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GBH Enterprises, LTD.: GBHE-EDG-MAC-1508
GBH Enterprises, LTD.: GBHE-EDG-MAC-1508
GBH Enterprises, LTD.: GBHE-EDG-MAC-1508
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
1 SCOPE 3
2 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES 3
2.1 General 3
2.5 Toxicology 6
2.6 Cavitation 7
3 FLAMMABILITY HAZARDS 7
3.1 General 7
3.2 Definitions 8
6 LAYOUT 23
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Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
7.1 Selection 23
8 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES 25
8.1 General 25
9 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 26
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Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
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Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
FIGURES
TABLES
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
2 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
2.1 General
The properties of pure hydrocarbons that affect pumping vary widely, see Table
1. Crude oil contains a mixture of Hydrocarbons ranging from gases to tars and
oil refining separates out products within a boiling range. Olefin plants convert
light distillates to olefins; Aromatics plants catalytically reform naphtha and
gasoline; and then these are separated by distillation. Consequently it is common
to pump mixtures with intermediate properties. For density and viscosity a mean
value is appropriate but for Nett Positive Suction Head (NPSH) and sealing
considerations the lighter components govern.
In general hydrocarbons are not corrosive and if heavier than kerosene exhibit
reasonable lubricating properties.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
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Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Simple organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are associated with
hydrocarbons - some of them are:
(c) Ethers
(d) Aldehydes
Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde
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Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Crude oil properties vary widely, even within an oil field, so although general
terms, (such as Middle East, Venezuelan, North African, light, heavy, sour) are
used as descriptions these are generalities and insufficient for use in design.
Crudes can be alike in nearly all properties but an abnormal variation in one
aspect can make them behave very differently. The important properties that
affect pumping are discussed further in clause 2.4.2 and these should be
obtained for the material under consideration.
'Light crude' can mean low specific gravity (40° API and higher) in the Oil
Industry but in the Petrochemical Industry it may mean medium gravity with
higher than typical light and heavy ends (more accurately known as 'gassy' rather
than 'light').
'Sour' normally indicates a positive reaction to the Doctor test. This is related
indirectly to sulfur content. However, the term is used to indicate a crude high in
sulfur such as typical heavier Middle East crudes.
Initially most crudes contain C 3 's and nearly all contain C4. Subsequent handling
may change the composition and the method of sampling needs to be
appropriate to the intended analysis.
RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure) is the total vapor pressure and is much influenced by
any C3 or C4's present.
IBP (Initial Boiling Point) - ASTM D86 method: Distillation flask temperature when
first vapor condenses, at defined temperature in the region of 0°C, and forms a
drop. C4 and lower do not affect this.
End point: Temperature of column when changing cut, can mean final boiling
point.
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Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Mercaptan sulfur test: presence of sulfur may indicates odorous properties. The
indicate potential for corrosion.
CFPP (Cold Filter Plugging Point): used to assess suitability for automotive
diesel fuel.
Pour point: at its pour point a hydrocarbon will not start to flow within 5 seconds
when a (defined) cylindrical container is tipped to horizontal.
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Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
The Threshold limiting values (TLV) are the vapor concentrations in air
Representing conditions to which nearly all persons can be exposed repeatedly
without adverse effect [3]. Prolonged skin contact should be avoided as the light
hydrocarbons remove the natural oils by solvent action while heavier
hydrocarbons can cause Dermatitis.
Poly-Nuclear Aromatics (PNAs) found in Tars shale oils and some reformer
products are carcinogenic [10].
Apart from those specifically noted above and in Table 1 the TLV of
hydrocarbons are typically in the hundreds, ego 100 for White Spirit, 200 for
Nonane, 300 for Octane
2.6 Cavitation
There is evidence that pumps handling some liquids with a high vapor pressure
such as certain hydrocarbons or high temperature water require less NPSH than
would be required for cold water.
The effect of variation in composition, temperature and transient effects and the
cautionary remarks given with the chart are such that these corrections are not
normally applied when specifying the pump duty. API 610 6th Edition also
excludes them.
The correction is limited to 3 m and should not be greater than 50% of the NPSH
required on cold water. Values are as follows (meters).
