Experiment Number: 04

Name of the Experiment:

Determination of Heat of Solution from

Solubility Measurement at Different
Temperature.

Date of Performance: 26.04.16

Temperature: 34°C

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Objective:
Heat of solution is the heat evolve when I mole of substance completely dissolve in sufficient
amount of solvent. This is a temperature dependent quantity .The relationship between solubility
and temperature can be drived from clausius clapyeron equation.The main objectives of this
experiment are :

 To determine heat of solution at different temperature.

 To know about clausius clpapeyron equation.
 Studying the variation of solubility with temperature.
 Learning to have intended result from the lnS vs. 1/T graph plotted on the basis of
experimental data, where S=solubility, T=absolute temperature.

We performed this task through measuring the solubility of succinic acid at different
temperatures and from solubility measurement. we got the heat of solution by using Clausius-
Clapeyron equation.

Theory:
The heat of solution may be defined as the change in enthalpy when one mole of a substance
dissolved in a specified quantity of solvent at a given temperature.
Heat of solution may also be defined as the quantity of heat either evolved or absorbed when 1
gram-mole of a substance (solute) will be dissolved in so much amount of solvent so that on
further addition of solvent no heat change will be observed. There are two types of heat of
solution,

a. Integral Heat of Solution.

b. Differential Heat of Solution.

Integral Heat of Solution:

Integral heat of solution may be defined as the heat evolved or absorbed when 1 gram-mole of
solute is completely dissolved in a given amount of solvent at given temperature. From
thermodynamic point of view, integral heat of solution is the difference in the heat contents of
the solution and of the components of which it is made up.

Differential heat of solution:

Differential heat of solution may be defined as the heat of solution per mole of solute during the
course of the solution process.

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Solubility:

Solubility may be defined as the amount of solute in gram that must be required to prepare a
saturated solution of 100 g solvent at constant temperature.
The solubility of a substance varies with temperature according to Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
The equation is given below,

dlnS ∆ H s
=
dT RT2

∆ H s dT
Or, dlnS= ------------------------------------------------- (1)
RT2

Integrating equation (1) & we have

−∆ Hs
lnS= + (constant)
RT

Here,
S= the solubility of the substance at temperature T
∆Hs= the heat of solution.
T = the absolute temperature.
∆Hs/R is the slope of the straight line.
∆Hs can be determined from the slop
So, ∆Hs is R times the negative slope of lnSvs. 1/T curve.

Alternatively, we can measure the heat of solution from the following equation-
ln S2/S1 = -(ΔH/R)*(1/T2-1/T1)
where , S2 and S1 are solubility at T2 and T1 temperature.

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 Figure: Temperature Bath
Apparatus and Chemicals:
 Constant temperature bath
 Conical flask
 Burette
 Pipette (5 mL)
 Thermometer
 Weighing bottle
 Digital balance
 Cotton & rubber tube used as filter
 Saturated solution of succinic acid [ HOOC-(CH2)2-COOH ]
 0.5 N NaOH
 Phenolphthalein
 Distilled water.

Data Collection:
TABLE 1 : DETERMINATION OF AMOUNT OF SUCCINIC ACID BY TITRATING WITH STANDARD
NaOH

Temperature (0C) Volume of succinic Burette reading (ml) Volume of NaOH

acid (ml) initial final (ml) x
34 5 3.0 17.9 14.9
38 5 17.9 33.6 15.7
44.5 5 12.5 17
47 5 20.8 37.1 16.3

TABLE 2 : DETERMIATION OF SOLUBILITY OF SUCCINIC ACID

Temperature Temperature Weight Weight Weight Solubility lnS 1/T

(0C) (k) of of solute of of
solution (gm) solvent succinic
(gm) W2 (gm) acid (S)
W1 W1-W2
34 307 5.1015 0.44 4.66 9.43 2.24 0.00325
38 311 5.0653 0.46 4.6 9.98 2.30 0.00321
44.5 317.5 5.0168 0.50 4.51 11.08 2.4 0.00314
47 320 4.9939 0.48005 4.51885 10.62 2.36 0.003125

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Calculation:
Determination of H:

From the graph:

slope = -1505
We know, slope = -H/R
R = 8.314 J/mol

H = -1505  8.314

= - 12512.57 J/mol.

= -12.512 kJ/mol. K = - 2.97 kcal/mol

From Formula :

ln (S2/S1)=- H/R[(1/T2) –(1/T1)]

we get H = -11785.22J/mol

=-11.7852KJ/mol

= -2.8 Kcal/mol

RESULT :
HEAT OF SOLUTION , ΔH = - 2.8 kCal/mol (FROM FORMULA)

HEAT OF SOLUTION , ΔH = - 2.97 kCal/mol (FROM GRAPH)

DISCUSSION :
Our heat of solution was supposed to be around -2.8 kCal/mol. But our result was a little bit different .
There can be several reasons for this change. Some of them are listed below-

 Titration of succinic acid with NaOH was done only once for one temperature. So
there could be some problems measuring the volume of NaOH.

 Titration has been performed after achieving the recorded temperature, so in the time
between recording temperature and titrating acid the temperature of the solution very
possibly has been changed, and it is a possible reason for error.

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 While pipetting out the acid as it is possible for the solid acid below the liquid to enter
into the pipette, precaution has been taken by placing cotton in the pipette end. As the
pipette has not been washed with hot water before sucking the solution, it is possible
that the solute is deposited on the cold wall of the pipette as soon as it has come in
contact with the pipette.
 The end point was sharp. There may be some wrong in detecting the end point which
can change the result. Some impurities may be introduced during solution-handling,
which can also bring some error.

 The solution was heated and was taken to the air-conditioned room for weighing,
which changed the temperature a little bit. This can very well affect the result.

 The acid should be heated for more time in the constant temperature bath.

 The graph has been plotted according to the least square method with only four sets of
data. And the best fit might not have been accurate. So there may be some errors in
determining the slope.

 Titration of succinic acid with NaOH was done only once for one temperature. So
there could be some problems measuring the volume of NaOH.

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