
mechanism ensured automatic

and single-shot fire.
Furthermore, the automatic fire
was delivered at high and low
rates.
All these factors increased
the gun's combat effectiveness.
Intensive tests revealed the
combat efficiency of the BMP
armed with this automatic gun. It
had considerable range and fire
•
accuracy (some 1,500 m). Its
Electronintorg ltd.
A. large ammunition load numbered
500 cartridges against 38 for
The 30 mm 2A42 automatic gun
Although foreign MICVs could hit bore gun was updated. Its new "Zarnitsa". The 30 mm gun was
targets on the first shot due to prototype was nicknamed B. very effective against different
tracers, their combat effective- "Zarnitsa". The HE-I (High The 30 mm 2A72 automatic gun targets. When it hit a tank, its
ness was hampered by the use Explosive Incendiary) round was range finder, optics and some
of 20 mm shells. added to the ammunition outside rigs became inoperative. •
In the early 1970s the allowance of the "Grom" gun. If the tank was on the move, its
Russian designers were commis- This round boasted higher veloc- exterior fuel tanks caught fire.
sioned to increase the combat ity (400 m/sec) and a greater In 1980 a new vehicle came
effectiveness of the BMP arma- range of fire (up to 1,200 m). into service, named BMP-2. Its
ment. Work proceeded in two Second, a small-caliber gun received the index 2A42.
directions. First of all, a smooth rifled automatic gun was also
4.
updated.
The gun was developed by The 30 mm 2A72 automatic gun
the Tula Design Bureau headed 5,7.

by V. Gryazev. It was chambered
A BMP-1 armed with "Grom" 73 mm
for the 30 mm cartridge AO-18.
smoothbore semi-automatic gun
The gun's long barrel and short
automatic receiver facilitated its 6.
arrangement inside the armor Loading ammunition for the 30 mm gun
and delivery of fire at large ele-
into the BMP-2
vations. To reduce the recoil, the

AB019
guided shells. The 30 mm gun

8.
had 500 cartridges. At the end of
Suspension fitting for the the 1980s, when a new vehicle
30 mm 2A42 automatic gun became operational, it was
named the BMP-3 and its small-
provided on the Ka-50
caliber 30 mm gun was coded the
combat helicopter
2A72. The newer gun possessed
9. similar cartridge and ballistics as
View of the muzzle brake of the 2A42 gun, but was smaller in
weight. Its massive barrel (37 kg)
the 2A42 gun
recoiled far more (335 mm),
thereby relieving the load off the
mount during firing.
The 30 mm automatic guns
SPECIFICATIONS OF SMALL-CALIBER GUNS (2A42, 2A72) aim to hit light
2A42 2A42 The BMP-2 showed its high com- armor targets at a range of 1,500
Caliber, mm 30 30 bat effectiveness in Afghanistan, m, AT means, unarmored means
Rate of fire, rds/min. 600-800/200-300 350-390 during fighting on flat and moun- and enemy manpower at a range
Gun weight, kg 115 82+5 tainous terrain. of 2,000 m, and air targets flying

Initial shell velocity: Some drawbacks of the 2A42 at 2,000 m altitude. They can fire
HE-I, m/s 970-10
gun were uncovered during com- both single shots and continu-
HE-T, m/s 950+10
AP-T, m/s 980+10 bat. It was manifested in exces- ously until their ammunition is
Number of grooves 16 sive exhausts of smoke during fir- exhausted.
Pitch of rifling, mm 715+20 ing, especially at a high rate. The As mentioned above, the
Ammunition load, rds 450(150-AP-T; 500(200-AP-T; smoke filled the combat compart- 2A42 gun permits automatic fire
300-HE-I) 300-HE-I) ment of the vehicle. In addition, at a high and low rates. Single-
THE 30 MM CARTRIDGE the gun was pretty ineffective shot and low-rate fire is carried
(1) the cartridge with the high-explosive incendiary projectile is designed
for firing from the 2A42 gun at ground light-armored targets. against enemy grenade launchers out from a weapon control panel.
Projectile caliber, mm 30 "dug" in the ground. Actual com- To fire a single shot, a gunner
Weight of cartridge, kg 0,853
•
bat also revealed that a low rate must send an electric impulse by
Length of cartridge, mm 291
Electronintorg ltd.
of fire from the BMP-2 gun pressing a button on the weapon
Explosive charge weight, kg 0.127
Weight of projectile, kg 0.400 remained effective in all firing control panel. To fire another sin-
Initial velocity of projectile, m/s 960 to 980 modes. gle shot, he must release this
Initial projectile velocity probable Owing to changes in the con- button and press it again. The
deviation, m/s 5 ception of BMP armament appli- gun's design permits manual fire
Time of burning, s min. 3.5 cation, annihilation of enemy in the event of power failure, but
The projectile trajectory is marked by yellow-and-red color line. For training fir- manpower posing a threat to can only be achieved at a higher •
ing the practical cartridge is manufactured.