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Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
1050 n-Heptane
1085 n-Hexane
1295 Benzene
1278 Cyclo-Hexane
1315 Kerosene
1670 Ethylene glycol
1930 Glycerol (Glycerine)
3 FLAMMABILITY HAZARDS
3.1 General
Most flammable materials are hydrocarbon based. The key properties are the
initial boiling point, which indicates the quantity of flammable vapor generated,
the flash point, which indicates the temperature above which sufficient vapor is
released to permit ignition, and the ignition temperature, which determines
whether leakage fires spontaneously. The flammable range is a secondary
consideration.
3.2 Definitions
Highly flammable materials are taken to be those with a flash point below 32°C or
those being pumped at a temperature above their flash point.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
This is based upon the properties of the liquids contained in equipment and
typical leakages from that equipment as follows:
(a) Zone 0
(b) Zone 1
(c) Zone 2
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Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Centrifugal pumps are the usual selection, using the principles of GBHE-EDG-
MAC-1117. These would normally be used, even on viscous duties where the
performance was significantly affected, see Fig 7 because the liquid end is not
dependent on liquid lubricating properties or sensitive to solids. (Viscous
hydrocarbons commonly are 'bottoms' from distillation columns and may contain
thermal degradation products, residues or high melting point material.)
In the case of light hydrocarbons (C3 and below) centrifugal pumps may be used
in series or with large bypass flows to avoid the need for positive displacement
pumps (light hydrocarbon are commonly of low viscosity and/or exhibit poor
lubricating properties). Single stage high speed pumps in parallel are commonly
used in preference to multi-stage pumps because they do not depend on process
liquid lubrication and are more rapidly maintained.
Rotary pumps are commonly used on the more viscous hydrocarbons since the
viscosity reduces internal leakage though clearances and the lubricating
properties permit the use of small running clearances or contact.
Fuel oils although normally handled by rotary pumps sometimes contain solid
particles which cause rapid wear.
Hydrocarbon crystals, e.g. Para-Xylene, are relatively soft and there may be a
requirement to minimize mechanical degradation. In these circumstances
comparative testing of closed impeller and inducer flow pumps led to the
adoption of the higher efficiency closed impeller design at 25 rps for solids
concentration of up to 45% in mother liquor.
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Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Continuously operating large plants will normally have one installed spare
hydraulically identical to the running pump(s) but possibly with a turbine drive.
Small or batch plants may have uninstalled spare pumps: depending on the
consequences of the absence of the pumping process for the period necessary
to change the pump with the maintenance facilities available.
Slip-plating provision (spectacle plate or slip ring for large bore piping, possibility
of springing for smaller piping, or blanking) is required for maintenance isolation.
Valved vent and drain connections to fill and empty the pump. These are
provided on the piping where the pump is self-venting and/or draining. Where
they discharge a local flammable zone may be created.
Heat input from the pump or from the surroundings is a potential source of vapor
at the pump inlet when liquefied gases are handled at low pressure and sub-
atmospheric temperature. Circulation lines to avoid 'dead legs', thermal insulation
and chilling circulation may need to be employed.
Provision for seal environment auxiliaries such as heating, cooling, quench, fluid,
barrier (see Clause 7).
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Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
There may be a Zone 1, typically 0.3 m radius local to the gland and this can
affect the motor classification in the case of close coupled pumps.
7 SHAFT SEALS
7.1 Selection
(b) Where the pumped liquid is below 0oC or has an atmospheric boiling point
below 0oC an inert dry gas or liquid quench should be provided to exclude
atmospheric moisture or remove ice deposits.
(c) Where pumping temperature is above flash point, but not higher than 30°C
above the initial boiling point and the IBP is above 17.5 oC a single
mechanical seal should be employed and the space between mechanical
seal and secondary seal should be drained by a local drain pipe to limit
spray from a throttle bush.
(d) Where pumping temperature is higher than 30°C above IBP or the IBP is
17.5 oC or below:
(1) Where the seal chamber can reliably be maintained at least 10°C
below the boiling point at seal chamber pressure, tandem seals
should be employed.
(2) In other cases double back to back seals with a barrier liquid
circulating between them at a pressure at least 1 bar above seal
chamber pressure should be employed.
