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Dymali Lecture1 ThermalStructure PDF
Dymali Lecture1 ThermalStructure PDF
2
General View of the Earth
3
General View of the Earth
4
General View of the Earth
Lithosphere & Tectonique
5
Global Heat Flow Map
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Continental Heat Flow Map
North America
C O N T I N E N TA L H E AT F L U X (North A merica)
7
Importance of Thermal Effects
- Surface heat flow provides information about the
amount of heat produced within the Earth’s interior.
8
Constant viscosity
http://mcnamara.asu.edu/content/educational/mantle_convection_tutorial_01/index.html
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Heat Transfer
- The science which predicts how energy transfer may
occur between materials as a result of a temperature
difference
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
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Conduction
- Heat transfer occurs via net effect of molecular
collisions. Molecules transmit kinetic energy through
these collisions.
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Conduction 4-5 MEASURING
IHE EARTH'SSURF
transfer
through
a slab.
T - temperature (K)
y - position (m)
4-2 Heatfluxandthelocalslopeof thete
has
is the coefficient of thermal conductivity and nonzero
curvature.
dT/dy - thermal gradient (K/m)
oordinate in the direction of the temperature
n. -fhe minus sign appears in Equation 1(4-1)
2 surface rocks are usually in the
Conduction
dT Positive heat flows in the
q= k direction of decreasing
dy temperature
ll heat the
rot region,
also trans-
Simplified
y from the form
is only im-
T
q=k
;an be ab-
rductivity.
l
both con-
. transport
e distribu-
sgoverned
aceof heat
4-l Heattransfer
13 through
a slab.
Conductivities 4-4 IHE EARIH'SS
A - area (m2)
RAYONNEMENT
σ: “Stefan-Boltzmann constant” (5.669 x 10-8 W/m2 . K4)
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Conservation of Energy
- Assume zero internal motion within the material
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Heat Sources in the Earth
H = H r + Hs + Ha + HL
Hs - shear heating (viscous friction)
meanmantleconcentra-
Basal+heat+flux+Q
4-4 Meanmantle
isotopes
heatproduction
rates
duetothedecay
of b
of U,Th,andK asfunctions
ofthera
back
timemeasured
tionsof theheatproducingelements. present
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Heat Budget for the Earth
Continents
Average heat flux = 67 mW/m2
h = 6 km
unit mass of basalts was calculated in Problem
(average oceanic crustal thickness)
4-4.)c From Equation (4-23) the resultant contribution
to the surface heat llow is Qc:0.45 mW m-2; this is a
1 which is
H = 2.6 ⇥ 10
small fraction of the mean11
W.kg
oceanic heat flow
c 100 mW m-2. The conclusion is that heat pro-
about
\" H", P" (heatinsource
duction fromcrust
the oceanic predominately
does not makebasalts)
a significant
contribution to the oceanic surface heat flow. There-
fore, an alternative explanation must be found lbr the
failure of the simple conduction profile to model the
q c = ⇢c H c h c
suboceanicmantle geotherm. In later sectionswe show
that heat flow due to mantle convection invalidates the
Heat flow
f-9 Heat through
flowlhrough the
thetopofatop
slabcontaining
internal
heatsources. conduction results.
Noheatflowsthroughtheboftomoftheslab.
Insulated at the bottom
Internal heat source 4-8 Continental
Geotherms
partialmelting processes
qc = 0.45 mW.m
that lead to the formation of
thecrust concentrate the radioactive elements.) The
2
<< 100 mW.m
Whereas conductive temperature profiles fail to de-
scribe the mantle geotherm, they successfullymodel
2
q c = ⇢c H c h c
qc = 91 mW.m 2
> 65 mW.m 2
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Continental Crust HEATIRANSFER
Surface
y q0
H = H0 exp ( y/hr )
o: o# * pHse-t/n,
nental crust:
Continental Crust
tion (4-12) yields the differential equation governing
the temperaturedistribution in the model of the conti-
4-l I Dependence
tionperunitvolume
ofsurfaceheatflowgsontheradiogenic
rockp Hsinselected
insurface
heatproduc-
geological
provinces:
SienaNevada (solidsquares
andverylongdashedline),eastern
U.S.(solid
o: Same
- o# analysis,
* pHse-t/n, yields(4-2s) circlesandintermediate
andsolidline),eastern
dashedline),Norway
Canadianshield(open
andSweden
squares
(opencircles
andshortdashed
line).In eachcasethedataarefit withthelinearrelationship
Equation
Beneath the near-surfacelayer of heat-producing ele-
q= q
ments we assume that ⇢H h exp ( y/h )
m the upward
0 r heat flow at great
r
(4-2s).
