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Globalization and Changing Aspects of Indian Society
Globalization and Changing Aspects of Indian Society
ON
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CERTIFICATE OF DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this research work titled “Globalization and Changing Aspects of
Indian Society” is my own work and represents my own ideas, and where others’ ideas or
words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I
also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and
have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my
submission.
(KAPIL DEVNANI)
Roll No. – 77
Semester I
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I, Kapil Devnani, feel myself highly elated, as it gives me tremendous pleasure to come out
with the work on the topic “Globalization and Changing Aspects of Indian Society” and would
like to thank the faculty member for giving me a topic that finds its relation with one of the
most important issue of the present times in India.
First and foremost, I take this opportunity to thank Dr. Uttam Kumar Panda,
Faculty, Sociology, Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur for allotting me such topic
to work on. He has been very kind in providing inputs for this work, by way of her lectures,
discussions and suggestions.
I would also like to thank my dear colleagues and friends in the University, who have
helped me with ideas about this work.
Last, but not the least I thank the University Administration for equipping the
University with such library and IT facilities, without which, no doubt this work would not
have taken this shape in correct time.
KAPIL DEVNANI
B.A. LL.B. (HONS.),
HNLU, ATAL NAGAR, RAIPUR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate…....................................................................................................................1
Acknowledgements….....................................................................................................2
Introduction….................................................................................................................4
Research Problem...........................................................................................................5
Review of Literature.......................................................................................................5
Research Design…...........................................................................................................7
Sources of Data…............................................................................................................7
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................19
References.....................................................................................................................20
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INTRODUCTION
India currently accounts for 2.7% of world trade (as of 2015), up from 1.2% in 2006 according to
the World Trade Organization (WTO).[3] Until the liberalization of 1991, India was largely and
intentionally isolated from the world markets, to protect its fledgling economy and to achieve self-
reliance. Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs, export taxes and quantitative restrictions,
while foreign direct investment was restricted by upper-limit equity participation, restrictions on
technology transfer, export obligations and government approvals; these approvals were needed for
nearly 60% of new FDI in the industrial sector. 3 The restrictions ensured that FDI averaged only
around $200M annually between 1985 and 1991; a large percentage of the capital flows consisted of
foreign aid, commercial borrowing and deposits of non-resident Indians.
1
Taylor & Francis. (2019). Globalisation. [online] Available at:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09614520701469492 [Accessed 7 Oct. 2019].
2
Google Books. (2019). Globalization, knowledge, and society. Available at
https://books.google.com/books/about/Globalization_knowledge_and_society.html?id=lfe1AAAAIAAJ [Accessed 7 Oct.
2019].
3
SAGE Journals. (2019). Globalization and Politics of the Poor in India - Sarbeswar Sahoo, 2014. [online] Available at:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0021909612471785 [Accessed 9 Oct. 2019].
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
PROBLEM
The project deals with Globalization and its impact on Indian Society. The problem
under consideration is the role of Globalization in development of Indian Economy.
In order to address the issue, it takes under purview both the negative and positive
impact of Globalization on Indian Economy.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The project has been completed by taking extracts from numerous internet articles and
online journals. The project has been made by visiting the internet sites like legal
services and online articles from shodhganga. The articles referred to includes:
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considers the role of social policy in providing work and survival security to women, by
first evaluating the effects of state policy, and then considering other attempts to ensure
minimum security to women workers. Thus, this article served an indespinsible role while
making the project.
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World Politics. By Aneek Chatterjee
This book has attempted to present some important concepts and practices prevalent in
world politics today. In this endeavour, the present volume takes up for analysis concepts
like National Power, Balance of Power, Imperialism and Colonialism, Cold War,
Disarmament and many such issues.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The study is mainly a doctrinal study. It is made after taking theoretical deductions from
numerous online sources. The project is not exhaustive in nature.
SOURCES OF DATA
The data has been collected from both primary as well as secondary sources. The
secondary sources include online articles and websites.
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CHAPTER 1
GLOBALIZATION AND INDIAN ECONOMY
When we talk about globalization and the Indian economy, one name strikes our mind, that is,
Dr. Manmohan Singh. He was the finance minister in the 1990s when globalization was fully
implemented and experienced in India. He was the front man who framed the
economic liberalization proposal. Since then, the nation has gradually moved ahead to become
one of the supreme economic leaders in the world.
