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Modular Design
• Modular design, or "modularity in design", is a design
approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts called
modules, that can be independently created and then used
Module 6 in different systems.

• Modules can be bought and assembled.

• Modular design reduces cost, inventory, time, etc.
• Modular design is an attempt to combine the
advantages of standardization

• Modular design may even be carried to the point

of using the same set of basic components in
multiple products, creating a product family.
• Examples
• This form of standardization allows the Car – tyres, battery, seats, nuts and bolts, etc. are
component to be manufactured in higher developed in different industries
quantities achieving cost savings due to
economy of scale. Modular kitchen – ready made furniture are
screwed to walls
• An excellent example is the rechargeable battery
pack that is used in many electrical hand tools,
garden tools, and other sorts of devices.

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Design Optimization

• Optimization have usually a single objective to be dealt
with.
• Multi objective optimization approaches are basically
trying to cover more than one important factors.
• These could be quality, cost, time, weight etc.
• Analytical tools are used for such optimization.
• In aerospace design activities, minimisation of
the overall weight is an of great importance,
simply because every element or component
adds to the overall weight of the aircraft.
• Achieving either a minimum manufacturing
cost or a maximum component life.

New Designs

• Machines and systems are rapidly achieving

Intelligent Products – Current products are mostly intelligence and autonomy, mastering more
user interactive. E.g. Mobile phones, robots.
and more capabilities like mobility and
manipulation, sensing and perception,
This came about by integrating IT with the design
of new products. reasoning and decision making.
• It means system could identify its problem
Roomba Robot –an intelligent robot for cleaning. (intelligence) and it could solve that problem
independently (autonomous)

Intelligent Product Designs

Intelligent products are the ones that are In the forties and fifties, many lathes were connected
capable of dynamic interaction from a user to a single motor drive through belt drives.
angle.
In addition to meaningful interaction, they can
store and process user-specific information
which can be used to enhance user
performance and the quality of interaction.
IT and Information based control strategy
gave the main thrust in this direction.

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CNC Machine
• By early sixties designs were changed and a motor for
each lathe became the norm and all drives and controls
were coupled to this single motor drive unit through belts,
gears, clutches, screws etc.

An Elegant CNC Machine

• Soon with cheap microprocessors, Numerical
Control became economically viable .
• This lead to CNC with individual drives for every
activity associated with the machine.
• Application of IT allowed different functions of the
product to be decoupled from a single drive
source resulting in distributed control strategy.
• This concept is now extended to many products
like cameras, printers, medical equipment etc.

Autonomous and Intelligent Products

Intelligent Products-
Autonomous products-
Can manage well without constant user interaction
Establishing and building a sense of trust between the
Intelligent Products-
product and user is central to the design of systems
Interact intelligently with the user. that can help the user perform a task in a
An intelligent product could recognize who the user is collaborative manner.
and be aware of user preferences.
• This is important to keep the user in control while
Soon it may even exceed these limits.
delegating tasks to the system.
• To make a system subservient to the user and at the
same time interact intelligently is a tough task.

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Intelligent Products Deceptive Designs

• The system should be able to monitor the user's
behavior, learn, and make suggestions towards
creating a more satisfying user experience.
• Examples of such a products is the car navigation
systems.
These designs trick you into thinking the product
has something it doesn’t.
It’s a smart way to design products (from a
business perspective) as it will make your
products seem better than they actually are, all
done artificially through appearance rather than
function

Deceptive Designs Deceptive Designs

• Forms are shaped to achieve the desired objective

without doing the job.