tanks, acquired paramount rate of fire.
(2) the cartridge with the one-piece armour-piercing-

tracer projectile for firing from the 2A42 and 2A38 importance. To cope with this The 2A42 gun is gas-operat-
guns at ground and air targets. problem, the Design Bureau ed. The bolt is closed after its
Projectile caliber, mm 30 headed by V. Gryazev developed rotation. The gun is belt-fed. Two
Weight of cartridge, kg 0.837
a more powerful armament sys- metallic cartridge belts consist of
Length of cartridge, mm 291
Explosive charge weight, kg 0.123 tem, consisting of a small-caliber
Weight of projectile, kg 0.389 automatic gun, a smooth bore
Initial velocity of projectile, m/s 950 to 970 100 mm gun, firing guided shells
Initial projectile velocity probable along a steep trajectory, and a
deviation, m/s 5 7,62 mm machine gun. Fire con-
Additional cartridge variants:
- Practical cartridge with inert filler for conducting training firings. sistency increased considerably.
- System-test cartridge with inert filler for checking the materiel for proper func- The BMP could hit enemy targets
tioning.
- Training cartridge for training of personnel. on the first shot.
The projectile functions properly during firing at ambient temperatures from minus
50 °C to plus 50 °C.
The ammunition supply for
Failure-free performance in automatic firing is no less than 0,9999. the 100 mm gun comprised 40
The projectile is immune to the influence of electromagnetic impulses and ionizing
radiation of nuclear explosion. unguided (HEI and HE) and eight

AB019
separate "Crab" type 9H-623 the line of the chamber. The bolt designers attracted the attention
links. The links are locked togeth- is stopped at the sear. of the helicopter designers.
er by the cartridges. The belts are Consequently, when a gunner As a result, the powerful
fed to the gun in succession by a presses the firing button after automatic gun employed by the
switch located in the back-plate switchover to another belt, the BMP-2 appeared for the first time
of the gun. The cartridge is firing continues without any in history aboard the Ka-50 tank
rammed from the belt into the reloading. killer. Such a move dramatically
chamber. The cartridge cases are The automatics of the 2A72 is increased the fire power of this
ejected forwards along the barrel. based on the use of the barrel flying machine and made it
The guns have a blocking recoil energy. indomitable in the struggle
mechanism, which stops firing, The high quality and combat against enemy armor vehicles. (
when the last cartridge of one of effectiveness of the small-caliber
the two cartridge-belts comes to guns, developed by the BMP

•
Electronintorg ltd.
•

AB020
CONVERSION PROGRAMS
CONVERSION TANKS
CHALLENGE
THE NATURE $ Oleg Anatoliyev $
Today we can declare with confidence that the equipment now

available to Russian salvagers sometimes even surpasses foreign
versions in performance. This fact is confirmed by the examples
of powerful salvage and emergency-salvage machines developed
by specialists of the Armored Vehicles Department of the Russian
Defense Ministry, using tanks, which are due to be removed from
service and destroyed under relevant international agreements.
he earthquake, Defense Ministry, using tanks, organization of serial production,
T
which struck which are due to be removed is an expensive and time-con-
Armenia at the end from service and destroyed under suming process. The use of the
•
Electronintorg ltd.
of 1988, became a relevant international agree- tank chassis with armaments
tragedy. At that time ments. replaced by the necessary civilian
our salvagers felt It is well known that tanks are equipment made it possible to
and understood how the least suitable type of military develop quickly, without undue
helpless man is, hardware, which can be adapted expenses, a number of emer-
when faced by real to meet the needs of the national gency-salvage machines, which
calamities. economy. One can hardly use can operate where man was until •
Soon after the tanks as farm tractors. From the now powerless. First postwar
earthquake, work very beginning this machine was generation tanks T-54, T-55, and
was launched in intended for operation in extreme T-62 proved the most suitable.
Russia to develop conditions (absence of roads, Firstly, during many years of ser-
our own new generation salvage fires, radiation and chemical con- vice these tanks have been
equipment. Today we can declare tamination of the locality, etc.). brought up to a very high level of
with confidence that the equip- This determined the "civilian pro- reliability and trouble-free opera-
ment now available to Russian fession" of any machines based tion. Secondly, these machines
salvagers sometimes even sur- on tanks: operation in extreme are simple and easy to service.
passes foreign versions in perfor- conditions in zones of natural Thirdly, their transmission gear
mance. This fact is confirmed by calamities, major industrial acci- has a vertical gearbox, which,
the examples of powerful salvage dents and disasters (alas, so can, upon slight modification, be
and emergency-salvage common in our industrial age), used to drive the salvage equip-
machines developed by special- and other emergencies. ment.
ists of the Armored Vehicles The design of new machines One such machine is a multi-
Department of the Russian for these purposes, let alone the purpose track-type tractor GTU-1