Below mentioned are some of the quick reactions which were felt after the introduction of
globalization:
After 1991, the rise in GDP that dropped to 13% in 1991 -92 extended momentum in
the following five years (1992-2001). Moreover, the annual average rate of growth in
GDP was recorded to be 6.1%.
Furthermore, export growth skyrocketed to 20% in 1993-94. For 1994-95, the figures
were recorded to be 18.4 per cent. Export growth statistics in recent years have been very
impressive.
India's economy has grown drastically since it integrated into the global economy in 1991. It
has drastic impact on India's economic condition. Its average annual rate has grown from
3.5% (1950–1980) to 7.7% (2002–2012). That rate peaked at 9.5% from 2005–2008.
Economic growth has also led to increases in the per capita gross domestic product (GDP),
from $1,255 in 1978 to $3,452 in 2005, and finally to $3,900 in 2012.
Jobs in the technology and business sectors have many benefits. However, only people in
those sectors are benefiting. The overall employment rate for the country has decreased,
while the number of job seekers is increasing at a yearly rate of 2.5%. Despite those statistics,
the GDP is increasing every year. Growth is limited to some states, including Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Other states like Bihar, Uttar
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Pradesh (UP), Orissa, Madhya Pradesh (MP), Assam, and West Bengal remain poverty-
stricken.4
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in India has reached 2% of GDP, compared with 0.1% in
1990, and Indian investment in other countries rose sharply in 2006.5
As the third-largest economy in the world in PPP terms, India is a preferred destination for
FDI; India has strengths in information technology and other significant areas such as auto
components, chemicals, apparels, pharmaceuticals, and jewellery. Despite a surge in foreign
investments, rigid FDI policies resulted in a significant hindrance. However, due to some
positive economic reforms aimed at deregulating the economy and stimulating foreign
investment, India has positioned itself as one of the front-runners of the rapidly growing
Asia-Pacific region. India has a large pool of skilled managerial and technical expertise. The
size of the middle-class population stands at 50 million and represents a growing consumer
market.6
Remittances to India are money transfers from Indian workers employed outside the country
to friends or relatives in India. Since 1991, India has experienced sharp remittance growth,
and it is now is the world's leading receiver of remittances. In, 1991 Indian remittances
totaled 2.1 billion USD; in 2006, they were estimated at between $22 billion and $25.7
billion, about 3% of India's GDP. India claimed more than 12% of the world's remittances in
2007.7
1. Greater Number of Jobs: The advent of foreign companies and growth in economy
has led to job creation. However, these jobs are concentrated more in the services
sector and this has led to rapid growth of service sector creating problems for
individuals with low level of education. The last decade came to be known for its
jobless growth as job creation was not proportionate to the level of economic growth.
4
Press, B. (2019). "‘India rising’ and the mixed blessings of globalisation" by Shalendra SHARMA. [online]
Works.bepress.com. Available at: https://works.bepress.com/shalendrasharma/54/ [Accessed 10 Oct. 2019].
5
"Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief" (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011
6
McKinsey & Company. (2019). Next big spenders: India's middle class. [online] Available at:
https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/overview/in-the-news/next-big-spenders-indian-middle-class [Accessed 15 Oct. 2019].
7
"India has the largest share in world remittances market" .( 2008 ). Ecommerce [Accessed 10 Oct. 2019].
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2. More choice to consumers: Globalisation has led to a boom in consumer products
market. We have a range of choice in selecting goods unlike the times where there
were just a couple of manufacturers.
3. Higher Disposable Incomes: People in cities working in high paying jobs have
greater income to spend on lifestyle goods. There has been an increase in the demand
of products like meat, egg, pulses, organic food as a result. It has also led to protein
inflation.
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CHAPTER 2
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON DIFFERENT
ASPECTS OF INDIAN ECONOMY
With the process of globalization, there is an access to television grew from 20% of the urban
population (1991) to 95% of the urban population (2015). Even in the rural areas satellite
television has a grown up market. In the cities, Internet facility is everywhere and extension
of internet facilities even to rural areas. There is an increase of global food chain /restaurants
in the urban areas of India. Excessive Multiplex movie halls, big shopping malls and high rise
residential are seen in every cities. Entertainment sector in India has a global market. After
economic liberalization, Bollywood expanded its area and showed a major presence in the
global scale. The industry began to explore new ways to become more global and modern. In
India, modernity is observed with the West. 8 Therefore, Western philosophy began to be
incorporated into Bollywood films. As these new cultural messages began to reach the Indian
population, Indian moviegoers were pushed to re-evaluate their traditional Indian cultural
ideology. Bollywood movies are also distributed and accepted at international level. Big
international companies (Walt Disney, 20th Century Fox, and Columbia Pictures) are
investing on this sector.9 Famous International brands such as Armani, Gucci, Nike, and
Omega are also making investment in the Indian market with the changing of fashion
statement of Indians.
There is immense effects observed in educational sector due to globalization such as literacy
rate become high and Foreign Universities are collaborating with different Indian
Universities. The Indian educational system faces challenges of globalization through
8
Gopalakrishnan, A. (2019). Globalization - The Positive Effects. [online] Ibuzzle.com. Available at:
https://www.ibuzzle.com/articles/globalization-the-positive-effects.html [Accessed 11 Oct. 2019].
9
Emerald.com. (2019). Impact of globalization | Emerald Insight. [online] Available at:
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09555341111098026/full/html [Accessed 13 Oct. 2019 ].
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Information technology and it offers opportunities to evolve new paradigms shifts in
developmental education. The distinction between formal, non-formal and informal education
will vanish when move from industrial society to information society takes place.
Globalization promotes new tools and techniques such as E-learning, Flexible learning,
Distance Education Programs and Overseas training.
livestock, animal husbandry, handicrafts, handlooms etc and resulted in a relatively better
environment for women.10 Women have more jobs, become more active in avenues generally
reserved for men, have played a more prominent role in society and not just restricted to the
household. It has affected both the quality and the quantity of work available to the majority
of women in India.
10
UKEssays.com. (2019). Positive and negative effects of Globalization. [online] Available at:
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/positive-and-negative-effects-of-globalisation-for-business-economics-
essay.php [Accessed 15 Oct. 2019].
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CHAPTER 3
NEGATIVE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
ON INDIAN ECONOMY
There is also a negative side of globalisation in India. For a large number of small producers
and workers globalisation has posed major challenges including:
Apart from these problems Globalization has increased the number of low paid, part time and
exploitative jobs for women. Increased prices due to open economy demand more cope up
with changes from women. With increasing nuclear families, the older women’s life has
become pitiable, sometimes spending their later days in old age homes and isolation. The
feminization of population has further aggravated this problem. Similarly, male migration
from rural areas to urban centres has put the women under triple burden of home making,
farming and job in rural sector. At the same time, migration of women for economic reasons
has led to increased exploitation including sexual exploitation and trafficking.
The process of Globalization made disparity between rural and urban Indian joblessness,
growth of slum capitals and threat of terrorist activities. Globalization increased competition
in the Indian market between the foreign companies and domestic companies. With the
foreign goods being better than the Indian goods, the consumer preferred to buy the foreign
goods. This reduced the amount of profit of the Indian Industry companies. This happened
mainly in the pharmaceutical, manufacturing, chemical, and steel industries. The negative
Effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that with the coming of technology the
number of labour required are decreased and this resulted increasing unemployment
especially in the arena of the pharmaceutical, chemical, manufacturing, and cement
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industries. Some section of people in India that are poor do not get benefit of globalization.
There is an increased gap between rich and poor that lead to some criminal activities. Ethical
responsibility of business has been reduced. Another major negative effect of globalization in
India is that youngsters of India leaving their studies very early and joining Call centres to
earn fast money reducing their social life after getting habituated with monotonous work.
There is an increase of every daily usable commodities. This has an adverse effect on cultural
aspect. The institution of marriage is breaking down at fast rate. There are more people
approaching divorce courts instead of maintaining marital life. Globalization has considerable
impact on the religious situation of India. Globalization has brought about raising a
population who is agnostic and atheist. People visiting places of worship are reducing with
time. Globalization has reduced nationalism and patriotism in country.
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CHAPTER 4
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON
WOMEN
Technology has also increased access to education in India, especially to women. This has
decreased the gap between men and women which was created by stratified gender roles. It
has also empowered women in two ways. Technology has influenced more women to pursue
advanced degrees in computer science and engineering instead of their traditional degrees in
social sciences and the humanities. This has resulted in an increase in the number of women
in competitive professions. Globalization expanded the need for higher education for both
men and women. This, in turn, has had a tremendous impact on the life of the single
woman in India.
