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Module 1 PDF
Module 1 PDF
Engineering
Engineering Design
• We are solving a problem – 2 way to look at it
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Design Levels
1. Adaptive Design
• Designer first studies working principle of certain existing
machines / System and slightly modifies the structure imposing
his ideas.
2. Development Design
• designer starts from an existing design, but the final
outcome may differ from the initial product
3. New design
• Only a small number of designs are new designs
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2. Kinetics involved
• Product should be able to withstand the static
and dynamic forces acting on it
3. Energy requirement
• Input energy requirement for a particular
function may vary for different products
4. Material constrains
Landing gear • Material used for product should have sufficient strength
5. Control System
• It transfers signal from one part of product to another part
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Quality constraints
Manufacturing constraints
• Product must be passed through several regulation
and testing to ensure its quality
• Internal constrains in a manufacturing unit include
– Availability of raw materials
– Availability of proper machineries Time constraints
– Machining time • Design must be completed with in stipulated time
– Amount of wastage and unused byproduct limit
– Labour shortage
Ecological constraints
• External constrains in a manufacturing unit include • Design of product should be eco friendly to eliminate
– Quality and reliability of raw material its toxic effect
– Total quality management
• Disposal of exhausts and bi-products to environment
– Assembly constraints due to installation
should be properly monitored
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Spherical Can
• It is difficult manufacture
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Primary
Engineering Design Functions –
• The drill should switch off if the load exceeds. Broad Classification
• The drill should work in high humidity 1. Research Function
• Identifying the need for the product
Secondary • Defining the working principle
• Convert Energy • Collection of data required for the process
• Compact and less weight
• Research on better alternative
Secondary unwanted
2. Engineering Function
• Generate heat
• Generate Noise • Deals with the technical functioning of product
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Design Form
Automobiles Gate
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The fan blades turn and push air downward • we want to maximize the downward flow of air while
minimizing local turbulence around the fan blades
1.Air flow
2.Cost • Each blade wants to pass through uninterrupted air
3.Weight
• With too many blades a trailing blade risks moving
4.Power consumption through the turbulence of the blade in front
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2.Morphological approach
Morphological analysis is a method for representing and exploring all the Activity 4 Think of any two design changes for an
relationships in multidimensional problems.
ordinary soap box that can add value to it.
Steps involved :
1. Divide the overall design problem into simpler sub-problems.
2. Generate solution concepts for each sub-problem.
3. Systematically combine sub-problem solutions into different complete
solutions and evaluate all combinations.
3. Axiomatic design
Some fundamental laws or principles of engineering design are used as the
basis for a rigorous theory of design.
4. Design optimization
An optimization problem is a problem in which certain parameters needed to
be determined to achieve the best measurable performance under given
constraints.
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Need Identification
• To start with, the Designer has to meet the needs of the
• Client- a person or group of company that want a design conceived
Client as well as the User.
• User – one who will employ or operate whatever is being designed
• They provide the synergy for a good design.
• Designer – job is to solve client’s problem in a way that meets user’s
need • In addition the Designer should be aware of professional and
social ethics and values.
• Whose need? Designer ,User or Client;
• Aircraft - Designer - Boeing or Airbus • For any Design to be taken up, there should be a need gap
Client - Air India or IndiGo or a problem that needs a solution.
User - Passengers
• At times the user, the client and the designer could be the same or • This gap or need could be identified by the user, an observer
different. or by an organization
• Focus groups: A focus group is a moderated discussion with 6 to 12 • Eg. “Design a bottle for new children’s fruit juice product.”
customers or targeted customers of a product. The moderator is a
facilitator who uses prepared questions to guide the discussion about
the merits and disadvantages of the product. • One response to this challenge is to design a clever new label for an
existing bottle and declare the work done.
• Customer complaints: A sure way to learn about needs for product
improvement is from customer complaints. • is this a good design? Is it the right design?
• Warranty data: Product service centres and warranty departments are a • There is no way to answer these questions because the problem
rich and important source of data on the quality of an existing product. statement is so brief
• Customer surveys: A written questionnaire is best used for gaining • that it gives no hint of other considerations Eg. for example, the intended
opinions about the redesign of existing products or new products that market, the shape or materials choice of the container, and so on.
are well understood by the public.
FRAMING CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS • Design teams may also hold their own internal
discussions in which they ask each other questions to
• we want to clarify what the client requires, account for the identify and list ideas that they can then organize into
project stakeholders, and identify contexts within which our some problem-relevant structure- Brainstorming
design will function
• we will be defining or framing the design problem clearly • It is important that such team discussion sessions
and realistically. remain focused, particularly as they shift from the more
general notion of overall design requirements toward
• A design team may ask questions of the clients and the specifics of objectives, constraints, or functions.
stakeholders who might have varying degrees of interest in
the design, including potential users or experts in the field
• The best outcome of this work is a list of attributes from
• The experts may be versed in relevant technology or which separate lists of objectives (i.e., features or
knowledgeable about the market for which the design is
aimed.- Market research behaviors), constraints (i.e., limits), and functions (i.e.,
things the design must do) can be extracted.
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• The graphical tree display is very useful for portraying design issues, and for
highlighting things we need to measure, since these objectives will provide our
basis for choosing between alternatives.
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Brainstorming
Activity 5
Brainstorming is a group activity technique by
which efforts are made to find a conclusion for a Q? Sketch design form for a common room door in a
specific problem by gathering a list of ideas house and for a bank store room door
spontaneously contributed by its members.
EXERCISE 1
Q1? Define engineering design in your own words.
Q2? List at least three questions you would ask if you were,
respectively, a user (purchaser), a client (manufacturer),
or a designer who was about to undertake the design of a
portable electric guitar.
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