(e) When the temperature is higher than 10° below Auto Ignition temperature
a single seal with continuous steam or inert fluid quench to exclude air or
cool dilute leakage should be provided.
Seals designed for low viscosity liquids and high pressures may have a greater
than normal hydraulic balance, this may lead to noticeable leakage when running
on test with water as the face separation is higher.
LPG is particularly likely to gas off between seal faces leading to dry running.
Seal face materials should be selected on the basis of resistance to dry running,
e.g. Carbon/Solid Tungsten Carbide.
On high temperature duties metal bellows seals avoid the problem of suitable
secondary seal materials.
Lip seals require a hardened surface in contact with the lip and a lead in to
reduce fitting problems (lubrication and possibly a follow-up fitting sleeve may be
required to prevent the lip seal reversing as it is slid along the shaft sleeve).
Liquids commonly used are isopropyl alcohol, white mineral oil, ethylene
glycol/water mixtures, methanol.
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Pumps on medium and heavy bottoms duties should have cyclone separators
fitted to circulation lines for seals (to separate out thermal degradation products).
Vertical pumps on LPG should have a permanently open vent line (with
restriction) to vent accumulated vapor.
8 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
8.1 General
(a) Bearing arrangements since the failure of radial bearings will lead to
disturbance of all shaft sealing.
(b) Some form of secondary seal to limit leakage to atmosphere from the
primary seal.
(c) Auxiliary piping connections and plugs. API practice is to use simple
threads for small connections. Such connections have historically been a
source of trouble because of leakage and mechanical failure and it is
GBHE policy to avoid their presence where practicable and where they
are present to seal weld where possible. This topic is dealt with in GBHE-
EDG-MAC-1014
Increasing attention to leakage from flanged joints has led to the conclusion that,
for spiral wound gaskets, carbon fibre filling, coupled with adherence to the
Defined joint face finish, and careful control of tightening, are necessary to make
good joints with negligibly small leakage on LPG systems.
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Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
(d) If close radial clearances are present inside the pump may have shaft
movements more effectively controlled.
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Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Pressure Containing Parts are normally of Carbon steel (or Nodular Cast Iron).
Where LPG is concerned the material should be suitable for the lowest
achievable temperatures on de-pressurizing, i.e. the atmospheric boiling point.
Although this temperature is only attainable on de-pressurizing it is considered
that rapid re-pressurizing could take place with the casing still cooled.
Aluminium is not be used as, although it has good low temperature properties, it
is damaged too readily in a fire.
Wetted parts other than pressure containing parts are typically Cast Iron, or, if
pumping temperature is above 230°C, 12% Cr.
'Non spark' materials are not required. It is more important to prevent contact
between stationary and rotating parts since in the event of contact sufficient
temperature is generated - up to the melting point of one of the materials - to
cause ignition in most cases.
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Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Polychloroprene (Neoprene)
-20 + 130°C: good resistance to swelling in oils
Perfluoro elastomer
(Kalrez) +300°C better chemical resistance than Viton
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Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Notes:
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
A recently proposed theory, as yet without full theoretical backing, that describes
observations on long lasting unfailed seals with some success.
The theory is that thermal face distortion leads to a central face band at near
critical pressure and temperature and side bands adequate, in combination with
thermal properties and geometry of faces to permit heating and cooling, to satisfy
the required boundary conditions.
(b) Central band: a mixed phase region at critical conditions which is stable
under load changes and has the minimum film thickness due to face
distortion under temperature profile.
(c) Atmospheric side band where due to reducing heat leak path the
temperature falls until the liquid recondenses to a thin layer whose surface
tension opposes leakage.
Key points:
(1) Medium hydrocarbons above C7 exhibit the effect most clearly and are
progressively easier to seal.
(3) Hydraulic and spring forces should balance critical pressure applied over
up to 60% of face width.
(4) Where critical conditions are not reached a seal may operate as a thick
film leakage path with higher leakage and susceptibility to dirt.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(9) A Theory for Mechanical Seal Face Thermodynamics, Barnard & Weir.
BHRA Conference on Fluid Sealing, Durham, September 1978, paper HI.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
ASTM D2892 Distillation of Crude Petroleum (referred to in text with Table 2A.
Page 10).
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries