Declaration

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Project Report entitled,
“Title of Project (Bold Letters)” by me, Name of Student (Roll No........) in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering submitted in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering Engineering at JMIT, Radaur (Affiliated to Kurukshetra
University, Kurukshetra, Haryana is my own work carried out under the
supervision of Er. Name of Guide.

(Student Name)
Roll No:

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best
of my/our knowledge.

Er. (Name of Guide)

(Designation of Guide)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
JMIT, Radaur (Yamuna Nagar)

Countersigned By: (Head of Department)

i
 Acknowledgement

The writing of this dissertation has been assisted by the generous help of many
people. I feel that I was very fortunate to receive assistance from them. I wish to
express my sincere appreciation to them.

First and foremost, I am indebted to my principal supervisor, Er. Name of Guide

(Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering), JMIT, Radaur ,
Yamuna Nagar who has been very supportive at every stage of my project work. I
wish to express my utmost gratitude to him/her for his/her invaluable advice and
patience in reading, correcting and commenting on the drafts of the project report and,
more importantly, for his/her generosity which I have received throughout my entire
project work.

I would like to acknowledge and extended my heartfelt gratitude to my (Name of

Person to whom student wish to) who helped and encouraged me throughout this
journey.

I wish to express my thanks to all staff members of JMIT, Radaur, Yamuna Nagar,
who also helped me in conducting this work.

Finally, I am particularly indebted to my dearest parents/guardians as without their

generous assistance and love; this project work could never have been completed.

Name of Student
(Roll No. ...........)

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 Abstract

(One to Two pages)

iii
 Table of Contents

Page No.
Declaration i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
Table of Contents v
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
List of Abbreviations ix

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION& PROBLEM DEFINITION 1-9

1.1 Background 1
1.2 Basics of Control System 2
1.2.1 Open Loop Control System 2
1.2.2 Closed Loop Control System 2
1.3 Input and Control Variables 3
1.4 Types of Control Systems 3
1.4.1 Open Loop 4
1.4.2 Closed Loop 4
1.5 Types of Controllers 4
1.5.1 Discrete Controller 5
1.5.2 Multistep Controller 5
1.5.3 Continuous Controller 5
1.5.4 Intelligent Controller 5
1.5.4. Fuzzy Logic 5
1
1.5.4. Neural Network 5
2
1.5.4. Genetic Algorithm 5
3
1.6 Suspension System 6
1.7 Components of Suspension 6
1.7.1 Springs 6
1.7.2 Shock Absorber 7
1.8 Sprung Mass 7
1.9 Unsprung Mass 8
1.10 Effects of Unsprung Weight 8

Chapter 2: LITERATURE: A REVIEW 10-20

Chapter 3:AUTOMOTIVE SUSPENSIONS & CONTROLLERS 21-29

3.1 Types of Suspension System 21
3.1.1 Passive 21
3.1.2 Semi Active 21
3.1.2.1 Solenoid Valve Actuated 21

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REFERENCES 54-55

List of Figures

Figure Description Page No.

Fig.1.1 Process to be Controlled 2
Fig.1.2 Open Loop Control System (without feedback) 2
Fig.1.3 Closed Loop Control System (with feedback) 2
Fig.1.4 Feedback Control System 3
Fig.1.5 Shock Absorber Springs 6
Fig.1.6 Shock Absorber 7

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 List of Tables

Table Description Page No.

Table 3.1 Effects of PID Gain 25
Table 4.1 Controller Parameters Characteristics 30
Table 4.2 Laplace Transform 32
Table 4.3 Fuzzy Rules for Quarter Car Model 40
Table 5.1 Input Parameters 43
Table 5.2 Overshoot/Settling Time Response 52
Table 5.3 Percentage Overshoot 52
Table 5.4 Percentage Reduction Overshoot/Settling Time Response 54
Table 6.1 Performance Parameter Characteristics 53

vi
 List of Abbreviations

Abbreviatio Meaning Page No.

n
AI Artificial Intelligence 5
ANN Artificial Neural Networks  5
Cs Damping Coefficient of Damper 31
Ct Tire Damping Coefficient 31
DOF Degree of Freedom 12

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