AB020
(GTU-1A) developed from tank T- TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GTU-1

55 (T-62). It is designed to per- Prototype T-55 (T-62)
form salvage and emergency-sal- Mass, t 30
vage operations in areas of natur- Crew 2
al calamities, major accidents and Maximum speed, km/h 50
Power takeoff, kW (h.p.) 80 (110)
disasters. The tractor is equipped
Pulling force of the main winch, kN (tf) 250 (25)
with two winches, a powerful Pulling force of the additional winch, kN (tf) 5 (0.5)
crane, electric welding equip- Working length of the main winch cable, m 200
ment and a bulldozer. The crew is Maximum crane load capacity, t 7
reliably protected from exposure Boom swing angle, deg. 270
to high temperatures, while the Platform load capacity, t 4
Welding equipment provided
provision of a filtering-ventilation

•
Electronintorg ltd.
•
system enables the crew to oper- fire engine greatly eases the task designed by tank specialists for
ate in zones affected by radiation of fire-fighters and makes their these purposes is not confined to
and chemical contamination. work much safer. the aforementioned examples
To crush large concrete and Power engineers are preoc- and includes other machines
other non-metallic objects during cupied with maintenance of high- intended for universal use and
emergency-salvage operations, a voltage transmission lines. As a specific tasks. All these machines
special crushing machine has rule, these lines are extremely are characterized by high mobili-
been designed on the basis of long and run through virtually ty, reliability and trouble-free
tank T-55. The machine is provid- inaccessible areas. In this case performance.
ed with a powerful hydropneu- the solution was provided by a In salvaging work debris has
matic hammer. tank chassis carrying all equip- to be cleared away, while
Forest fires, fires at log and ment required, to maintain power attempts are made to save people
oil storage areas and other indus- transmission tines. and property. For this purpose
1.
trial sites cause great suffering. It is difficult to clear up the salvagers require efficient tools
The GTU-1 multi-purpose
Such fires are extremely danger- consequences of accidents and and gear. The activity of the
track-type tractor ous and difficult to fight. A mobile disasters. Therefore, equipment research-and-development firm

AB020
CONVERSION PROGRAMS
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUSHING MACHINE ting and power elements is

Prototype T-55 another field, where the new firm
Mass, t 35 has its own know-how. Here, it
Boom overhang, m 2.5 also took full advantage of past
Boom swing angle, deg. 360 experience and knowledge accu-
Height of crushed objects, m 4.5
mulated by ammunition design-
Hammer type hydropneumatic
Stroke frequency, min-1 80 ers.
Stroke energy, kJ 20 A victim of "directive" conver-
sion imposed from above, nowa-
days "Prostor" helps other
defense enterprises. By placing
orders for components of
hydraulic tools with military
plants, it helps them keep jobs
and pay wages. Such compo-
nents are manufactured by highly
qualified personnel at well-known
enterprises, which use aviation
and space technologies.

Some elements of the
hydraulic tools have been bor-
"Prostor", which designs such This could not have been rowed from military hardware,
equipment, constitutes a striking achieved within such a short time now undergoing conversion. The
example of the conversion for without experience and skills of RN-250 hand pump used in avia-
peaceful uses. the Russian school of "strength- tion has proved itself to be the
Based in the Moscow subur- engineers" who design missile most reliable, efficient, and con-
ban city of Krasnoarmeisk, this systems. The production of cut- venient in operation. The snap
firm came into being as a result
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIRE ENGINE
of the economic reforms applied
Prototype T-55
•
to the research complex of the 2.
Mass, t 36
Electronintorg ltd.
defense industry. As no budget 2
Crew The "Berezina" transport
financing was available, a group Boom overhang, m 30
of researchers previously Boom swing angle, deg. 360 vehicle
engaged in basic research on Boom hoist angle, deg. 0 - 75 3.
thermal engineering, engine Water pump output, l/s 100
Foam generator capacity, l 3000 The "Poleseye" topo-
design, and robotics decided to
Number of foam generators, pcs 5 graphic survey vehicle
go on with their R&D work. •
The researchers tried out var-

ious options to attract capital

required to continue their
research. Eventually, they started
their own production as a means
of earning profits.
The first set of multi-purpose
hydraulic tools produced com-
mercially at "Prostor" differed
from foreign-made counterparts
in its surprisingly wide opera-
tional potential and heavy weight.
Today "Prostor" manufactures
fifth generation tools, featuring
much smaller weights and better
operational characteristics.

AB020
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHERRY PICKER "LADOGA"

Mass, t 27.5
Specific soil pressure, kg/cm2 0.51
Fuel distance, km 250
Engine power rating, kW (h.p.) 427 (580)
Cage load capacity, kg 500
Maximum hoisting height, m 26
Time to hoist cage to 26 m height, min 12
Time to lower cage from 26 m height, min 10
Crew 5

•
Electronintorg ltd.
hydraulic joints for instantaneous
connection of hoses were previ- •
ously used only in SS-20 mis-

siles.
The set of hydraulic tools pro-
duced by "Prostor" is suitable for
many other applications, apart
from salvage work. These tools
have long been used abroad on
construction, erection, repair,
and restoration jobs. In Russia
4.
and former Soviet republics these ic conditions, within the entire board a ship, before switching to
The "Ingul" salvage vehi- tools are popular in utility ser- range of underground depths and a fully autonomous version, with
cle vices, transport, mining, process- mountain altitudes. The tools the hand pump submerged in
ing, and chemical enterprises. have been successfully tested for water. In these conditions even
5.
Whatever .the actual compo- operation underwater. First of all the addition of new hose sections
The "Irtysh" salvage and
sition, the tools work effectively the naval specialists used a posed no problem: the construc-
transport vehicle in various climatic and geograph- pumping station mounted on tion of the joints is such that the

AB020
CONVERSION PROGRAMS

•
Electronintorg ltd.
•
hoses are permanently filled with the required height, but the conditions - in the Polar North
hydraulic mixture. The system pneumojack ball blown at a pres- and hot deserts, in sea water and
does not require additional flush- sure of 0.6 MPa remained intact. dense fogs. They have success-
ing. "Prostor" offers a set of pro- fully passed all tests carried out
Today the extended set of tective clothing and footwear. by specialists of the Ministry of
equipment includes various load This protective gear has been Internal Affairs, the Ministry of
capacity pneumatic jacks. With an tested for flame resistance and Defense, the Committee for
initial thickness of 20 mm these stability in aggressive media and Emergencies and Civil Defense.
"rubber mats" can be blown to its world standard is confirmed by The design of the tools
the size of a ball, 260 mm in authoritative recommendations ensures high efficiency, maxi-
diameter. During the tests a and certificates. mum safety and operational con-
sharpened steel strip was placed The tools have been tested venience. The first requirement
edgewise between a 10-ton for vibration and shock resis- was realized in an in-depth study
6.
monolith and a pneumatic jack. tance, exposure to mudflow, heat of the conditions the tools were to
The load was repeatedly raised to flow and open flame in extreme be used in, with due attention Tools set for rescue work

AB020
paid to the drawbacks of foreign

counterparts. To meet the second
requirement, the designers made
provisions for an optimum
strength margin of the tools and
equipped them with various safe-
ty devices. The armored plastic
hoses of the hydraulic system,
designed for an internal pressure
of 250 atm., have a 4-fold
strength margin and operate in a
temperature, ranging from -40°C
to +80°C. The hydraulic locks
reliably hold the cutting or
expanding tools in any position.
The third requirement is satisfied
by producing tools for right-
handed and left-handed opera-
tors, by constant improvements

in the design and by reducing the
dimensions and weight of the
tools.
Sometimes the "Prostor" spe-
cialists have to render rather
unusual services using their
tools. For instance, once they
were asked to cut off the tail of a
fighter plane which crashed to
the ground abandoned by the
•
pilot. It took them a mere 20 min-
Electronintorg ltd.
utes to clear up the site of the
accident. The site was left in a
better state ecologically, as com-
pared to what it would have been
if plasma cutters had been used
for the purpose. The tools proved
very handy for removing old •
buses from bus pools.