Deceptive Designs

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Internet of things
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of
physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and
other items—embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity that
enables these objects to collect and exchange
data.
• Able to interact between themselves as well as
with the user.
• Can cover industrial machines, house hold
gadgets, surgical equipments, kitchen equipment
etc.
Design as a Marketing tool
• We are familiar with “ Made in -----” for many
products.
• Now we do not make products in one location or
in one country.
• So the emphasis is slowly shifting to “Designed in
(by) ---”
• Design has emerged as a marketing proposition
• Intellectual property rights are the rights
given to persons over the creations of their
minds.
• They usually give the creator an exclusive right
over the use of his/her creation for a certain
period of time.
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• The IoT
– allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across
existing network infrastructure,
– creating opportunities for more direct integration of the
physical world into computer-based systems, and
– resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic
benefit;
• IoT
IPR- Intellectual Property Rights
• Design is a cognitive process and needs
protection from copying.
• Hence IPR are critical to their survival.
• A monopoly is assigned to designated owners by
law.
• Patents, Copy rights, Trade marks and Trade
secrets are used for this objective.
IPR- Intellectual Property Rights
• Patent is the rights granted to an inventor by the
state for a specified period of time.
• Patent enables the inventor to safe guard against quick
duplication of the design / product.
• To get the patent an application giving sufficient details
of the invention is to be filed and got approved.
• Patent infringements are offences and are dealt by the
patent laws of the country.
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• Copy Right: Exclusive rights given to the original
work which is creative, intellectual, or artistic.
• The rights of authors of literary and artistic works
(such as books and other writings, musical
compositions, paintings, sculpture, computer
programs and films) are protected by copyright, for a
minimum period of 50 years after the death of the
author.
• The main social purpose of protection of copyright
and related rights is to encourage and reward
creative work.
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IPR- Intellectual Property Rights
• Trade mark: A recognizable sign, design or expression
which distinguishes products or services of a particular
trader from similar product or services of other traders.
• The protection of such distinctive signs aims to stimulate and
ensure fair competition and to protect consumers, by
enabling them to make informed choices between various
goods and services.
• The protection may last indefinitely, provided the sign in
question continues to be distinctive.
• A Trade Secret: A formula, practice , process, design
Instrument , pattern , or compilation of information
which is generally not known or reasonably
ascertainable, by which a business can obtain
economic advantage over competitors or customers.
• Broadly speaking, any confidential business
information which provides an enterprise a
competitive edge may be considered a trade secret.
• E.g. Coca-Cola recipe is a famous trade secret
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• Trade secrets encompass manufacturing or
industrial secrets and commercial secrets.
• The unauthorized use of such information by
persons other than the holder is regarded as an
unfair practice and a violation of the trade secret.
• Trade secrets do not expire
• Contrary to patents, trade secrets are protected
without registration, that is, trade secrets are
protected without any procedural formalities.
Example
• An SME develops a process for the manufacturing
of its products that allows it to produce its goods
in a more cost-effective manner.
• Such a process provides the enterprise a
competitive edge over its competitors.
• The enterprise in question may therefore value its
know-how as a trade secret and would not want
competitors to learn about it.
• Courts can protect trade secrets by enjoining
misappropriation, ordering parties that have
misappropriated a trade secret to take steps
to maintain its secrecy, as well as ordering
payment of a royalty to the owner.
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• In exchange for an opportunity to be employed by
the holder of secrets, an employee may sign
agreements to not reveal their prospective
employer's proprietary information, and not to work
for a competitor for a given period of time.
• It makes sure that only a limited number of people
know the secret, and those who know it are made
well aware that it is confidential.
• When dealing with third parties or licensing its know-
how, the enterprise signs confidentiality agreements
to ensure that all parties know that the information
is a secret.
• In such circumstances, the misappropriation of the
information by a competitor or by any third party
would be considered a violation of the enterprise's
trade secrets.
Product Liability
Product liability is the area of law in which
manufacturers, distributors, suppliers, retailers, and
others who make products available to the public are
held responsible for the injuries those products cause.
Types of Liability:
Design defect,
Manufacturing defect,
Failure to warn (also known as marketing defects).
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Human psychology and the advanced

products
• “people don’t know what they want until you show it to • But why the person buys a particular style or color
them”- Steve Jobs. hinges on the more complex issues of why a
particular choice is made.
• Psychology is the science of behavior and mental
processes.
• The key to unlocking consumer psychology is
• Consumer psychology seeks to explain human, understanding that desires rule over needs when it
or consumer behavior. comes to consumer purchase.

• If a person lives in New York, that person needs a winter

coat to survive the cold outside.

• In a modern world with hundreds of brands of • Consumers look to those around them to
toothpaste, where new food products and electronic guide their decisions when they are uncertain.
gadgets emerge daily, it is the interest of
psychologists, as well as those marketing the
products, to understand the relationship between
financial and psychological factors that make people
buy what they buy.