The stigmatization and expectations on single women have decreased. For example, it is
easier for single women to find living accommodations in big cities as well. Society then puts
less pressure on women to marry at a certain age because higher education is now more
acceptable.11
Women in the urban settings have become more independent and self-sufficient. The
lower middle class is experiencing a shift in the way family relations worked. Traditionally
11
Madhok, B. and Raj, S. (2019). Globalization, Higher Education, and Women in Urban India: A Development Ethics
Approach. [online] Questia.com. Available at: https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-279891594/globalization-
higher-education-and-women-in-urban [Accessed 18 Oct. 2019].
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women stayed at home taking care of domestic needs and children. Now most of the women
are setting out of their private spaces to earn a living. Globalization has created certain needs
based on capitalist sentiments. Advertising everyday reinforces new needs and creates a
vicarious lust for more and more consumer good in the masses. This has resulted in families
desiring more household income to be able to afford these items. Therefore, the women need
to work and contribute to the household income to afford a certain lifestyle
According to Vandana Shivea, and Indian economist and scholar, globalization along with
the support of organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund,
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have created slave wages. These wages are not necessarily the result of “unjust” societies, but
of the fact that global trade devalues the worth of people’s lives and work. While
globalization has brought jobs to rural, developing areas such as India where there was
previously no employment, these jobs seem to be wolves in sheep’s clothing. The work
available to women is almost always poorly paid, mentally and physically unhealthy,
demeaning, or insecure.
Women are suffering two fold. As women in developing countries move into the work force,
their domestic responsibilities are not alleviated. Women work two full time jobs. One in a
factory, where they are paid next to nothing, the second is in the home where they are paid
nothing. According to Merlin A. Taber and Sushma Batra, editors of the book Social Strains
of Globalization in India, development for poor women has meant the migration of men to
cities, higher prices for commodities, poorer job opportunities. “The mixture of corporate
capitalism and Western culture models is dissolving family and community social controls as
witnessed by higher rates of family violence, rape, divorce, and family breakdown.”12
One example of women’s labour being exploited would be the Noida Export Processing
Zone, which is 24 km from New Delhi. These “zones” prefer to hire women because they are
“more docile and more productive in men.” In short, they are easier to control and less likely
to retaliate against less than ideal working conditions, which are exactly what thousands of
women encounter 12 hours a day. The zone is dangerous, hot, and unsanitary. Unnecessary
body searches are routine. There are no maternity benefits and minimum wage is never
enforced. Women who become pregnant or marry are immediately fired. Overtime is
compulsory but women are paid lower rates than men. In order to avoid being fired, women
turn to unsafe abortions performed by unqualified “doctors.” In the zone, “respiratory
problems, pelvic inflammatory disease, and sever cases of dehydration and anemia are
common.”
12
Longdom.org. (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.longdom.org/articles/impact-of-globalization-on-women.pdf
[Accessed 19 Oct. 2019].
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CONCLUSION
The process of globalization has changed the industrial pattern social life of global people
and it has immense impact on Indian trade system. The globalization of the economic, social
and cultural structures happened in all ages. Previously, the pace of process was slow. Today
with the start of the information technology, new ways of communication have made the
world a very small place. With this process, there is a big market place. Globalization has
resulted in increase in the production of a range of goods. MNCs have established
manufacturing plants all over the world. It has positive effects and India will overcome many
obstacles and adopt global policies to expand business at international scale. India is gaining
international recognition and strengthening in economic and political areas.
Though the development is progressing rapidly, still many basic problems like rural poverty,
corruption and political instability remained unsolved.
But at last we can say that globalization is very important to maintain peace and harmony
among all the countries of the world and it is one of the essential element for the development
of any nation.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY/ WEBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.civilsdaily.com/impact-of-globalisation-on-india.
on-indian-culture-and-society.
Madhok, Bindu, and Selva J. Raj. "Globalization, Higher Education, And Women in
Urban India: A Development Ethics Approach." Journal of Third World Studies 28.1
(2011)
http://www.preservearticles.com/essay/essay-on-the-globalization-of-indian-
economy/4949
https://www.longdom.org/articles/impact-of-globalization-on-women.pdf
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