The technical level of the

tools, as certified by well-known
firms, confirms the leading role of
"Prostor" in the production of
hand-operated emergency and
7. salvage tools in Russia. (
A DG type jack
8.
The KG-250 cutter in
action
9.
Operation with the RKG-
250 expander-cutter

AB021
CONVERSION PROGRAMS
AAWAYHOME
H
ow can you live in
relative comfort
working in a field
or forest far from
home? A mobile
complex named
"Fieldsville" by its
designers makes it
possible for geolo-
gists, prospectors
and others who
have to work away
FROM HOME $ Gennady Petrov $
from sweet home.

The first people to appreciate If it proves necessary to change the base,
the comforts of living in such a
complex were missilemen. It was
"Fieldsville" soon becomes a maneuvering truck
originally designed to provide convoy and can move with all its dwellers up to
normal living conditions for the 850 km without refueling.

crews of missile systems RSD-10
(known in the West as SS-20),
when on the alert on field launch-
ing sites.
Now this mobile complex,
comprising a dormobile (AO-
543.1) and lunchmobile (AS-
543.1), is yours for the asking.
The dormobile is a real home
on wheels. It is 12 meters long,
more than 3 meters wide and
•
Electronintorg ltd.
high enough to rule out claustro-
phobia. A vestibule divides the
dormobile into two parts, housing
roomettes which may accommo-
date up to 4 people each if pro-
vided with double-deckers. All in comfortable whether you eat your erator with 0.75-ton storage
all, the dorm sleeps 24 people lunch or do the cooking. The din- capacity. The lunchmobile also •
who enjoy as much comfort as ing room with its four folding has a shower-room storing more
possible when they are far away tables can take care of 16 people than two tons of water, which is
from cities and frequently on the at a time and may instantly be available to all Fieldsville
move. If you want to dry your converted into a viewing room for dwellers.
1.
clothes or shoes after working in TV and video programs. All premises are provided with
"Fieldsville" chang-
the rain, there is a special dryer When you enter the lunchmo- heating, air-conditioning and
at your service. You feel comfort- bile, you first go into an anteroom ventilation. Nearly everything is ing base
able indoors regardless of out- with a wash-stand and a small power-operated using as a 2.
side humidity with air tempera- clothes rack, where you can leave source a self-contained 30 kW,
Maintenance shop
tures as low as -40 °C and as high your street clothes. The cooking 220 (380) V and 50 Hz power
as +50 °C. is done in a well-ventilated plant. In other words, it is just like MTO-AT-M1
The lunchmobile looks similar kitchen with effective smoke in a city. 3.

to the dormobile. It comprises a ejection. The kitchen equipment To guarantee timely and effi-
Lunchmobile
small dining room, kitchen and serves a variety of purposes cient routine maintenance of the
4.
additional premises. Everything including bread making. Next to complex facilities, including the
has been done to make you feel the kitchen you will find a refrig- MAZ-543M base carriers, the Home on wheels

AB021
However, if the customer wishes,

a more elaborately outfitted
mechanical maintenance shop
(MRM-M1) can also be supplied.
Here is the list of the basic types
of work it can perform: lathe
operations, milling, grinding,
drilling and fitting work. The
equipment of both maintenance
shops is universal and can meet
the needs of the "Fieldsvillers".
In addition, the customers
may be offered a battery mainte-
nance and charging station to
maintain and recharge storage
batteries for all types of equip-
ment.
The maintenance shops are
equipped with their own power

units, i.e. three-phase AC gener-
maintenance shop is equipped for ators (50 Hz, 16 kW, 230 V) dri-
various diagnostic operations, ven by the main chassis engine
adjustments, using electric through power take-off. If it
instruments, fitting work, assem- proves necessary to change the
bly, cabinet work, tire repair, base, "Fieldsville" soon becomes
hoisting, transportation, the a maneuvering truck convoy and
charging of lead-acid batteries, can move with all its dwellers up
welding and painting. At the cus- to 850 km without refueling. This
tomer's request, the maintenance will not be tiring for the person-
•
shop may be supplied with a nel. The speed depends on the
Electronintorg ltd.
small-sized screw-cutting lathe condition of roads: up to 80 km
complex is supplied with a main- (IT-1 M). per hour on asphalt and up to 40
tenance shop (MTO-AT-M1) This maintenance shop is part km per hour on dirt roads. Even a
mounted on a ZIL-131 truck. The of the standard complement. total lack of roads does not make
movement impossible. Water
obstacles up to 1.5 m deep will
not stop the convoy, as long as •
their bottom is hard. (

Such mobile complexes

are manufactured by
the Shumerlya Special
Vehicle Plant
(Shumerlya, the
Chuvash Republic).