100
depth is q^;that is,r7-+ -Qnt &sy -+ oo. This model for .a
q(y = 0) = q = q + ⇢H h
Figure 4-10.
0 (zt-2-5)
An integration of Equation myields 0 r 80
,17 c .o'
. /o
cl' : k+ - p Hsh,g-r/h' : -q - pHsh,g-rlh' .
Typical values
dv 160
E
hr ⇠ 7.5 km A-26\
3 2"'pl
The constant of integration ct can be determined
E
:a'.'?'.1
...u'
2 from hr
q
the boundary ⇠ 17 30 m W.m
mcondition on the heat flux at great depth,
d40
,'-'."" o./
"
16' rf
that is, from the mantle heat flux to the base of the qm o
27
What Went Wrong?
solution to Equ
). At what values of rot is the surface heat a semi-infinite half-spacedefined by y
? At the ridge, the mantle rock
face is given an instantaneouschange
Initially att:0,T = T t exposed
is
lsotherm - -suddenly
--t// to the
the half-spacehas a t
antaneous Heating or Cooling of cold surface temperature.
T, T"
.,=ulT- T.TT T=To -+
lttl
ll,=*ll,=*
llir
Il,ll,'" Asthenosphere
lsotherm
vy v
v
4-20 Heating
ofa semi-infinite
half-space increase
bya sudden insurface
4-22 Schematic oceanic
ofthecooling lithosphere.
temperature. 30
xpositive);t:x/u. (4.
surface. 'fhe temperature t'rfthe rock at the ridge crest r : 0
The solution for the temperature as a function of
Half Space Cooling Model (T)
this can b
To adapt the half-spacesudden cooling
and beneath the solution to seawatercools the
plate is fi. The
'fhus, a column of man- Tt-r
time / and distance y is Equation @-ll2).It can be
surface to the temperature
the oceanic lithosphere coolingtlesituation, -
7 IRANSFER
r561s1HEAT ft.
-rf u,
is initially at temperature fi, and its surfaceis sud- Tt- n
and rewrite Equation (4-113) as
written in terms of the orisinal variables as
denly brought to the temperature ?i.As the column and sequ
moves away from the ridge, its surface temperature is
Tassu
-'fi) Th
Tt-T ^/ y maintained at ft, and it gradually cools.ltris problem is velop
T-n : errc\TuciTn v (4-124)
\ identical to the sudden cooling of a half-space,treated Tt-To
woul co
r, - ?b ) in Section4-1-5,if we neglecthorizontal heat conduc- reaso
Accord
(4-113)
,r-rr-errc.-:' tion compared with vertical heat conduction. This is a
as
This can be further rearrangedgood approximation as long as the lithosphere is thin. ocoo, since
abov
ture is ft,
clude
:r-*t(ffi)
beneathfn:t
scithe seaflo
At y : 0, theT -complementary
To "
Tt-T is vertical
1 duction
error function is 1 and
in columns of mantle and lithosphere,
T -
T:'lo.
n y
n -
--+
n as it is in the half-spaceproblem. Although a thin col- dr The isoth
/ :0,
olr'3
and
wher
tT: I. The
umn may not resemblea semi-infinitehalf-space,the dient
As oo or
Temperature profile as function of spreading erfc
4-21 Theerrorisfunction
0 and
velocity, = x/u
thecomplementary
las.The
h e ard r
errorfunction.
and r (Myr)
flc tion
generalsolution for I or (T - and T)evaluating
I Qothe result - 7i at y ):0 is shown
such that as radio
sir mate
F+:$(h)
erfc 4 in Figure 4-21.
The near-surface region in which
q:-kl '
(4-12s)
/a7\
:-k(To-I)^
^ |
there
\d//v=0
A/
is
' dY lerfc_l a
v \
significant
200
400 th 4-24 The
600
PRO
of lithosphe
s
of er
fromEqua
the i
According to Equation (+125) the surfacetempera-\ 2Jrct / ,:o 800
tir
Prior
persiondat
temperature change
:
tureis ?t,sinceerf(0) 0and T is referred
--> Tr asthedepth,y
: to
k(To as
- I a
d/
-->
);lerf thermal
v \
bound- p is
" -, I
d,v\ I\/KI/r:1y
sp temp
oo, since erf(oo) :
ary layer. The thicknessof the thermal boundary
1. Figure 4-24 shows the isotherms
k(To - 71) ,l , layer taine
n),t:o pt: temp
beneath the ocean surface as a functicln of the age of
,(erf
requiresan arbitrary definition, oceanic lithosphere
since
k(To-Tr)/ the
2 in the Pacific
-,,,\temperature
k(To-Tt) AT
give
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