AB022
TOP SECRET
NO NOISE,
midst the great
A
array of small arms
produced all over
the world, there is a
whole class of rela-
NO FLAMES &
tively unknown
weapons. This can
be attributed to
their scarcity in the
NO MISSES!
arms arsenal and
the specific aims of
their employment
by special units of
the Armed Forces
and secret services, which don't
want to advertise their activity.
We are talking about special
weapons, capable of delivering $ Alexei Vadimov $
silent and flameless fire. Their com-

bat effectiveness and accuracy We are talking about special weapons, capable of delivering silent
must meet the most exacting
and flameless fire. Their combat effectiveness and accuracy must
requirements, owing to complicated
employment conditions and the meet the most exacting requirements, owing to complicated
high "value" of each shot from such employment conditions and the high "value" of each shot from
weapons.
The TSNIITOCHMACH Institute
such weapons.
located in the town of Klimovsk, develops special small arms, lar weapons. They comprise under-
near Moscow, is a leading Russian ordered by the Army, Interior water weapons, pump rifles, pistols,
enterprise developing such special- Ministry and other agencies, which revolvers, submachine guns,
purpose weapons. This Institute arm their secret services with simi- machine guns, gas and pyroliquid
•
Electronintorg ltd.
•

AB022

systems, pyrotechnical cutters and dental firing, caused by any unin- sight can also be used.
•
many other weapons. Silent and tentional pull of the trigger, strik- The second weapon system
Electronintorg ltd.
flameless weapons are in particular ing, dropping or barrel unlocking. comprises a 9 mm silent subma-
demand. The removable magazine accom- chine gun, special cartridge, and
At recent international weapon modates cartridges arranged in two sights for day-time and night
exhibitions, the TSNIITOCHMASH two rows. The magazines have 10- firing. The submachine gun is iden-
successfully exhibited its two and 20-round capacity. tical to the sniper rifle in terms of
weapon systems: a 9 mm BSK The wooden frame rifle butt its main components design. It is
special sniper rifle system and a 9 does not unfold. It is easy to han- also gas-operated. Its firing and •
mm silent submachine gun system. dle, comfortable and ensures pre- trigger mechanism permits single
The first weapon system com- cise target aiming. For convenient shot and continuous fire.
prises a special VSS sniper rifle, and concealed portage the rifle can The submachine gun has a
cartridge, optic and night sights. be broken up into three parts and folded, metallic tubular butt. The
The rifle is automatically reloaded, packed into a special briefcase with pistol hand-grip is handy in firing.
by using the energy of powder 450 x 370 x 140 mm dimensions. It The box-like sector-type magazine
gases, which escape from the bar- takes about one minute to prepare has a two-row cartridge arrange-
rel through the gas-hole. Full bar- the rifle for firing. ment. The magazine has a 20-car-
rel locking occurs while the bolt is The rifle has two standard tridge capacity. Target test shots
1.
rotated along its axis and rests on sights: a day-time optic sight 1P43 proved that the submachine gun
its 6 combat stops. The firing and The 9 mm sniper system complete with and night sight 1PN75. Other and sniper rifle are similar to the
trigger mechanism uses a firing night sight sights can also be used. The 1P43 Kalashnikov AKM assault rifle in
pin, which permits single shot and sight permits firing during daytime terms of reliability.
2.
continuous fire. The rifle has a at a range, of up to 400 m. The 1 Silent, effective fire is the
The 9 mm silent submachine gun sys-
safety catch to ensure safety dur- PN75 sight is used for night firing salient feature of these small arms.
ing its handling and prevent acci- tem with day-time and night sights at a range of up to 300 m. An open Developers from Klimovsk com-

AB022
bined with great skill these conflict-

ing features in one weapon system.
To make the fire almost noise-
less, they incorporated some inno-
vations in both the cartridge with a
subsound initial velocity and opti-
mal ballistic characteristics and in
the weapon's general design.
Other innovations included the
development of a unique muzzle
silencer and a reduced level of
noise, caused by moving parts of
the submachine gun.
The special cartridges for the
sniper rifle and the submachine
gun weigh 23 g and have a rather
heavy bullet. Despite their low ini-
tial velocity, the bullets are effec-
tive in firing against remote targets.

The submachine gun and sniper
rifle also cut through enemy per-
sonnel wearing bullet-proof vests
of I, II, and III levels and are effec-
tive against unarmored transport 3. easy and safe handling. It can be vents firing with partially closed
means at ranges of up to 400 m. The MSP special-purpose low-noise pis- fired almost instantly. barrel blocks; a safety-latch for the
The sniper's rifle bullet can pene- The MSP has two vertically cocking of the hammer and inertial
tol
trate 2 mm thick steel plate at a arranged barrels. To load and lock of the trigger mechanism.
range of 500 m, retaining its stop- unload them, the barrel block is Simple effective sights for
ping power after penetration. pushed forward and up off the short-range fire can be fixed on the
•
These powerful silent weapons frame. During its rotation the pin- upper part of the barrels. The pistol
Electronintorg ltd.
have "younger brothers" - pistols. like extractor extracts the car- grip's side plates are connected by
One of them was developed in the tridges from the barrel. The pistol a screw. It also holds a ring to be
early 1970s for "silent" firing at employs a hammer-type firing and attached to the belt or sling.
short range. It has a low rate of fire, trigger mechanism, with two ham- The barrel's design and the
but is very reliable and easy to mers housed in the pistol grip. The SP-3 cartridge specification ensure
carry thanks to its compactness. hammers are cocked by a cock- silent and flameless fire. The ballis-
The special small-size pistol is lever before firing. The pistol is tics are optimized to reduce the •
called MSP. This pistol is a rare equipped with a reliable safety sound of the firing and retain the
modern multibarrel non-automatic devices: a safety-catch which can immobilizing effects of the bullet at
weapon. Its simple design, small be placed in two positions (ON and a time. (
size and weight are matched by its OFF); a trigger lock, which pre-
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MSP SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MSP

SPECIAL SNIPER SILENT SUBMA-
RIFLE CHINE GUN Caliber, mm 7.62
Caliber, mm 9 9 Weight, kg:
Weight, kg: with cartridges 0.56
with magazine, w/o w/o cartridges 0.53
cartridges 2.6 2.5 Length, overall, mm 115
Length, mm 894 875/615 Length of barrels, mm 66
Magazine capacity, cart 10/20 20 Height, mm 91
Mode of fire single/continuous Combat rate of fire, rds/min 6
Weight of optical sight, kg 0.58 Firing range, m 150
Weight of night sight with Length of cartridge, mm 52
battery, kg 2.1 Weight of cartridge, g 15

Military Parade Magazine-02

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AB001

YOU have in front of you the second issue of our magazine on

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MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 1

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MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 1

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Wishing you success and prosperity!

RUSSIAN MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX:

A VIEW FROM THE INSIDE

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MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 1

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Russian economy. producers. (

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 2

MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION OF RUSSIA WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES:

TODAY AND TOMORROW

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MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 2

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Diagram depicting the operation of 55Zh6-1 and 1L13-3 meter-wave radar

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 1

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MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 2

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MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 3

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MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 4

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MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 1

Materiel occupies almost one In 1985 a more sophisticated

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MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 2

vehicle. The vehicle can be trans-

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The combat crew of the air- tions of the driver's compartment

borne assault vehicle BMD-3 are equipped with individual

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 3

gun rearward. A great deal has

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MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 4

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of -45 °C. wheels. It comprises a tracked remote-controlled hydraulic track

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 5

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machine guns 4,000 2,540 in belts 2,000

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 6

AIR DEFENSE MISSILE SYSTEM

BUK-M1 $ Sergey Samoilyuk $

The BUK-M1 is an improved version of the KUB. It

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MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 1

and radio communication links. the automated work stations of scan.

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dangerous among the launchers. min 5

targets and identifies their

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 2

loading and unloading of the SPL radio correction link is used. A

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PERFORMANCE OF AIR DEFENSE GUIDED MISSILE

MILITARY PARADE 1994 MARCH C APRIL 3